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Article

Enhanced Erinacine A Production by Hericium erinaceus Using Solid-State Cultivation

by
Po-Yu Cheng
1,
Hung-Yi Liao
1,
Chia-Hung Kuo
2,3,* and
Yung-Chuan Liu
1,*
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
2
Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
3
Center for Aquatic Products Inspection Service, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Fermentation 2021, 7(3), 182; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation7030182
Submission received: 11 August 2021 / Revised: 27 August 2021 / Accepted: 1 September 2021 / Published: 5 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-dairy Fermented Products)
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Abstract

:
Hericium erinaceus (HE) is a large edible medicinal fungus. Erinacine A (ErA) is a secondary metabolite presented in the mycelia of HE, with pharmacological effects as a nerve growth factor on the central nervous system. In this study, solid-state cultivation of HE was carried out in Petri dishes and glass jars for the production of mycelial biomass and ErA. The potato dextrose agar (PDA) had the highest mycelial biomass at an optimal temperature of 25 °C, but no ErA was found in the agar media. In glass jar cultivation, the mycelial biomass and specific yield of ErA in different substrates, particle sizes, substrate weights, nitrogen sources, and inorganic salts were investigated. The ErA was purified by a self-pack silica gel column and a semi-preparative HPLC and was identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer. The best conditions for solid-state cultivation of HE when using corn kernel as substrate, particle size less than 2.38 mm, and addition of 10mM ZnSO4, 7H2O, mycelial biomass of 50.24 mg cell dry weight/g substrate was obtained, in addition, the specific yield of ErA could reach 165.36 mg/g cell dry weight.

1. Introduction

Hericium erinaceus (HE), also named lion’s mane, monkey head mushroom, bearded tooth, or bearded hedgehog, is a fungus belonging to the family Hericiaceae. HE is common in nature and mainly distributed in Asia, Europe, and North America. The fruiting body of HE has been well-known as an edible and medicinal mushroom for centuries in China [1,2]. Currently, many studies have found that the fruit bodies and mycelia of HE have many bioactive compounds, such as polysaccharides [3,4], hericenones [5], erinacines [6], and ergothioneine [7]. These bioactive compounds have been reported to be helpful for human health against various physiological system diseases, including the nervous system, digestive system, circulatory system, and immune system [1,8,9,10]. Erinacines belong to diterpenoids, a kind of secondary metabolites. Several erinacines (i.e., erinacines A–K, P, and Q) were isolated from HE mycelia, among which erinacine A (ErA) was found to be a special compound capable of promoting the performance of nerve growth factor (NGF) [11,12]. So far, ErA found in the mycelia of HE has been confirmed to have pharmacological effects on the central nervous system [13], i.e., long-term prevention of stroke [14], Parkinson’s disease [15], Alzheimer’s disease [16], depression, and nerve-related diseases such as sexual pain and presbycusis [17]. All the neurodegenerative-concerned diseases were reported to be effectively ameliorated via the uptake of relative diterpenoids such as ErA [18].
In the literature, HE has been proven capable of producing biological metabolites, such as erinacines and hericenones, via submerged or solid-state cultivation [19,20]. Solid-state cultivation is particularly appropriate for filamentous fungi because it can simulate the natural culture environment. The selection of substrate is the key to achieve successful solid-state cultivation. Generally, natural substances or industrial wastes are used as substrates in solid-state cultivation. Several factors affect solid-state cultivation, such as substrate particle size, pH, relative humidity, additives (nitrogen source, carbon source, or salt) [21,22]. Solid-state cultivation has several advantages, including not being easily contaminated, low cost, high yield, low energy consumption, low organic wastewater generation, easy disposal of waste, and convenient source of culture medium [23].
There are few studies concerning the production of ErA from HE mycelia in submerged or solid-state cultures. In addition, it is interesting that erinacines such as ErA can only be found in the HE mycelial state but not in the fruiting body [16,24]. Valu et al. designed a medium containing yeast extract, glucose, soy powder, and oats and found it could enrich the yield of HE’s total phenolic compounds; however, no ErA content was quantitatively detected [6]. Krzyczkowski et al. designed a medium containing both glucose and casein to achieve high HE mycelial biomass with ErA production at day 8 [25]. Chang et al. varied the former medium composition to enhance the HE biomass and erinacines yields [26]. Gerbec et al. reported that when cultivating HE in solid-state in a glass jar, the HE mycelial biomass could produce some ErA content; however, in a horizontal stirred tank reactor with aeration, higher biomass but no ErA content was found in the mycelia [27]. In other HE solid-state cultures, it was noted that the common substrates used to grow HE were based on wood chips, which might be favor the HE fruiting body and extracellular enzymes production; however, no ErA content was detected [27,28]. At present, there is little literature focusing on the production of ErA from HE mycelia in solid-state cultivation. This is the first study focusing on using solid-state cultivation of HE to improve the specific yield of ErA.
In this study, solid-state cultivation of HE in both Petri dish plates and glass jars was investigated for the production of ErA from HE mycelia. We explored the effect of different media and temperatures in Petri dish plates on HE mycelial growth. Six different grains were tested in the solid-state cultivation of HE. The effect of substrate particle size, nitrogen sources, and supplementations with either NaCl and ZnSO4 on the ErA yield was investigated. Both the HE mycelial biomass and the specific yield of ErA were measured. The purification and analysis methods were established for quantifying the concentration of ErA. The factors expected to promote ErA production in solid-state cultivation were exploited quantitatively.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Strain and Chemicals

