Extent and Variation of Nitrogen Losses from Non-legume Field Crops of Conterminous United States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Compilation
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Extent of Cumulative N Losses
3.2. Control of Fertilizer N Management
3.3. Control of Crop Species
Influence of Tillage
3.4. Control of Water Management
3.5. Control of Soil Properties
4. Limitations and Future Research Needs
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Citation | State | Crop | Texture | Tillage | Soil pH | Water Mgmt. | N Losses Monitored | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Adviento-Borbe et al., 2007 | NE | Corn | Silty clay loam | CP | 6.14 | Irrigated | N2O |
2 | Adviento-Borbe et al., 2013 | CA, AR | Rice | Clay loam, Clay, Silt loam | CP | 5.46–6.19 | Irrigated | N2O |
3 | Bakhsh et al., 2002 | IA | Corn | Loam | CP, NT | Unk | Rainfed/Tile | NO3 |
4 | Bakhsh et al., 2007 | IA | Corn | Loam | CP | Unk | Rainfed/Tile | NO3 |
5 | Bakhsh et al., 2010 | IA | Corn | Loam | CP | Unk | Rainfed/Tile | NO3 |
6 | Basso and Ritchie 2005 | MI | Corn | Loam | CP | 5.5 | Rainfed/Tile | NO3 |
7 | Bronson et al., 1992 | CO | Corn | Clay loam | CP | 7.2 | Irrigated | N2O |
8 | Curtis et al., 2014 | PA | Corn | Silt loam | NT | Unk | Rainfed | NO3 |
9 | Duxbury and McConnaughey 1986 | NY | Corn | Silt loam | Unk | 6.9 | Unk | N2O |
10 | Engel et al., 2017 | MT | Winter wheat | Clay loam | NT | 6.3, 7.3 | Rainfed | NH3 |
11 | Errebhi et al., 1998 | MN | Potato | Loamy sand | CP | 6.7 | Irrigated | NO3 |
12 | Fernandez et al., 2015 | IL | Corn | Silt loam, Silty clay loam | CP | 6.2 | Rainfed/Tile | N2O |
13 | Fujinuma et al., 2011 | MN | Corn | Loamy sand | CP | 4.85 | Irrigated | N2O |
14 | Graham et al., 2018 | IL | Corn | Silt loam Silty clay loam | CP | 6.3, 6.1 | Rainfed | N2O |
15 | Guillard et al., 1999 | CT | Corn | Sandy loam | CP | Unk | Rainfed/Tile | NO3 |
16 | Halvarson et al., 2008 | CO | Corn, barley, dry bean | Clay loam | CP, NT | 7.7–7.8 | Irrigated | N2O |
17 | Halvarson and Delgrosso 2012 | CO | Corn | Clay loam | NT | 7.6 | Irrigated | N2O |
18 | Halvarson and Delgrosso 2013 | CO | Corn | Clay loam | NT, ST | 7.6 | Irrigated | N2O |
19 | Halvarson et al., 2010a | CO | Corn | Clay loam | NT | 7.6 | Irrigated | N2O |
20 | Halvarson et al., 2010b | CO | Corn, barley, dry bean | Clay loam | NT | 7.7–8.0 | Irrigated | N2O |
21 | Helmers et al., 2012 | IA | Corn | Clay loam | CP | 7.7 | Rainfed/Tile | NO3 |
22 | Hernandez-Ramirez et al., 2009 | IN | Corn | Silty clay loam | CP | Unk | Rainfed/Tile | N2O |
23 | Hoben et al., 2011 | MI | Corn | Loam, Sandy loam | CP | 6.6–7.6 | Rainfed | N2O |
24 | Hyatt et al., 2010 | MN | Potato | Loamy sand | CP | 4.9–6.7 | Irrigated | N2O |
