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Colloids Interfaces, Volume 4, Issue 4 (December 2020) – 18 articles

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13 pages, 1862 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of the Distribution of In Situ Cigarette Combustion-Generated Particulate Matter
by Shi Chen, Hanqing Liu, Zhiguo Sun and Hongyong Xie
Colloids Interfaces 2020, 4(4), 59; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/colloids4040059 - 15 Dec 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2302
Abstract
This paper has established a two-dimensional (2D) mathematical model for the generation, growth, and deposition of cigarette total particulate matter (TPM) in the smoldering state. The model has covered the chemical reactions and mass transfer as well as the mechanism of generation, flow, [...] Read more.
This paper has established a two-dimensional (2D) mathematical model for the generation, growth, and deposition of cigarette total particulate matter (TPM) in the smoldering state. The model has covered the chemical reactions and mass transfer as well as the mechanism of generation, flow, and condensation of particulate matter inside a burning cigarette. Cigarette smoke was generated by puffing under a constant pressure, and the pressure of the filter outlet was −274 Pa. The peak of the concentration of particulate matter was spatially overlapped with the peaks of pyrolysis and oxidation. Pertaining to the cross section of the cigarette at the same axial position, the peak of the diameter of particulate matter along the radial distribution first appeared in the zone near the edge of the cigarette cross section, and then gradually moved to the center of the cigarette with the cigarette smoke moving away from the combustion cone. The maximum number density of particulate matter calculated by the 2D mathematical model at the same axial position of the cigarette and the corresponding particle diameter, as well as the filtration efficiency of the filter rod, are in good accordance with the experimental data reported in previous studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Locomotion of Colloidal Particles)
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15 pages, 4198 KiB  
Review
Some Remarks on Colloid Stability: Selected Examples Taken from the Milk Chain for Food Prepares
by Camillo La Mesa and Gianfranco Risuleo
Colloids Interfaces 2020, 4(4), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids4040058 - 10 Dec 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2555
Abstract
Different forces play key roles in the stability of food colloid dispersions. The focus here is on those controlling attraction and/or repulsion, which concur to stabilization, phase separation, coagulation and are quite evident in water-based systems. The combination of attractive and repulsive forces [...] Read more.
Different forces play key roles in the stability of food colloid dispersions. The focus here is on those controlling attraction and/or repulsion, which concur to stabilization, phase separation, coagulation and are quite evident in water-based systems. The combination of attractive and repulsive forces favors or hinders the association of colloid entities; such processes are often met in food technology. The above processes depend on the forces at work and colloid concentration in the medium (i.e., on interparticle distance). Worked examples deal with milk manipulation procedures, ending in cheese formation. The whole milk sequence is controlled by the combination of forces leading to aggregation and phase separation of casein and other milk components. Thereafter, one gets either fresh, for prompt consumption, or aged cheeses. The combination of attractive (van der Waals, vdW, and depletion) with repulsive (double layer, DL, but also steric) forces results in the dominance of aggregation versus dispersion modes in the milk transformation chain, which depends on the distance among colloid particles, on the amplitude of the mentioned forces, and on their decay. The combined role of double layer and van der Waals (vdW) forces is at the basis of the DLVO theory on colloid stability, which is properly modified when these forces overlap with steric stabilization and, eventually, with depletion. Steric effects are dispersive, and depletion ones favor colloid nucleation in a single phase. The milk manipulation chain is a worked example of the intriguing association features controlled by the mentioned forces (and of ancillary ones, as well), and indicates which forces favor the formation of products such as parmesan or mozzarella cheese but are not alien to the preparation of many other dairy products. Full article
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20 pages, 7481 KiB  
Article
Preparation of TiO2 Nanoparticle Aggregates and Capsules by the ‘Two-Emulsion Method’
by Nadya I. Politova-Brinkova, Sonya R. Tsibranska-Gyoreva, Slavka S. Tcholakova, Nikolai D. Denkov and Thomas Danner
Colloids Interfaces 2020, 4(4), 57; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/colloids4040057 - 09 Dec 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2718
Abstract
TiO2-based materials are of great practical interest in several technological areas. Both the size and the morphology of the TiO2 particles are of critical importance for their applications. The current study explores the effect of several factors on the outcome [...] Read more.