The strain H. erinaceus MU30296 was purchased from the Biological Resources Conservation and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan. Potato dextrose agar, malt extract, and yeast extract were obtained from Becton, Dickinson and Company, US. Polished rice, corn kernel, adlay kernel, brown rice, red bean, and sesame were purchased from local supermarkets. Other reagents were of analytical grade and obtained from local suppliers.

2.2. Cultivation Conditions

For cultivation on Petri dishes, a 0.25 cm2 of the HE mycelium was cut from the preculture dish and inoculated onto the tested Petri dish. The plate agar compositions were as follows: malt extract agar (MA) (g/L): glucose 18.9, malt extract 18.9, peptone 0.9, agar 15.0; yeast extract agar (YE) (g/L): yeast extract 3.0, peptone 5.0, and agar 15.0, and potato dextrose agar (g/L): glucose 20, potato starch (infusion from 200 g potato) 4.0, agar 15.0 [29]. The dish was cultured in an incubator set at 25 °C for 10–15 d.
To prepare the seed culture for the solid-state cultivation, 3 pieces of 4 cm2 mycelia grown in PDA for 10 d were cut and slightly homogenized in a sterile knife-edge bottle containing 40 mL distilled water for 1 s, 8 times to obtain a uniform mycelium suspension. A volume of 10 mL of the homogenized mixture was inoculated into 100 mL of seed medium containing (g/L): glucose 4, peptone 1, yeast extract 0.2, MgSO4·7H2O 0.1, and KH2PO4 0.05. The cultivation was performed in a rotary incubator at 25 °C, 100 rpm for 7 d. The prepared seed culture was used to inoculate the solid-state culture in a glass jar (Φ 12 cm) containing varied dry solid grains, i.e., polished rice, corn kernel, adlay kernel, brown rice, red bean, and sesame. The solid media were prepared with 50 g grains mixed with 50 mL deionized (DI) water, followed by sterilization at 121 °C for 20 min. The solid media were inoculated with a seed volume to grain weight of 1/5. The culture was performed in an incubator at 25 °C for 20 d. In the grain weight test, the grain to water ratio (w/v) was kept at 1:1. For grain particle sizes tests, the corn kernel was ground into powder via a blender, followed by being separated via two sieves, i.e., mesh5 and mesh8, to obtain three different particle size distributions: large particle (>4 mm), middle particle (2.38–4 mm), and small particle (<2.38 mm). In the additives tests, 0.25–1.5 g casein, 0.25–1.5 g tryptone, or 1 mL of the tested additives (10–40 mM NaCl, 10–40 mM ZnSO4·7H2O) was supplemented to the jar containing 50 g of grains plus 50 mL DI water.
For submerged culture, the above-mentioned seed culture was inoculated (v/v ratio 1/10) to sterile liquid medium containing (g/L): glucose 70, NH4NO3 8, NaCl 1.45, ZnSO4·7H2O 0.055 and KH2PO4 1 [25]. The culture was performed in a shaking incubator at 25 °C and 100 rpm for 20 d. The medium composition and cultivation conditions for the submerged culture were collected from the optimal conditions in the pre-test studies.