25 | Janatalia et al., 2012 | CO | Corn | Clay loam | ST | 7.8 | Irrigated | NH3 |
26 | Jaynes et al., 2013 | IA | Corn | Clay loam | CP | Unk | Rainfed/Tile | NO3 |
27 | Jaynes et al., 2001 | IA | Corn | Clay loam | CP | Unk | Rainfed/Tile | NO3 |
28 | Jemison and Fox 1994 | PA | Corn | Silt loam | CP | Unk | Unk | NO3 |
29 | Johnson et al., 2010 | MN | Corn | Loam | CP, ST | 7.2 | Rainfed | N2O |
30 | Kanwar et al., 1997 | IA | Corn | Silt | CP, MB, NT, Ridge | Unk | Rainfed/Tile | NO3 |
31 | Keller and Mengel 1986 | IN | Corn | Sandy loam, Silt loam | NT | 5.6 | Unk | NH3 |
32 | Kucharik and Brye 2003 | WI | Corn | Silt loam | CP, NT | Unk | Rainfed/Tile | NO3 |
33 | Lawlor et al., 2008 | IA | Corn | Clay loam | CP | 7.7 | Rainfed/Tile | NO3 |
34 | Lawlor et al., 2011 | IA | Corn | Clay loam | CP | 7.7 | Rainfed/Tile | NO3 |
35 | LaHue et al.,2016 | CA | Rice | Clay | CP | 5.3 | Irrigated | N2O |
36 | Linquist et al., 2015 | AR | Rice | Silt loam | CP | Unk | Irrigated | N2O |
37 | Maharjan and Venterea 2013 | MN | Corn | Silt loam | CP | Unk | Rainfed | N2O |
38 | Mitchell et al., 2013 | IA | Loam | Corn | NT | 6.4 | Rainfed | N2O |
39 | Mosier et al., 2006 | CO | Corn | Clay loam | CP, NT | 7.7–7.8 | Irrigated | N2O |
40 | Nash et al., 2012 | MO | Corn | Silt loam | NT, ST | 6.2 | Irrigated | N2O |
41 | Omonode and Vyn 2013 | IA | Corn | Silt loam | CP, NT | Unk | Rainfed | N2O |
42 | Omonode and Vyn 2019 | IN | Corn | Silty clay loam | NT, ST, MP, CP | Unk | Rainfed | N2O |
43 | Omonode et al., 2015 | IN | Corn | Silty clay loam | CP, NT | 6.1 | Rainfed/Tile | N2O |
44 | Parkin et al., 2016 | IA | Corn | Silty clay loam, loam | NT | Unk | Rainfed/Tile | N2O |
45 | Pittelkow et al., 2013 | CA | Rice | Clay | CP | 6.2 | Irrigated | N2O |
46 | Prunty and Greenland 1997 | ND | Potato, Corn | Loamy fine sand | CP | Unk | Irrigated | NO3 |
47 | Randall and Vetsch 2005 | MN | Corn | Clay loam | CP | Unk | Rainfed | NO3 |
48 | Randall et al., 2003 | MN | Corn | Clay loam | CP | Unk | Rainfed | NO3 |
49 | Sexton et al., 1996 | MN | Corn | Sandy loam | CP | Unk | Irrigated | NO3 |
50 | Steusloff et al., 2019 | MO | Corn | Silt loam | CP | 6.9, 5.6 | Rainfed | N2O |
51 | Sistani et al., 2011 | KY | Corn | Silt loam | NT | 5.8 | Rainfed | N2O |
52 | Smith et al., 1982 | LA | Rice | Silt loam | CP | 6.0 | Irrigated | N2O |
53 | Sogbedji et al., 2000 | NY | Corn | Clay loam, Loamy sand | CP | Unk | Rainfed | NO3 |
54 | Thapa and Chatterjee 2017 | MN | Spring wheat | Silt loam | CP | 8.1 | Rainfed | NH3, N2O |
55 | Thapa et al., 2015 | MN | Spring wheat | Silt loam | CP | 8.4 | Rainfed | NH3, N2O |
56 | Thornton and Valente 1996 | TN | Corn | Silt loam | NT | 5.75 | Rainfed | N2O |
57 | Thornton et al., 1996 | TN | Corn | Silt loam | NT | 6.6 | Rainfed | N2O |
58 | Toth and Fox 1998 | PA | Corn | Silt loam | CP | 6.2 | Irrigated | NO3 |
