Computer Vision Meets Image Processing and UAS PhotoGrammetric Data Integration: From HBIM to the eXtended Reality Project of Arco della Pace in Milan and Its Decorative Complexity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Motivation and Main Contributions
- a first part is dedicated to state of the art, divided in turn into a synthetic framework oriented towards HBIM and the forms of XR for the built heritage and a framework on aerial photogrammetry and its regulatory context;
- a description of the case study both from a historical-cultural point of view and from a geographical and regulatory point of view;
- the description of the method that has enabled the transformation of simple points and mesh models from 3D survey and digital photogrammetry into complex digital models (NURBS and HBIM) and XR projects with different levels of interactivity, information and immersion;
- A concluding part dedicated to a discussion of the results through a holistic approach and related conclusions.
3. State of the Art
3.1. State of the Art about Heritage Building Information Modelling Oriented to eXtended Reality (XR)
3.2. State of the Art about Regulation for Flying Drones in Italy and Europe
3.2.1. Italian Regulation UAV
3.2.2. Italian Regulation UAS-IT and European Regulation
- A1: fly over people but not over assemblies of people;
- A2: fly close to people;
- A3: fly far from people.
4. The Research Case Study: Historical and Cultural Background, Monument Location and Flight Restrictions
4.1. The Arco della Pace in Milan: Origins and History of the Arco
4.2. Ornamental and Decorative Elements
4.3. Monument Location and Flight Restrictions
- LI-R9 Milano-Città;
- Milano/Bresso 18/36;
- Milano/Linate 18/36;
- Linate Aerodrome Traffic Zone (ATZ);
- Linate Control Traffic Region (CTR).
5. Material and Methods: From Geometrical Surveys to HBIM, Virtual Museums and eXtended Reality
- Integration of aerial photogrammetry in the building digitisation process to complete the textured digital model;
- 3D mapping able to be automatically recognised through the real-time synchronisation of multiple environments, from NURBS modelling software and BIM platforms to XR development platforms;
- Interoperability and synchronisation of digital models in various environments; automatic recognition and real-time synchronisation of digital models through the main 3D exchange formats (open source and not) such as the 3DM, DWG, RVT, FBX, OBJ;
- The interactivity of XR projects; through IT development based on VPLs and Blueprints, it has been possible to create interactive virtual objects capable of interacting with all user inputs on different kinds of devices (tablets, laptops, PCs, and mobile phones).
5.1. UAV Photogrammetric Survey
5.2. Terrestrial Photogrammetric Survey
5.3. UAV Data Elaboration
5.3.1. The Building
5.3.2. The Statues, Ornaments, and Bass Reliefs
- Duplicating the original UAV chunk;
- Resizing of the bounding box around each statue and bass relief;
- Elaboration of the depth maps at the highest resolution;
- Generation of the meshes using as source the depth maps;
- Export of the meshes in .obj format.
- Import the .obj files;
- Fixing the topological errors of the meshes;
- Creating a watertight mesh;
- Auto fitting the NURBS geometries on the meshes;
- Export the meshes in .igs format.
- Import the .igs file without scaling or moving the single object.
5.4. Terrestrial Data Elaboration
5.5. Data Merging
5.6. HBIM Generation: From Mesh-Textured Models to NURBS Models and Heritage Building Information Modelling
5.7. Synchronising HBIM Models with XR Development Platforms: The Virtual Visual Storytelling of the Arco della Pace in Milan
- creation of the Movies folder within the Content in which to place the video in .mp4;
- through File Media Source and Media Player, the video is associated with the project within the Content. The video resource is generated accordingly;
- creation of the Mesh, that is, the surface on which the video will be visible;
- Simply by dragging the video asset onto the mesh, you relate the video to the surface;
- development of nodes within the Blueprint level so that the video is played on the mesh starting from the start of the virtual experience. This happens automatically, but only through a keyboard command, “P”, which allows you to start and pause the multimedia content.
5.8. From HBIM Models and IVOs to Augmented Reality
- use of IVOs and HBIM objects for different purposes concerning VR,
- addition of new levels of information, in real-time and with a high rate of interaction using mobile devices of any kind, including wearable technologies,
- superimposition of multimedia information on what you are watching on any display (text, images, live or animated films),
- access to an AR system via the web through devices equipped with GPS, a web camera and an internet connection,
- use and accessibility is within reach of any type of user (expert, professional, students, virtual tourists and on-site tourists) through web apps that can be easily downloaded via the app store,
- creation of a personal account that can be implemented over time,
- ability to view objects and their information in a targeted manner, avoiding having to access the general model of the arch and discriminate between other objects,
- avoid the installation of particular software applications and use expensive digital devices,
- sharing of the model through simple links.