2.3. Erinacine A Purification

To obtain self-purified erinacine A as the standard, the approach of Krzyczkowski et al. [25] was adopted and modified; it is described in brief as follows. The harvested mycelium was dried and ground into powder with a mortar, and then 1 g of the powder was added to 75 mL of 95% ethanol and extracted with ultrasonic shaking for 1 h. The extract was centrifuged at 9000 g for 10 min, followed by filtration via a 0.22 μm filter, and subjected to concentration under vacuum. The extract was re-dissolved in 8 mL of ethyl acetate, followed by the addition with 2 mL of deionized water and mixing in an ultrasonic bath for 20 min. The ethyl acetate layer was rinsed with 5% sodium chloride solution. The ethyl acetate layer was separated and filtered via a 0.22 μm disc filter and dried in an oven at 50 °C overnight. After drying, the extract was re-dissolved in 95% ethanol (0.2 g solid plus 1 mL ethanol), filtered with a 0.22 μm disc filter, and injected into a self-pack silica gel column. A solvent of ethyl acetate and n-hexane (1:1) was used as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 5 mL/min. The eluted solvent was collected in test tubes, one sample per minute. The collected samples were dried in a 50 °C oven, followed by the addition of 1 mL of ethanol to re-dissolve the sample. The sample at the 25th min with the highest absorbance at 340 nm was collected. The collected sample was further subjected to a semi-preparative HPLC as described in brief as follows. The sample (0.1 g) was dissolved in 1 mL of methanol and mixed for 1 h in an ultrasonic bath. The extract was centrifuged at 7000 g for 10 min. The supernatant was filtered via a 0.22 μm disc filter and subjected to a semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. The column is Inspire C18, 5 μm (250 mm × 10.0 mm), detector: UV 340 nm, flow rate: 3.0 mL/min, mobile phase: 80% methanol, sample injection 200 μL. The sample at 23.583 min with an absorption peak (wavelength: 340 nm) was collected and dried in an oven at 50 °C overnight. The obtained crystal was subjected to a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (TSQ Altis, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with electrospray ionization (ESI) for identification [27].

2.4. Assays

To determine the dry weight (DW) of cell biomass in submerged culture, the whole culture medium was harvested and washed two times with DI water, followed by drying in an oven set at 50 °C for 5 d. The mycelial growth in the Petri dish was estimated by detecting the image of the mycelium-covered area and transformed to the hydraulic radius (mm)=square root of (biomass coverage surfaces/π) via ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA). To determine the biomass in the solid-state culture, the harvested substrate was subjected to an analysis of its ergosterol content via the HPLC method [30]. A linear correlation between the HE biomass (mg cell DW/g substrate) and the ergosterol content was constructed. The ergosterol assay is described in brief as follows: 1 g of the ground dry substrates was subjected to extraction with 12 mL of n-hexane, followed by a 90-s vortex mixing and centrifugation at 7000× g for 10 min to obtain the supernatant. The supernatant was subjected to vacuum drying at 40 °C, followed by dissolving with 5 mL methanol and filtration via a 0.22 μm disc filter. The collected sample was analyzed via an HPLC (Column: SCpak, 5 μm C18, 250 mm × 4.6 mm), detector (Jusco: UV-1575): UV 282 nm, flow rate: 1.2 mL/min, mobile phase: methanol, column temperature: 40 °C, injection volume: 20 μL.
For the ErA assay, 1 g of the ground substrate was subjected to extraction with 10 mL methanol. The mixture was left for an ultrasound mixing for 3 min and centrifugation at 7000× g for 10 min. The supernatant was filtered via a 0.22 μm disc filter and analyzed by an HPLC (Column: SCpak, 5 μm C18, 250 × 4.6 mm), detector (Jusco: UV-1575): 340 nm, mobile phase: 80% methanol, flow rate: 1.0 mL/min, column temperature: 25 °C, injection volume: 10 μL. The specific ErA yield was defined as mg ErA /g cell DW.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