59 | Venterea et al., 2010 | MN | Corn | Silt loam | CP | 5.2–5.8 | Rainfed | N2O |
60 | Vetsch et al., 2019 | MN | Corn | Clay loam | CP | Unk | Rainfed/Tile | NO3 |
61 | Walters and Malzer 1990 | MN | Corn | Sandy loam | CP | 5.7 | Irrigated | NO3 |
62 | Zhu and Fox 2003 | PA | Corn | Silt loam | NT/CP | 6.1 | Rainfed | NO3 |
State | n | Mean | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|
Denitrification loss (kg N2O-N ha−1) | ||||
Arkansas | 16 | 0.22 | −0.01 | 1.05 |
California | 26 | 0.40 | −0.04 | 1.54 |
Colorado | 100 | 0.81 | 0.11 | 3.56 |
Iowa | 21 | 5.60 | 0.32 | 16.3 |
Illinois | 27 | 4.28 | 0.72 | 16.9 |
Indiana | 18 | 2.88 | 0.79 | 6.88 |
Kentucky | 14 | 2.88 | 1.01 | 5.97 |
Louisiana | 5 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.17 |
Minnesota | 66 | 2.93 | 0.25 | 11.2 |
Missouri | 16 | 4.57 | 1.12 | 7.70 |
Nebraska | 10 | 2.72 | 1.25 | 4.91 |
New York | 3 | 3.03 | 1.90 | 4.90 |
Pennsylvania | 28 | 0.72 | 0.10 | 2.85 |
Tennessee | 6 | 6.62 | 1.43 | 13.8 |
Leaching loss (kg NO3-N ha−1) | ||||
Connecticut | 6 | 27.8 | 4.00 | 61.0 |
Iowa | 176 | 34.1 | 0 | 109 |
Michigan | 12 | 34.7 | 11.0 | 89.0 |
Minnesota | 109 | 45.4 | 4.00 | 257 |
North Dakota | 8 | 42.3 | 3.00 | 118 |
New York | 12 | 14.4 | 5.90 | 34.9 |
Pennsylvania | 23 | 43.0 | 4.50 | 135 |
Wisconsin | 12 | 39.1 | 3.20 | 102 |
Volatilization loss (kg NH3-N ha−1) | ||||
Colorado | 2 | 6.20 | 5.20 | 7.20 |
Indiana | 4 | 21.4 | 9.20 | 50.9 |
Minnesota | 14 | 5.70 | 2.50 | 11.1 |
Montana | 6 | 20.2 | 10.0 | 34.4 |
Variables | Denitrification | Leaching | Volatilization | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N rate | r | 0.38 | 0.27 | 0.09 |
(kg N ha−1) | Pr > |r| | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.66 |
n | 399 | 356 | 26 | |
Crop yield | r | −0.015 | 0.12 | 0.66 |
(Mg ha−1) | Pr > |r| | 0.80 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
n | 305 | 349 | 14 | |
Water input (mm) | r | 0.31 | 0.29 | −0.39 |
Pr > |r| | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.09 | |
n | 348 | 308 | 20 | |
SOM (g kg−1) | r | 0.44 | −0.08 | −0.61 |
Pr > |r| | <0.001 | 0.17 | 0.001 | |
n | 340 | 251 | 24 | |
Clay (g kg−1) | r | −0.42 | 0.06 | 0.55 |
Pr > |r| | <0.001 | 0.60 | 0.03 | |
n | 233 | 71 | 16 | |
pH | r | −0.21 | −0.07 | −0.65 |
Pr > |r| | 0.001 | 0.34 | 0.001 | |
n | 337 | 163 | 26 | |
CEC (Cmole+ kg−1) | r | −0.23 | 0.03 | −0.72 |
Pr > |r| | 0.007 | 0.83 | <0.001 | |
n | 135 | 41 | 24 |
Fertilizer Source | n | Mean | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|
Denitrification loss (kg N2O-N ha−1) | ||||
AA | 37 | 3.82 | 0.07 | 16.9 |
AN | 9 | 5.51 | 2.03 | 8.54 |
UAN | 42 | 2.38 | 0.10 | 16.3 |
Urea | 134 | 1.72 | −0.04 | 14.1 |
ESN | 32 | 2.19 | 0.22 | 9.77 |
SuperU | 25 | 1.19 | 0.24 | 3.06 |