TiO2-based materials are of great practical interest in several technological areas. Both the size and the morphology of the TiO2 particles are of critical importance for their applications. The current study explores the effect of several factors on the outcome of the TiO2 particle synthesis via the so-called ‘two-emulsion method’. In this technique, two water-in-oil emulsions—each of them containing different reactant in the dispersed water drops—are mixed under well controlled conditions. Upon such mixing, partial coalescence of the water drops from the two emulsions leads to mixing of the drop content, with chemical reaction occurring within the drops, and to synthesis of Ti(OH)4 particles. Afterwards, the latter are transformed by emulsion heating into TiO2 particles and aggregates of predominantly anatase structure. Our results show that—depending on the precursor and surfactant concentrations, oil viscosity, emulsification time, and mixing speed—the obtained nanoparticles could aggregate either on the drop surface, forming capsules with a very smooth surface, or inside the water droplets, thus leading to hierarchically structured aggregates of micrometer size. The spherical smooth capsules are constructed of very small monodisperse TiO2 nanoparticles with size below 5 nm. The hierarchical bulk aggregates, on the other hand, are formed from bigger primary particles of sub-micrometer size. The obtained results show that one can obtain various TiO2 structures by controlling the conditions during the emulsion preparation and mixing Full article
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13 pages, 2923 KiB  
Article
Analysis of NMR Spectra of Submicro-Containers with Biocide DCOIT
by Saule B. Aidarova, Assem B. Issayeva, Altynay A. Sharipova, Dmitry O. Grigoriev, Reinhard Miller, Tulegen M. Seilkhanov, Alpamys A. Babayev and Miras O. Issakhov
Colloids Interfaces 2020, 4(4), 56; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/colloids4040056 - 09 Dec 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2078
Abstract
Nowadays, the search for and development of new forms of materials with biocides is an actual problem of the modern science of nanosized materials due to the problem of microbiological contamination, which can be solved by using nanocontainers carrying biocides. Depending on the [...] Read more.
Nowadays, the search for and development of new forms of materials with biocides is an actual problem of the modern science of nanosized materials due to the problem of microbiological contamination, which can be solved by using nanocontainers carrying biocides. Depending on the morphology of the nanocontainers and the filled active agents, it is possible to create coatings with specially designed self-healing functionality or multifunctional properties. The purpose of this work was to produce submicro-containers (SMCs) with a shell of SiO2 nanoparticles and a core of polymerized 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate filled with 5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT) in an oil in water (O/W) emulsion. The chemical nature of the individual components of the system and nano-capsules were investigated using NMR spectroscopy. The size and zeta potential of the SMCs were measured by a dynamic light scattering method (d = 170–180 nm, polydispersity index PDI = 0.125 and zeta-potential = 55 mV), the morphology of their outer surface was determined using SEM. The results of NMR analysis showed that during the addition of the biocide into the SMCs, its chemical structure is retained, as is its activity. Minor changes in the chemical shifts of the 1H NMR spectra of the SMCs with DCOIT, as well as of the biocide itself, confirm the inclusion of DCOIT inside the SMCs. Full article
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15 pages, 622 KiB  
Article
Equilibrium Orientation and Adsorption of an Ellipsoidal Janus Particle at a Fluid–Fluid Interface
by Florian Günther, Qingguang Xie and Jens Harting
Colloids Interfaces 2020, 4(4), 55; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/colloids4040055 - 07 Dec 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2127
Abstract
We investigate the equilibrium orientation and adsorption process of a single, ellipsoidal Janus particle at a fluid–fluid interface. The particle surface comprises equally sized parts that are hydrophobic or hydrophilic. We present free energy models to predict the equilibrium orientation and compare the [...] Read more.
We investigate the equilibrium orientation and adsorption process of a single, ellipsoidal Janus particle at a fluid–fluid interface. The particle surface comprises equally sized parts that are hydrophobic or hydrophilic. We present free energy models to predict the equilibrium orientation and compare the theoretical predictions with lattice Boltzmann simulations. We find that the deformation of the fluid interface strongly influences the equilibrium orientation of the Janus ellipsoid. The adsorption process of the Janus ellipsoid can lead to different final orientations determined by the interplay of particle aspect ratio and particle wettablity contrast. Full article
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24 pages, 7733 KiB  
Review
Advances in Understanding Hydrogel Lubrication
by Tooba Shoaib and Rosa M. Espinosa-Marzal
Colloids Interfaces 2020, 4(4), 54; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/colloids4040054 - 13 Nov 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4316
Abstract
Since their inception, hydrogels have gained popularity among multiple fields, most significantly in biomedical research and industry. Due to their resemblance to biological tribosystems, a significant amount of research has been conducted on hydrogels to elucidate biolubrication mechanisms and their possible applications as [...] Read more.