All the experiments were performed in triplicate; data are expressed as means ± SD (standard deviation). The statistical significance was assessed by the multiple comparisons Tukey post-hoc analysis of variance (ANOVA) using OriginPro ver.9.0 (OriginLab Corporation, Northampton, MA, USA). Differences of the results were considered statistically significant at p-values < 0.05 or p-values < 0.01.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Solid-State Cultivation of HE in Petri Dish

3.1.1. Effect of Media on Mycelial Growth

Three media, PDA, MA, and YE, were prepared for HS mycelial growth in the Petri dish plate in order to observe the growth of mycelium and the optimal culture temperature. The cultivation was carried out for 30 d, and the mycelial growth rate was recorded every 5 d. The growth patterns of HS mycelia are shown in Figure 1. The HS mycelia exhibited the most growth on the PDA plate as compared to the other two media. The time curve of mycelium growth is represented by the hydraulic radius, as shown in Figure 2a. The HE mycelial on the PDA plate grew rapidly at day 5 and reached the full plate at day 20, where the hydraulic radius was 38.1 mm (Petri dish radius is 42.5 mm). After 20 d, the HE growth entered a stationary phase due to the PDA plate being full of mycelia; the color of HE mycelia changed from white to light yellow. In comparison, the HE growth in the MA plate and YE plate was much slower than that of the PDA plate at day 5 and day 10, and HS mycelia were not obviously seen until day 15. The HE mycelia at day 30 displayed a hydraulic radius of 35.59 mm on the MA plate and 23.40 mm on the YE plate. Probably, the mycelia did not have enough carbon sources in YE, which caused slow or poor growth. In contrast, PDA has the fastest mycelia growth rate due to it containing 20 g/L of dextrose plus 200 g/L of potato infusion, which provides a sufficient carbon source for HE growth. In order to check the ErA production, the six PDA plates from b-1 to b-6 were dried in the oven to extract ErA from HE mycelia, but no ErA content was detected. This might be due to insufficient HE mycelia growth in a limited space or the ErA being inhibited when HE was cultured on the Petri dish plate.

3.1.2. Effect of Temperature on Mycelial Growth

To test the optimal temperature for HE growth, PDA plates with HE mycelial inoculum were cultured at different temperatures for 30 d. The results are shown in Figure 2b. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 25 °C, which is consistent with Boddy et al. [31] and Ko et al. [32] findings. The HE mycelia at 25 °C showed rapid growth at day 5 and reached a full plate at day 20. In contrast, the mycelial grew slower when the temperature was at 15 or 30 °C. On the other hand, the HE mycelia grew most slowly at 30 °C, and the color of mycelia was darker than under other temperatures. It is worth mentioning that when the mycelium grows at 15 °C, it will produce a compact and stable primordium (Figure 3). Primordium is the transitional period of mycelium transforming into fruiting bodies. According to Corana’s measurement [33], ErA was not found in the primordium.

