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J. Otorhinolaryngol. Hear. Balance Med., Volume 2, Issue 2 (June 2021) – 2 articles

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10 pages, 2977 KiB  
Review
Standardized Methodologies to Utilize Exosome Treatment as Potential Nano Substances in Hearing Loss
by Dong Jun Park
J. Otorhinolaryngol. Hear. Balance Med. 2021, 2(2), 6; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ohbm2020006 - 17 Jun 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3891
Abstract
Recently, studies on the mechanism and clinical application of stem cell-derived exosomes have increased. Although the number of patients with hearing loss is increasing, there is no ideal therapy for the recovery of auditory cells of an independent organ in humans. In this [...] Read more.
Recently, studies on the mechanism and clinical application of stem cell-derived exosomes have increased. Although the number of patients with hearing loss is increasing, there is no ideal therapy for the recovery of auditory cells of an independent organ in humans. In this review, we proposed the use of stem cell-derived exosomes for treating hearing loss and summarized the exosome research strategy platform for preclinical studies. It is necessary to select a research direction to assess direct or indirect effects on recipients based on the physiological mechanisms of exosomes that deliver useful molecules (called payloads) to recipient cells or tissues. To apply exosomes in the auditory field, researchers should select a model for assessing the toxicity to the auditory cells and analyzing their mechanisms in the recipient tissue. Such in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models have been designed and reported in previous studies. The analytical strategies in various models can evaluate the mechanism of exosomes based on exosome surface markers or the payload, thus helping the researchers in finding evidence regarding the efficacy of exosomes. Here, we propose three strategies for exosome application research in the auditory field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensorineural Hearing Loss)
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9 pages, 243 KiB  
Review
Vestibular Rehabilitation after Vestibulopathy Focusing on the Application of Virtual Reality
by Masashi Matsumura and Toshihisa Murofushi
J. Otorhinolaryngol. Hear. Balance Med. 2021, 2(2), 5; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ohbm2020005 - 17 May 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4860
Abstract
Human postural control is regulated by the vestibular, somatosensory, and visual systems. These types of sensory information are integrated in the central nervous system to ascertain the body’s position in space. Proper functioning of the vestibular, somatosensory, and visual senses is necessary for [...] Read more.
Human postural control is regulated by the vestibular, somatosensory, and visual systems. These types of sensory information are integrated in the central nervous system to ascertain the body’s position in space. Proper functioning of the vestibular, somatosensory, and visual senses is necessary for the body to maintain equilibrium. Bilateral vestibulopathy (BVP) is a condition in which bilateral peripheral vestibular function is reduced. Its treatment includes vestibular rehabilitation (VeR), balance training, counseling, treating the underlying cause, and avoiding further damage to the vestibular system. As VeR is often tedious for patients, patient motivation is required or patients may drop out of the program. To solve this problem, in recent years, there have been increasing reports of VeR using virtual reality, which increases vestibulo-ocular reflex gain and decreased dizziness by inducing adaptation. In this review, we discuss VeR, particularly for BVP, and VeR using virtual reality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vestibulopathies: Latest Research and Applications)
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