Accuracy of Maternal Reports of Young Children’s Dental Disease Status: Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source and Population
2.2. Assessment of Dental Caries
2.2.1. Maternal Reports
2.2.2. Oral Examinations
2.3. Assessment of Covariates
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Pearson Correlations
3.2. Kappa Statistics
3.3. Effect Modifiers
4. Discussion
5. Limitations and Strengths
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Declarations
Abbreviations
ALSPAC | Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children |
CIF | Children in Focus |
DMFT | Decayed, Missing, Filled index |
References
- Dye, B.A.; Tan, S.; Smith, V.; Lewis, B.G.; Barker, L.K.; Thornton-Evans, G.; Eke, P.I.; Beltrán-Aguilar, E.D.; Horowitz, A.M.; Li, C.-H. Trends in oral health status: United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2004. Vital Health Stat. 2007, 11, 1–92. [Google Scholar]
- Department of Health Human Services. Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General; Department of Health Human Services: Washington, DC, USA, 2000.
- BaniHani, A.; Deery, C.; Toumba, J.; Munyombwe, T.; Duggal, M. The impact of dental caries and its treatment by conventional or biological approaches on the oral health-related quality of life of children and carers. Int. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2018, 28, 266–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Custódio, N.B.; Schardosim, L.R.; Piovesan, C.P.; Hochscheidt, L.; Goettems, M.L. Maternal perception of the impact of anterior caries and its treatment on children: A qualitative study. Int. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ismail, A.I. Visual and visuo-tactile detection of dental caries. J. Dent. Res. 2004, 83, C56–C66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Drury, T.F.; Horowitz, A.M.; Ismail, A.I.; Maertens, M.P.; Rozier, R.G.; Selwitz, R.H. Diagnosing and reporting early childhood caries for research purposes. A report of a workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, the Health Resources and Services Administration, and the Health Care Financing Administration. J. Public Health Dent. 1999, 59, 192–197. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Burt, B.A.; Eklund, S.A. Dentistry, Dental Practice and the Community, 6th ed.; Elsevier Inc.: St. Louis, MO, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Ismail, A.I.; Sohn, W.; Tellez, M.; Amaya, A.; Sen, A.; Hasson, H.; Pitts, N.B. The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS): An integrated system for measuring dental caries. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 2007, 35, 170–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zablotsky, B.; Black, L.I. Concordance between survey reported childhood asthma and linked Medicaid administrative records. J. Asthma 2019, 56, 285–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Butz, A.; Sellers, M.D.; Land, C.; Walker, J.; Tsoukleris, M.; Bollinger, M.E. Factors affecting primary care provider and caregiver concordance for pediatric asthma medications. J. Asthma 2009, 46, 308–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gutiérrez, S.J.; Fagnano, M.; Wiesenthal, E.; Koehler, A.D.; Halterman, J.S. Discrepancies between medical record data and parent reported use of preventive asthma medications. J. Asthma 2014, 51, 446–450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kuriyan, A.B.; Pelham, W.E.; Molina, B.S.G.; Waschbusch, D.A.; Sibley, M.H.; Gnagy, E.M. Concordance between parent and physician medication histories for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. 