3.2. Solid-State Cultivation of HE in Glass Jar

3.2.1. Effect of Substrate on HE Mycelial Cultivation

The advantage of solid-state cultivation is that the source of the substrate is convenient, such as agri-food waste or natural food crops [34,35]. Since whole grains are obtained easily and at a low cost, six different grains were selected as the substrates: polished rice, corn kernel, adlay kernel, brown rice, red beans, and sesame. The composition of these grains is listed in Table 1. The solid-state cultivation of HE was performed in a glass jar under the 50% water content for 20 d. The results are shown in Figure 4. The corn kernel has the highest mycelial biomass production, reaching 63.73 mg DW/g substrate as compared to other substrates, and has a relatively high specific yield of ErA of 12.53 mg/g DW (or 0.798 mg/g substrate) because the corn kernel was fluffier and softer and ready for HE mycelial growth, as the rapid extension of the HE mycelium was observed in the early culture stage. In contrast, the mycelial biomass of polished rice, adlay kernel, brown rice, and red beans were 39.12 mg/g, 21.39 mg/g, 62.15 mg/g, and 23.07 mg/g, respectively. The results indicated high carbohydrate content increases mycelial biomass, but high lipid content reduces mycelial biomass. Because sesame is rich in oil, the HE mycelia were not easy to grow on the surface during cultivation, and the amount of biomass and ErA were too low to be detected. On the other hand, the specific yields of ErA were 13.43 mg/g, 12.01 mg/g, 3.69 mg/g, and 6.06 mg/g for polished rice, adlay kernel, brown rice, and red beans, respectively. The results indicated the lower carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio is unfavorable for ErA production. The C/N ratio of 6 to 10 has been reported to be suitable for the biosynthesis of ErA in HE mycelia [13]. Taking both biomass production and specific yield of ErA into consideration, the solid-state cultivation of HE using corn kernel as the substrate had the largest ErA production. Therefore, the corn kernel was selected as the substrate for the following experiments.

3.2.2. Effect of Particle Size

In order to increase the mycelial biomass production and specific yield of ErA, several factors affecting solid-state fermentation were explored. In general, the particle size of the substrate in solid-state cultivation affected the production of mycelial biomass and fermented product. Corn kernel powder was divided into three particle sizes through sieving with two screens. The effect of substrate particle size can be seen in Figure 5a. The mycelial biomass of large particle (>4 mm), middle particle (2.38–4 mm), and small particle (<2.38 mm) were 37.54 mg/g, 45.88 mg/g, and 57.25 mg/g, respectively. The substrate particle size did not have a significant difference in mycelial biomass production. However, the specific yield of ErA increased dramatically with decreasing particle size, from 12.53 mg/g (>4 mm) to 60.15 mg/g (<2.38 mm). The specific yield of ErA of small particles was a 4.8-fold increase over the large particles. Membrillo et al. produced lignocellulolytic enzymes from Pleurotus ostreatus; the highest xylanases, cellulases, and laccase activity were obtained from the substrate particle size of 2.9 mm, 0.92 mm, 1.68 mm, respectively [36]. Smail et al. cultured the Aspergihs niger in solid-state fermentation and found that the particle size of 2.5 mm carob pods gave the highest protein content of the final product [37]. In our case, the small particle showed a high specific yield of ErA, perhaps due to closer packing, leading to restricted O2 availability, which in turn increased the production of secondary metabolites-ErA. Therefore, the small particles of corn kernel were used in subsequent experiments.

3.2.3. Effect of Substrate Weight

Because the mycelia formed a mycelium mat on the surface, the air circulation was decreased, leading to restricted O2 availability at the bottom. Thereby, increasing the substrate amounts in the glass jar was expected to increase the anaerobic space at the bottom [38]. To investigate the effect of substrate layer thickness, experiments were performed in a glass jar containing various amounts of substrate. Due to the lower part of the glass jar being cylindrical, the substrate weight is proportional to the thickness of the substrate in the glass jar, where 150 g substrate is equivalent to 4.5 cm in height. The results are shown in Figure 5b. When the substrate weight increased from 50 g to 150 g, the mycelial biomass decreased from 56.79 mg/g to 31.52 mg/g. The results showed that the increased substrate amount could not promote HE mycelial biomass per substrate weight. The reason is probably that the increase of substrate weight increased substrate layer thickness that reduced oxygen in the bottom, resulting in poor mycelial growth. Stredansky et al. reported that when the substrate thickness exceeded 6 cm, the yield of succinoglycan from Agrobacterium tumefaciens decreased dramatically [39]. Rhizopus oryzae cultivated on bread waste has maximum protease and amylase activities at the layer thickness of 1 cm [40]. Besides, the highest specific yield of ErA was detected when 50 g of substrate was used. After 20 d of cultivation, the mycelia were found to penetrate into the entire jar bottom in 50 g substrate, while others were not completely covered by mycelia, probably due to insufficient oxygen availability.