UAN + Agrotain | 8 | 1.07 | 0.16 | 3.90 |
UAN + Nitrapyrin | 8 | 1.89 | 0.32 | 5.37 |
Urea + Nitrapyrin | 6 | 2.16 | 0.36 | 5.71 |
Leaching loss (kg NO3-N ha−1) | ||||
AA | 55 | 38.8 | 4.48 | 122 |
AN | 40 | 64.6 | 4.00 | 257 |
Aqueous ammonia | 26 | 45.8 | 2.00 | 86.0 |
Urea | 30 | 51.8 | 16.0 | 141 |
UAN | 111 | 28.6 | 0 | 109 |
AA + Nitrapyrin | 28 | 29.0 | 4.00 | 80.0 |
Urea + Nitrapyrin | 12 | 48.9 | 18.0 | 139 |
Volatilization loss (kg NH3-N ha−1) | ||||
Urea | 13 | 16.6 | 4.41 | 50.9 |
UAN | 3 | 10.3 | 7.20 | 14.6 |
Urea+ Nitrapyrin | 4 | 7.03 | 4.08 | 11.1 |
SuperU | 4 | 4.68 | 4.08 | 5.82 |
Fertilizer Placement Method | n | Mean | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|
Denitrification loss (kg N2O-N ha−1) | ||||
Broadcast | 52 | 2.39 | 0.07 | 7.70 |
Broadcast-incorporated | 105 | 1.84 | −0.04 | 14.1 |
Banded | 120 | 1.44 | 0.10 | 12.5 |
Injected | 43 | 4.81 | 0.07 | 16.9 |
Broadcast, banded | 14 | 2.01 | 0.32 | 6.12 |
Broadcast-incorporated, sidedress | 10 | 2.72 | 1.25 | 4.91 |
Sidedress | 6 | 2.88 | 2.38 | 3.36 |
Deep banded | 4 | 4.42 | 3.82 | 5.71 |
Drilled | 2 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.17 |
Midrow banded | 6 | 3.25 | 0.84 | 6.07 |
Subsurface banded | 2 | 1.36 | 1.35 | 1.37 |
Topdress | 2 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.11 |
Leaching loss (kg NO3-N ha−1) | ||||
Broadcast | 39 | 46.8 | 5.90 | 141 |
Broadcast-incorporated | 24 | 54.4 | 16.0 | 141 |
Broadcast-incorporated, sidedress | 6 | 38.0 | 27.0 | 59.0 |
Banded | 14 | 81.3 | 5.90 | 257 |
Injected | 127 | 33.6 | 0.40 | 122 |
Sidedress | 78 | 34.0 | 3.00 | 118 |
Volatilization loss (kg NH3-N ha−1) | ||||
Broadcast | 10 | 20.7 | 9.20 | 50.9 |
Broadcast-incorporated | 13 | 5.95 | 3.48 | 11.1 |
Banded | 2 | 6.20 | 5.20 | 7.20 |
Application Time | n | Mean | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|
Denitrification loss (kg N2O-N ha−1) | ||||
Split between fall and spring | 10 | 2.72 | 1.25 | 4.91 |
Spring | 384 | 2.14 | −0.04 | 16.9 |
Leaching loss (kg NO3-N ha−1) | ||||
Fall | 44 | 36.1 | 6.00 | 122 |
Spring | 246 | 34.9 | 0.0 | 141 |
Split during spring | 38 | 67.2 | 3.00 | 257 |
Volatilization loss (kg NH3-N ha−1) | ||||
Spring | 19 | 9.22 | 3.48 | 50.9 |
Split between fall and spring | 6 | 20.0 | 10.0 | 34.4 |
Main Crop | Previous Crop | n | Mean | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Denitrification loss (kg N2O-N ha−1) | |||||
Corn | Alfalfa | 6 | 5.27 | 4.21 | 6.44 |
Barley | 4 | 0.52 | 0.19 | 0.83 | |
Corn | 166 | 1.92 | 0.10 | 16.9 | |
Cereal rye | 8 | 9.23 | 4.50 | 11.2 | |
Dry bean | 4 | 0.74 | 0.14 | 1.66 | |
Soybean | 120 | 2.89 | 0.23 | 16.3 | |
Total | 323 | 2.52 | 0.10 | 16.9 | |
Potato | Cereal rye | 11 | 1.02 | 0.42 | 2.11 |
Barley | Corn | 5 | 0.45 | 0.15 | 0.81 |
Spring wheat | Soybean | 14 | 0.98 | 0.25 | 2.40 |