2014, 24, 269–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bercovich, S.; Anis, E.; Kassem, E.; Rubinstein, U.; Ephros, M.; Cohen, D.; Muhsen, K. Validation of parental reports of rotavirus vaccination of their children compared to the national immunization registry. Vaccine 2019, 37, 2791–2796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Keenan, K.; Hipwell, A.; McAloon, R.; Hoffmann, A.; Mohanty, A.; Magee, K. Concordance between maternal recall of birth complications and data from obstetrical records. Early Hum. Dev. 2017, 105, 11–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Divaris, K.; Vann, W.F.; Baker, A.D.; Lee, J.Y. Examining the accuracy of caregivers’ assessments of young children’s oral health status. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2012, 143, 1237–1247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Snell, A.K.; Burgette, J.M.; Weyant, R.J.; Crout, R.J.; McNeil, D.W.; Foxman, B.; Marazita, M.L. Association between a child’s caries experience and the mother’s perception of her child’s oral health status. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2019, 150, 540–548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goodman, H.S.; Macek, M.D.; Wagner, M.L.; Manz, M.C.; Marrazzo, I.D. Self-reported awareness of unrestored dental caries. Survey of the Oral Health Status of Maryland Schoolchildren. Pediatr. Dent. 2000, 26, 369–375. [Google Scholar]
- Martins, C.C.; Oliveira, M.J.; Pordeus, I.A.; Paiva, S.M. Comparison between observed children’s tooth brushing habits and those reported by mothers. BMC Oral Health 2011, 11, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- de Siqueira, M.F.G.; de Sousa, E.T.; Alves, V.F.; Sampaio, F.C.; Diniz, M.B. Maternal report underestimates the amount of dentifrice used by children during toothbrushing: A cross-sectional study. Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Canova, C.; Harris, J.M.; Mills, P.; White, C.; Moffat, S.; Shread, L.; Cullinan, P. Epidemiological measures of childhood asthma: Cross-sectional and longitudinal consistency. Respir. Med. 2012, 106, 1226–1235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Golding, J.; Pembrey, M.; Jones, R.; ALSPAC Study Team. ALSPAC—The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. I. Study methodology. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 2001, 15, 74–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fraser, A.; Macdonald-Wallis, C.; Tilling, K.; Boyd, A.; Golding, J.; Davey Smith, G.; Henderson, J.; Macleod, J.; Molloy, L.; Ness, A.; et al. Cohort Profile: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: ALSPAC mothers cohort. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2013, 42, 97–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Boyd, A.; Golding, J.; Macleod, J.; Lawlor, D.A.; Fraser, A.; Henderson, J.; Molloy, L.; Ness, A.; Ring, S.; Davey Smith, G. Cohort Profile: The ‘children of the 90s’—The index offspring of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2013, 42, 111–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kay, E.J.; Northstone, K.; Ness, A.; Duncan, K.; Crean, S.J. Is there a relationship between Birthweight and subsequent growth on the development of Dental Caries at 5 years of age? A cohort study. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 2010, 38, 408–414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Viera, A.J.; Garrett, J.M. Understanding interobserver agreement: The kappa statistic. Fam. Med. 2005, 37, 360–363. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Cohen, L. Life Events and Psychological Functioning: Theoretical and Methodological Issues; Sage Publications, Inc.: Newbury Park, CA, USA, 1988. [Google Scholar]