Since their inception, hydrogels have gained popularity among multiple fields, most significantly in biomedical research and industry. Due to their resemblance to biological tribosystems, a significant amount of research has been conducted on hydrogels to elucidate biolubrication mechanisms and their possible applications as replacement materials. This review is focused on lubrication mechanisms and covers friction models that have attempted to quantify the complex frictional characteristics of hydrogels. From models developed on the basis of polymer physics to the concept of hydration lubrication, assumptions and conditions for their applicability are discussed. Based on previous models and our own experimental findings, we propose the viscous-adhesive model for hydrogel friction. This model accounts for the effects of confinement of the polymer network provided by a solid surface and poroelastic relaxation as well as the (non) Newtonian shear of a complex fluid on the frictional force and quantifies the frictional response of hydrogels-solid interfaces. Finally, the review delineates potential areas of future research based on the current knowledge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Forces, Adhesion, and Friction)
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14 pages, 5242 KiB  
Article
Impact of Adsorption Layer Properties on Drainage Behavior of Microscopic Foam Films: The Case of Cationic/Nonionic Surfactant Mixtures
by Dimi Arabadzhieva, Plamen Tchoukov and Elena Mileva
Colloids Interfaces 2020, 4(4), 53; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/colloids4040053 - 13 Nov 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2390
Abstract
Aqueous mixtures of cationic hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) and nonionic pentaethyleneglycol monododecyl ether (C12E5) are investigated. Adsorption layer properties are systematically studied within a wide concentration range for a 1:1 molar ratio of the surfactants. Surface tension and dilatational rheology [...] Read more.
Aqueous mixtures of cationic hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) and nonionic pentaethyleneglycol monododecyl ether (C12E5) are investigated. Adsorption layer properties are systematically studied within a wide concentration range for a 1:1 molar ratio of the surfactants. Surface tension and dilatational rheology measurements are conducted by profile analysis tensiometry. The interfacial data are juxtaposed to drainage kinetics and stability results for microscopic foam films, investigated by microinterferometric thin liquid film instrumentation. The obtained results give experimental evidence of synergistic interactions in the studied solutions, as compared to the corresponding single surfactant systems. Specific runs of dynamic and equilibrium surface tension curves are registered against the total surfactant quantity; the surface dilatational elasticities for the mixtures are systematically higher. A clear correlation is established between adsorption layer performance and foam film characteristics. The maxima of the film lifetimes are well outlined, and the respective values are shifted towards lower overall concentrations. The reported results substantiate the key role of the adsorption layers, and the surface dilatational properties in particular, for foam film drainage kinetics and stability. The well-expressed synergy observed in adsorption layer and foam film properties suggests the substantial benefits of using mixed surfactant systems in the design and fine-tuning of foam systems for innovative applications. Full article
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14 pages, 412 KiB  
Article
Heteroaggregation and Homoaggregation of Latex Particles in the Presence of Alkyl Sulfate Surfactants
by Tianchi Cao, Michal Borkovec and Gregor Trefalt
Colloids Interfaces 2020, 4(4), 52; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/colloids4040052 - 13 Nov 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2768
Abstract
Heteroaggregation and homoaggregation is investigated with time-resolved multi-angle dynamic light scattering. The aggregation rates are measured in aqueous suspensions of amidine latex (AL) and sulfate latex (SL) particles in the presence of sodium octyl sulfate (SOS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). As revealed [...] Read more.