Rice | Rice | 34 | 0.34 | −0.04 | 1.54 |
Soybean | 8 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 1.05 | |
Leaching loss (kg NO3-N ha−1) | |||||
Corn | Alfalfa | 12 | 14.4 | 5.90 | 34.9 |
Corn | 106 | 41.1 | 3.20 | 141 | |
Corn/Lupine | 16 | 51.8 | 15.0 | 141 | |
Potato | 4 | 47.3 | 3.00 | 118 | |
Soybean | 206 | 32.5 | 0.0 | 135 | |
Potato | Corn | 4 | 37.3 | 8.00 | 61 |
Winter Rye | 10 | 112 | 18.0 | 257 | |
Volatilization loss (kg NH3-N ha−1) | |||||
Corn | Corn | 6 | 16.32 | 5.25 | 50.9 |
Spring wheat | Soybean | 14 | 0.98 | 0.25 | 2.40 |
Winter wheat | Fallow | 6 | 20.2 | 10.0 | 34.4 |
Water Mgmt. | n | Mean | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|
Denitrification loss (kg N2O-N ha−1) | ||||
Irrigated | 170 | 1.35 | −0.04 | 11.2 |
Rainfed | 197 | 2.27 | −0.01 | 16.3 |
Subsurface drained | 34 | 5.06 | 0.79 | 16.9 |
Leaching loss (kg NO3-N ha−1) | ||||
Irrigated | 69 | 56.0 | 3.00 | 257 |
Rainfed | 58 | 30.1 | 4.00 | 135 |
Subsurface drained | 222 | 34.2 | 0.0 | 109 |
Volatilization loss (kg NH3-N ha−1) | ||||
Irrigated | 2 | 6.20 | 5.20 | 7.20 |
Rainfed | 20 | 10.1 | 2.50 | 34.4 |
Texture | n | Mean | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|
Denitrification loss (kg N2O-N ha−1) | ||||
Clay | 21 | 0.39 | −0.04 | 1.54 |
Clay loam | 105 | 0.80 | 0.11 | 3.56 |
Loam | 54 | 2.31 | 0.34 | 6.99 |
Loamy sand | 19 | 4.47 | 0.42 | 11.2 |
Sandy loam | 6 | 1.11 | 0.52 | 1.94 |
Silt loam | 137 | 2.25 | −0.01 | 16.3 |
Silty clay loam | 40 | 2.59 | 0.66 | 6.88 |
Silt loam +Silty clay loam | 12 | 5.20 | 0.97 | 16.9 |
Silty clay loam + loam | 10 | 7.51 | 2.30 | 12.5 |
Leaching loss (kg NO3-N ha−1) | ||||
Clay loam | 175 | 35.7 | 0.00 | 122 |
Loam | 51 | 19.4 | 0.40 | 89.0 |
Loamy sand | 24 | 65.4 | 3.00 | 257 |
Sandy loam | 49 | 45.2 | 4.00 | 141 |
Silt | 24 | 42.4 | 4.48 | 108 |
Silt loam | 35 | 41.7 | 3.20 | 135 |
Volatilization loss (kg NH3-N ha−1) | ||||
Clay loam | 8 | 16.7 | 5.20 | 34.4 |
Sandy loam | 2 | 32.6 | 14.6 | 50.9 |
Silt loam | 9 | 5.64 | 2.50 | 10.8 |
Silty clay loam | 7 | 7.00 | 3.48 | 11.1 |
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Share and Cite
Chatterjee, A. Extent and Variation of Nitrogen Losses from Non-legume Field Crops of Conterminous United States. Nitrogen 2020, 1, 34-51. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nitrogen1010005
Chatterjee A. Extent and Variation of Nitrogen Losses from Non-legume Field Crops of Conterminous United States. Nitrogen. 2020; 1(1):34-51. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nitrogen1010005
Chicago/Turabian StyleChatterjee, Amitava. 2020. "Extent and Variation of Nitrogen Losses from Non-legume Field Crops of Conterminous United States" Nitrogen 1, no. 1: 34-51. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nitrogen1010005