- Weaver, B.; Wuensch, K.L. SPSS and SAS programs for comparing Pearson correlations and OLS regression coefficients. Behav. Res. Methods 2013, 45, 880–895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Talekar, B.S.; Rozier, R.G.; Slade, G.D.; Ennett, S.T. Parental perceptions of their preschool-aged children’s oral health. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2005, 136, 364–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sohn, W.; Taichman, L.S.; Ismail, A.I.; Reisine, S. Caregiver’s perception of child’s oral health status among low-income African Americans. Pediatr. Dent. 2008, 30, 480–487. [Google Scholar]
Number (N) | Percent (%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Maternal Characteristics | |||
Age at Delivery, Mean (IQR) | 29 | 26–32 | <0.0001 |
Age at Delivery (years) | <0.0001 | ||
15–24 | 240 | 17 | |
25–35 | 1072 | 75 | |
36–44 | 116 | 8 | |
Missing | 1 | ||
Education | <0.0001 | ||
O-level or less | 819 | 60 | |
A-level | 344 | 25 | |
College degree | 199 | 15 | |
Missing | 67 | ||
Race | <0.0001 | ||
White | 1333 | 98 | |
Non-white | 31 | 2 | |
Missing | 65 | ||
Children Characteristics | |||
Sex | 0.002 | ||
Male | 772 | 54 | |
Female | 657 | 46 | |
Age, Months, Mean (IQR) | 37 | 38–38 | <0.0001 |
Race | <0.0001 | ||
White | 1293 | 96 | |
Non-white | 47 | 4 | |
Missing | 89 | ||
Ever Visited a Dentist | <0.0001 | ||
Yes | 990 | 82 | |
No | 221 | 18 | |
Missing | 218 | ||
Birth Order | <0.0001 | ||
First | 1411 | 99 | |
Second or higher | 18 | 1 |
Examiner Determined at 31 Months Clinic Visit (n = 1029) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decayed Teeth | Missing Teeth | Filled Teeth | Dmft ≥1 | ||
Caregiver Report | N (%) | 21 (2.04) | 7 (0.68) | 0 (0) | 28 (2.72) |
38 months | 1211 | Pearson correlation (p-value) | |||
Missing teeth | <5 * | 0.267 (<0.001) | 0.232 (<0.001) | - | 0.350 (<0.001) |
Filled teeth | 5 (0.41) | −0.009 (0.8) | −0.005 (0.9) | - | −0.011 (0.7) |
54 months | 1154 | ||||
Missing teeth | 38 (3.29) | 0.249 (<0.001) | −0.015 (0.7) | - | 0.209 (<0.001) |
Filled teeth | 60 (5.20) | 0.139 (<0.001) | −0.020 (0.6) | - | 0.110 (0.001) |
5.5 years | 1073 | ||||
Missing teeth | 37 (3.45) | 0.184 (<0.001) | −0.016 (0.6) | - | 0.143 (<0.001) |
Filled teeth | 102 (9.51) | 0.050 (0.14) | 0.061 (0.07) | - | 0.077 (0.03) |
Examiner Determined at 43 Months Clinic (n = 1026) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decayed Teeth | Missing Teeth | Filled Teeth | Dmft ≥1 | ||
Caregiver Report | N (%) | 126 (12.3) | 17 (1.66) | 15 (1.46) | 146 (14.2) |
38 months | 1211 | Pearson correlation (p-value) | |||
Missing teeth | <5 * | 0.094 (0.003) | 0.444 (<0.001) | −0.007 (0.8) | 0.140 (<0.001) |
Filled teeth | 5 (0.41) | −0.017 (0.6) | −0.006 (0.8) | 0.185 (<0.001) | 0.048 (0.14) |
54 months | 1154 | ||||
Missing teeth | 38 (3.29) | 0.264 (<0.001) | 0.295 (<0.001) | 0.034 (0.3) | 0.259 (<0.001) |
Filled teeth | 60 (5.20) | 0.300 (<0.001) | 0.047 (0.2) | 0.330 (<0.001) | 0.354 (<0.001) |
5.5 years | 1073 | ||||
Missing teeth | 37 (3.45) | 0.211 (<0.001) | 0.072 (0.03) | 0.029 (0.4) | 0.187 (<0.001) |
Filled teeth | 102 (9.51) | 0.295 (<0.001) | 0.075 (0.03) | 0.086 (0.01) | 0.314 (<0.001) |