5.9. Critical Analysis of the Proposed Workflow: Pros and Cons Found during the Implementation Process
- if the simulation as an alternative to the real environment allows for greater, more intuitive and faster learning,
- if the interaction with a model is more motivating than the interaction with reality,
- if you travel, costs or logistical difficulties in reaching the site make virtual reality more convenient,
- if the experience of creating a simulated environment or model is important to achieve learning objectives,
- if the visualisation of information and its manipulation using graphic symbols and the latest generation tools can be more easily understood, making the imperceptible perceptible,
- if it is necessary to develop a participatory environment that can only exist if generated with a computer,
- if it is necessary to give disabled people the opportunity to experiment, which they could not do otherwise,
- whether the “real” learning environment is available and accessible,
- if interaction with real humans, professionals, tutors, teachers, students is necessary,
- if the use of a virtual environment can be physically or emotionally damaging,
- if the use of a virtual environment can provoke a simulation so convincing as to lead some participants to confuse the model with reality,
- if virtual reality is too expensive to justify in light of the expected results.
- the formats to be used (FBX, OBJ),
- the limited size of the shared models in terms of bytes (50,100,200 MB),
- the reduction of the result of the textures associated with the models (value to be considered in the general size of the AR object),
- compatibility with web browsers (desktop and mobile), and
- navigation and controls (Interface, Orbit Mode and First-Person Mode)
6. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Document | Edition | Date | No. of Pages |
---|---|---|---|
Italian Regulation (UAV) | First Edition | 16/12/2013 | 21 |
Second Edition | 16/07/2015 | 37 | |
First Amendment | 21/12/2015 | 37 | |
Second Amendment | 22/12/2016 | 37 | |
Third Amendment | 24/03/2017 | 37 | |
Fourth Amendment | 21/05/2018 | 37 | |
European Regulation (not effective in Italy) | First Edition | 24/05/2019 | 27 |
Italian Regulation (UAV) | Third Edition | 11/11/2019 | 37 |
First Amendment | 14/07/2020 | 37 | |
European Regulation (effective in Italy) | First Edition | 31/12/2020 | 27 |
Italian Regulation (UAS-IT) | First Edition | 04/01/2021 | 20 |
UAS | OPERATION | DRONE OPERATOR/PILOT | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class | Maximum Take Off Mass (MTOM) | Subcategory | Operational Restrictions | Drone Operator Registration | Remote Pilot Competence | Remote Pilot Minimum Age |
Privately built | <250 g | A1 (can also fly in subcategory A3) | May fly over uninvolved people (should be avoided when possible) No flying over assemblies of people | No, unless camera/sensor on board and drone is not a toy | No training needed | No minimum age |
C0 | Read user manual | 16, no minimum age if drone is a toy | ||||
C1 | <900 g | No flying expected over uninvolved people (if it happens, should be minimised) No flying over assemblies of people | Yes | Read user manual Complete online training Pass online theoretical exam | 16 | |
C2 | <4 kg | A2 (can also fly in subcategory A3) | No flying over uninvolved people Keep horizontal distance of 30 m from uninvolved people (this can be reduced to 5 m if low speed function is activated) | Yes | Read user manual Complete online training Pass online theoretical exam Conduct and declare a self-practical training Pass a written exam at a recognised entity | 16 |
C3 | <25 kg | A3 | Do not fly near people Fly outside of urban areas (150 m distance) | Yes | Read user manual Complete online training Pass online theoretical exam | 16 |
C4 | ||||||
Privately built |
DJI Mavic Mini—Specs | |
---|---|
Sensor size (pixel) | 4000 × 3000 |
Sensor size (mm) | 6.48 × 4.86 |
Pixel size (mm) | 0.00162 |
Focal length (mm) | 4.49 |
Flight time (min) | 28 |
Canon EOS 1100D—Specs | |
---|---|
Sensor size (pixel) | 4272 × 2848 |
Sensor size (mm) | 22.2 × 14.7 |
Pixel size (mm) | 0.00534 |
Focal length (mm) | 18 |
Device | Frame Per Second (FPS) |
---|---|
Vive | 90 |
Gear VR | 60 |
PSVR | Variable up to 120 |
Rift Retail | 90 |
DK1 | 0 |
DK 2 | 75 |
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Banfi, F.; Mandelli, A. Computer Vision Meets Image Processing and UAS PhotoGrammetric Data Integration: From HBIM to the eXtended Reality Project of Arco della Pace in Milan and Its Decorative Complexity. J. Imaging 2021, 7, 118. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jimaging7070118
Banfi F, Mandelli A. Computer Vision Meets Image Processing and UAS PhotoGrammetric Data Integration: From HBIM to the eXtended Reality Project of Arco della Pace in Milan and Its Decorative Complexity. Journal of Imaging. 2021; 7(7):118. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jimaging7070118
Chicago/Turabian StyleBanfi, Fabrizio, and Alessandro Mandelli. 2021. "Computer Vision Meets Image Processing and UAS PhotoGrammetric Data Integration: From HBIM to the eXtended Reality Project of Arco della Pace in Milan and Its Decorative Complexity" Journal of Imaging 7, no. 7: 118. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jimaging7070118