3.2.4. Effect of Nitrogen Source and Inorganic Salts

The nitrogen source of the medium in submerged fermentation has a significant effect on the HE mycelial growth and ErA production [25]. Therefore, the casein and tryptone were added to the substrate in solid-stated cultivation in order to enhance the mycelial biomass and production of ErA. The effect of nitrogen source addition is presented in Figure 6a,b. The highest mycelial biomass of 80.56 mg/g (Figure 6b) was obtained by adding 5 mg tryptone/g substrate, but the mycelial biomass decreased when the addition of casein or tryptone exceeded 5 g/g substrate. This is consistent with findings that a low C/N ratio is unfavorable for cell growth [13]. On the other hand, the specific yield of ErA was not improved by adding casein or tryptone. The addition of inorganic salts to the substrate has been reported to increase the production of soluble dietary fiber in the solid-state cultivation of HE [41]. Hence, NaCl and ZnSO4·7H2O were added to the substrate. The effect of NaCl addition is shown in Figure 6c. The specific yield of ErA was significantly improved at the low NaCl concentrations of 10 mM and 20 mM. The specific yield of ErA was 120.97 mg/g at NaCl concentration of 10 mM, which was 2-fold higher than that of the control. On the other hand, the highest mycelial biomass was 87.38 mg/g at NaCl concentration of 40 mM, which was 1.5-fold higher than that of the control, but the specific yield of ErA was very low. Zinc ions as trace elements provide supplementary substrates for the growth of mushrooms [42]. Lin et al. reported that trace ZnSO4 increased the production of sulfated polysaccharides from Antrodia cinnamomea [43]. The effect of ZnSO4·7H2O addition is shown in Figure 6d. The highest specific yield of ErA was 165.36 mg/g at ZnSO4·7H2O concentration of 10 mM, which was 2.73-fold higher than that of the control. The results indicated that the appropriate addition of NaCl or ZnSO4·7H2O could help increase the production of mycelial biomass or ErA.

3.3. ErA Purification and Identification

A self-pack silica gel column and semi-preparative HPLC method described in Section 2.3 were used to purify ErA as the standard for quantitative analysis. The purified ErA was subjected to a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC/MS/MS, model TSQ Altis, Thermo Scientific, MA, USA). The ESI mass spectrum of ErA (Figure 7a) exhibited a m/z of 455.3 for [ErA+Na]+, consistent with that in the literature [27,33]. To further confirm the result, the compound was sent to the tandem mass analysis; the major fragment of ErA was obtained at m/z of 323.2 (Figure 7b). To quantitatively analyze ErA, an HPLC method described in Section 2.4 was used. The HPLC profile of HE mycelial extract is shown in Figure 7c; ErA’s absorption peak was detected at 14.15 min with UV/Vis detector at a wavelength of 340 nm.