Examiner Determined at the 5-Year Clinic (n = 982) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decayed Teeth | Missing Teeth | Filled Teeth | Dmft ≥1 | ||
Caregiver Report | N (%) | 240 (24.4) | 54 (5.90) | 64 (6.52) | 233 (25.5) |
38 months | 1211 | Pearson correlation (p-value) | |||
Missing teeth | <5 * | 0.013 (0.7) | 0.236 (<0.001) | −0.016 (0.6) | 0.103 (0.003) |
Filled teeth | 5 (0.41) | −0.185 (0.6) | −0.009 (0.8) | 0.121 (0.0002) | 0.059 (0.08) |
54 months | 1154 | ||||
Missing teeth | 38 (3.29) | 0.042 (0.2) | 0.598 (<0.001) | 0.164 (<0.001) | 0.284 (<0.001) |
Filled teeth | 60 (5.20) | 0.239 (<0.001) | 0.150 (<0.001) | 0.550 (<0.001) | 0.359 (<0.001) |
5.5 years | 1073 | ||||
Missing teeth | 37 (3.45) | 0.104 (0.002) | 0.493 (<0.001) | 0.034 (0.3) | 0.297 (<0.001) |
Filled teeth | 102 (9.51) | 0.393 (<0.001) | 0.102 (0.004) | 0.464 (<0.001) | 0.457 (<0.001) |
Variable | 31 vs. 38 Months | 43 vs. 54 Months | 5 vs. 5.5 Years | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Missing Teeth | Missing Teeth | Filled Teeth | Missing Teeth | Filled Teeth | ||||||
Correlation (95% CI) | p-Value | Correlation (95% CI) | p-Value | Correlation (95% CI) | p-Value | Correlation (95% CI) | p-Value | Correlation (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Age at Delivery | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0003 | 0.02 | |||||
<30 years | 0.35 (0.28, 0.41) | 0.17 (0.09,0.25) | 0.10 (0.02, 0.17) | 0.39 (0.32, 0.46) | 0.52 (0.46, 0.58) | |||||
≥30 years | −0.003 (−0.003, −0.1) | 0.46 (0.39, 0.52) | 0.51 (0.44, 0.57) | 0.56 (0.50, 0.62) | 0.41 (0.33, 0.48) | |||||
Education | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.14 | 0.9 | |||||
≤O level | −0.005 (−0.08, 0.07) | 0.20 (0.13, 0.27) | 0.20 (0.13, 0.27) | 0.53 (0.47, 0.59) | 0.46 (0.39, 0.52) | |||||
≥A level | 0.56 (0.49, 0.62) | 0.56 (0.49, 0.62) | 0.52 (0.45, 0.58) | 0.46 (0.38, 0.53) | 0.47 (0.39, 0.54) | |||||
Child Sex | <0.0001 | 0.004 | 0.00003 | 0.001 | 0.8 | |||||
Male | −0.01 (−0.09, 0.25) | 0.34 (0.27, 0.41) | 0.22 (0.14, 0.29) | 0.54 (0.48, 0.60) | 0.46 (0.39, 0.52) | |||||
female | 0.71 (0.66, 0.75) | 0.18 (0.10, 0.26) | 0.44 (0.37, 0.51) | 0.38 (0.30, 0.45) | 0.47 (0.40, 0.54) | |||||
Child Ever Visited a Dentist | <0.0001 | 0.9 | 0.0002 | 0.55 | ||||||
Yes | n.e. | 0.27 (0.21, 0.33) | 0.33 (0.27, 0.39) | 0.47 (0.42, 0.52) | 0.47 (0.42, 0.52) | |||||
No | n.e. | 0.70 (0.62, 0.77) | 0.34 (0.21, 0.46) | 0.70 (0.62, 0.77) | 0.43 (0.30, 0.54) |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Akinkugbe, A.A.; Brickhouse, T.H.; Bandyopadhyay, D.; Nascimento, M.M. Accuracy of Maternal Reports of Young Children’s Dental Disease Status: Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Dent. J. 2020, 8, 8. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/dj8010008
Akinkugbe AA, Brickhouse TH, Bandyopadhyay D, Nascimento MM. Accuracy of Maternal Reports of Young Children’s Dental Disease Status: Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Dentistry Journal. 2020; 8(1):8. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/dj8010008
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkinkugbe, Aderonke A., Tegwyn H. Brickhouse, Dipankar Bandyopadhyay, and Marcelle M. Nascimento. 2020. "Accuracy of Maternal Reports of Young Children’s Dental Disease Status: Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children" Dentistry Journal 8, no. 1: 8. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/dj8010008