Hourly Firewood Consumption Patterns and CO2 Emission Patterns in Rural Households of Nepal
Graduate School of Environmental and Information Studies, Tokyo City University, 3-3-1 Ushikubo-nishi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-8551, Japan
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Designs 2020, 4(4), 46; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/designs4040046
Received: 3 October 2020 / Revised: 30 October 2020 / Accepted: 31 October 2020 / Published: 4 November 2020
Nepal has low per-capita energy use and a majority of its rural residents use firewood as their primary energy source. Excessive use of firewood in improperly ventilated buildings degrades the indoor environment and health condition of the inhabitants. This study aims to assess the influence of hourly firewood consumption patterns on CO2 emissions and resulting concentrations in rural households in Nepal. A field survey was conducted for 24 h in 16 households during winter. The results suggest that most of the households tend to use more firewood during the morning and evening hours. Family size and number of animals reared by the households were positively correlated with firewood consumption, whereas family size was negatively correlated with per-capita firewood consumption. Per-capita firewood consumption was found to be 1.8 kg/(capita·day). Household firewood consumption and CO2 emissions were 12 kg/(family·day) and 14.26 kg CO2 e/(household·day), respectively. The larger households spent more time for cooking, while their consumption rate was similar (1.3 kg/h) to that of smaller households. High indoor CO2 emissions in the morning and evening hours due to high firewood consumption may pose severe health risks to the inhabitants. Therefore, intensive awareness programs and pollution control programs are suggested for improving indoor air quality and health condition of the rural population.
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Keywords:
Nepal; energy use; hourly firewood use; CO2 emission; CO2 concentration
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MDPI and ACS Style
Tika Ram, P.; Hom Bahadur, R. Hourly Firewood Consumption Patterns and CO2 Emission Patterns in Rural Households of Nepal. Designs 2020, 4, 46. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/designs4040046
AMA Style
Tika Ram P, Hom Bahadur R. Hourly Firewood Consumption Patterns and CO2 Emission Patterns in Rural Households of Nepal. Designs. 2020; 4(4):46. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/designs4040046
Chicago/Turabian StyleTika Ram, Pokharel; Hom Bahadur, Rijal. 2020. "Hourly Firewood Consumption Patterns and CO2 Emission Patterns in Rural Households of Nepal" Designs 4, no. 4: 46. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/designs4040046
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