3.4. Comparisons of ErA Production Using Submerged Fermentation and Solid-State Cultivation

The extant literature focusing on ErA production is listed in Table 2. The highest specific yield of ErA using submerged cultivation of HE for 8 d was reported to be 14.44 mg/g and 13.39 mg/g [25,26]. The specific yield of ErA produced by the fermentation tank is 5 (mg/g) [17,44]. Gerbec et al. cultivated HE in solid-state in a glass jar to produce ErA and was recorded by 225.4 × 103 (area under curve, AUC) due to a lack of ErA standard [27]. In our lab, the submerged fermentation was carried out in a shake flask using a glucose-based medium (Section 2.2) for the production of ErA from HE mycelia. After 12 d of submerged fermentation, the highest ErA production of 56.8 mg/L was obtained with mycelial biomass of 4.42 g DW/L (equivalent to a specific yield of ErA 12.85 mg/g DW). In this study, the Petri dish and glass jar were used for the solid-state cultivation of HE, but ErA was only produced in the glass jar. By choosing the corn kernel as substrate and grinding the substrate to a small dimension, the specific yield of ErA was increased from 12.53 mg/g DW to 60.15 mg/g DW. It is noted that the solid-state cultivation has a higher specific yield of ErA than that in submerged culture. The appropriate addition of inorganic salts can effectively increase the production of mycelial biomass or ErA. In the case of 10 mM ZnSO4·7H2O addition, the specific yield of ErA was significantly increased to 165.36 mg/g DW with mycelial biomass of 50.24 mg DW/g substrate.

4. Conclusions

This research aims at solid-state cultivation of HE for ErA production. HE was cultured in Petri dishes and glass jars. ErA was only found in the glass jar cultivation. Six different substrates were used as substrates in solid-state cultivation; the corn kernel had the highest mycelial biomass of 63.73 mg/g with a specific yield of ErA of 12.53 mg/g. The particle size showed less effect on the mycelial mass, but decreasing substrate dimension significantly increased the specific yield of ErA. The substrate in small particle size reduced air flow so that ErA was less prone to degradation under the insufficient oxygen condition, which helped to increase the specific yield of ErA. Adding appropriate nitrogen sources or inorganic salts to the substrate can increase the mycelial biomass and the specific yield of ErA; the addition of NaCl or ZnSO4 had a significant increase in the specific yield of ErA to 120.97 mg/g and 165.36 mg/g, respectively. Besides, this study provided the ErA purification and analysis method. Compared with submerged cultivation, solid-state cultivation can effectively increase the specific yield of ErA by 12.9-fold. The results in this study provide the information to scale up the solid-state cultivation of HE for ErA production.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Y.-C.L.; methodology, P.-Y.C. and H.-Y.L.; formal analysis, P.-Y.C.; investigation, P.-Y.C.; writing—original draft preparation, C.-H.K. and Y.-C.L.; writing—review and editing, C.-H.K. and Y.-C.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (grant no. MOST 108-2221-E-005-041-MY2).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. The growth patterns of HS mycelia on the Petri dish plate. The media used were: (a) malt extract agar medium, (b) potato dextrose agar medium, and (c) yeast extract agar medium. Numbers indicated photo records every 5 d.
Figure 1. The growth patterns of HS mycelia on the Petri dish plate. The media used were: (a) malt extract agar medium, (b) potato dextrose agar medium, and (c) yeast extract agar medium. Numbers indicated photo records every 5 d.
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Figure 2. Effect of (a) cultivated media and (b) temperature on the hydraulic radius of HE mycelia.
Figure 2. Effect of (a) cultivated media and (b) temperature on the hydraulic radius of HE mycelia.
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Figure 3. The formation of primordium on PDA plate at 15 °C.
Figure 3. The formation of primordium on PDA plate at 15 °C.
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Figure 4. The effect of different substrates on the mycelial biomass and specific yield of ErA. I. polished rice, II. corn kernel, III. adlay kernel, IV. brown rice, V. red beans, VI. sesame. Different superscripts in the upper case indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) in biomass, and different superscripts in lower case indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) in specific yield of ErA.
Figure 4. The effect of different substrates on the mycelial biomass and specific yield of ErA. I. polished rice, II. corn kernel, III. adlay kernel, IV. brown rice, V. red beans, VI. sesame. Different superscripts in the upper case indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) in biomass, and different superscripts in lower case indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) in specific yield of ErA.
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Figure 5. The effect of (a) substrate particle size and (b) substrate amount on the mycelial biomass and specific yield of ErA. Different superscripts in upper case indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) in biomass, and different superscripts in lower case indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) in specific yield of ErA.
Figure 5. The effect of (a) substrate particle size and (b) substrate amount on the mycelial biomass and specific yield of ErA. Different superscripts in upper case indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) in biomass, and different superscripts in lower case indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) in specific yield of ErA.
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Figure 6. Effect of (a) casein, (b) tryptone, (c) NaCl, and (d) ZnSO4·7H2O addition on mycelial growth and ErA production. *, ** indicate biomass significant difference with control at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively. +, ++ indicate ErA significant difference with control at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively.
Figure 6. Effect of (a) casein, (b) tryptone, (c) NaCl, and (d) ZnSO4·7H2O addition on mycelial growth and ErA production. *, ** indicate biomass significant difference with control at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively. +, ++ indicate ErA significant difference with control at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively.
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Figure 7. Analysis and identification of ErA using: (a) ESI Mass for ErA at m/z: 455.3 [M+Na]+, (b) tandem MS/MS for ErA fragment at m/z 323.2 and (c) HPLC analysis of the mycelia extract.
Figure 7. Analysis and identification of ErA using: (a) ESI Mass for ErA at m/z: 455.3 [M+Na]+, (b) tandem MS/MS for ErA fragment at m/z 323.2 and (c) HPLC analysis of the mycelia extract.
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Table
Table 1. The composition and C/N ratio of grains in this study.
Table 1. The composition and C/N ratio of grains in this study.
Grains
Composition		Polished RiceCorn KernelAdlay KernelBrown RiceRed BeanSesame
Carbohydrate78.5 *72.265.976.661.517.6
Protein6.110.913.77.420.922.2
Lipid1.23.97.42.30.648.1
water13.711.911.012.513.96.0
Ash0.51.12.01.23.16.1
C/N ratio12.876.624.8110.352.940.79
* The unit is weight ratio (%) for grains composition except for C/N ratio, data are collected from each grain manufacture company.
Table
Table 2. Comparison of the ErA production in the literature.
Table 2. Comparison of the ErA production in the literature.
StrainCulture StateSpecific ErA Yield
(mg/g DW)		Biomass Level 1ErA Production 2Culture Time (Day)Ref.
H. erinaceum (Bull.: Fr.) Pers.Submerged14.4413.3 (g/L)192 (mg/L)8[25]
H. erinaceus BCRC 35669Submerged13.3916.8 (g/L)225 (mg/L)8[26]
H. erinaceum BCRC 35669Submerged fermenter5NA 3NA12[17,33]
H. erinaceusSolid-state, glass jarNA100 (g/kg)225.4 × 103 AUC 456[27]
H. erinaceum MU30296Submerged, shake flask12.854.42 (g/L)56.80 (mg/L)12This study
H. erinaceum MU30296Petri dishND 5NDND10–15This study
H. erinaceum MU30296Solid-state, glass jar165.3650.24 (g/kg)8.3 (g/kg)20This study
1 Unit: g DW/L volume for submerged culture, g DW/kg substrate; 2 Unit: mg ErA/L volume for submerged culture, mg ErA/kg substrate; 3 NA: not available; 4 AUC: area under curve of erinacine A chromatogram peak; 5 ND: not detected.
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Cheng, P.-Y.; Liao, H.-Y.; Kuo, C.-H.; Liu, Y.-C. Enhanced Erinacine A Production by Hericium erinaceus Using Solid-State Cultivation. Fermentation 2021, 7, 182. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation7030182

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Cheng P-Y, Liao H-Y, Kuo C-H, Liu Y-C. Enhanced Erinacine A Production by Hericium erinaceus Using Solid-State Cultivation. Fermentation. 2021; 7(3):182. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation7030182

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Cheng, Po-Yu, Hung-Yi Liao, Chia-Hung Kuo, and Yung-Chuan Liu. 2021. "Enhanced Erinacine A Production by Hericium erinaceus Using Solid-State Cultivation" Fermentation 7, no. 3: 182. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation7030182

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