Heteroaggregation and homoaggregation is investigated with time-resolved multi-angle dynamic light scattering. The aggregation rates are measured in aqueous suspensions of amidine latex (AL) and sulfate latex (SL) particles in the presence of sodium octyl sulfate (SOS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). As revealed by electrophoresis, the surfactants adsorb to both types of particles. For the AL particles, the adsorption of surfactants induces a charge reversal and triggers fast aggregation close to the isoelectric point (IEP). The negatively charged SL particles remain negatively charged and stable in the whole concentration range investigated. The heteroaggregation rates for AL and SL particles are fast at low surfactant concentrations, where the particles are oppositely charged. At higher concentrations, the heteroaggregation slows down above the IEP of the AL particles, where the particles become like-charged. The SDS has higher affinity to the surface compared to the SOS, which induces a shift of the IEP and of the fast aggregation regime to lower surfactant concentrations. Full article
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16 pages, 2100 KiB  
Article
Microparticle Deposition on Human Serum Albumin Layers: Unraveling Anomalous Adsorption Mechanism
by Małgorzata Nattich-Rak, Maria Dąbkowska and Zbigniew Adamczyk
Colloids Interfaces 2020, 4(4), 51; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/colloids4040051 - 05 Nov 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2212
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) layers are adsorbed on mica under controlled diffusion transport at pH 3.5 and various ionic strengths. The surface concentration of HSA is directly determined by AFM imaging of single molecules. It is shown that the adsorption kinetics derived in [...] Read more.
Human serum albumin (HSA) layers are adsorbed on mica under controlled diffusion transport at pH 3.5 and various ionic strengths. The surface concentration of HSA is directly determined by AFM imaging of single molecules. It is shown that the adsorption kinetics derived in this way is quantitatively described using the random sequential (RSA) adsorption model. The electrokinetic characteristics of the HSA layers at various pHs comprising their zeta potential are acquired in situ while using the streaming potential method. It is shown that at pH 3.5 the zeta potential of mica becomes positive for HSA concentrations above 3000 μm−2. At larger pHs, HSA layers exhibit negative zeta potential for the entire range of coverage. Thorough characteristics of these monolayers at various pHs were performed applying the colloid deposition method involving negatively charged polystyrene microparticles. The kinetics of their deposition and their maximum coverage are determined as a function of the HSA layer surface concentration, pH, and ionic strength. An anomalous deposition of microparticles on substrates also exhibiting a negative zeta potential is observed, which contradicts the Derjaguin, Landau, Vervey, Overbeek (DLVO) theory. This effect is interpreted in terms of heterogeneous charge distribution that results from molecule concentration fluctuations. It is also shown that the maximum concentration of microparticles abruptly decreases with the electric double-layer thickness that is regulated by changing ionic strength, which indicates that their deposition is governed by electrostatic interactions. One can argue that the results obtained in this work can be exploited as useful reference data for the analysis of deposition phenomena of bioparticles on protein layers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Outstanding Scientists in Colloids and Interfaces: Emil Chibowski)
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15 pages, 7803 KiB  
Article
Concentration and Dilution of Ultrafine Bubbles in Water
by Shunya Tanaka, Yuri Naruse, Koichi Terasaka and Satoko Fujioka
Colloids Interfaces 2020, 4(4), 50; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/colloids4040050 - 05 Nov 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4042
Abstract
Submicron-sized bubbles are now officially called ultrafine bubbles (UFBs) by the international standard. The concentration of UFBs is generally low (<109 particles/mL; <0.001 vol%) compared to other colloidal dispersions. To overcome this practical problem, we concentrated UFBs in ultrapure water prepared by [...] Read more.
Submicron-sized bubbles are now officially called ultrafine bubbles (UFBs) by the international standard. The concentration of UFBs is generally low (<109 particles/mL; <0.001 vol%) compared to other colloidal dispersions. To overcome this practical problem, we concentrated UFBs in ultrapure water prepared by a commercial UFB generator and quantified the effect of rotary evaporation of the dispersion media on the stability of UFBs. The UFB dispersions were characterized by a particle tracking analysis (PTA) instrument. The experimental results showed that the UFBs can be diluted and concentrated without changing the size distribution and there was little or no loss of UFBs. By using a rotary evaporator, UFB dispersions were about 30-fold concentrated and the resultant number concentration reached over 3 × 1010 particles/mL. Increasing the concentration of UFBs allowed for satisfactory dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. The differences among the three algorithms for analyzing the raw data, i.e., autocorrelation function, obtained by DLS are discussed, along with the characteristics of the particle size distribution derived from each algorithm. Full article
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7 pages, 703 KiB  
Communication
The Effects of Ethanol Concentration and of Ionic Strength on the Zeta Potential of Titania in the Presence of Sodium Octadecyl Sulfate
by Marek Kosmulski and Edward Mączka
Colloids Interfaces 2020, 4(4), 49; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/colloids4040049 - 02 Nov 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2980
Abstract
Sodium octadecyl sulfate (C18H37SO4Na) induces a negative zeta potential of metal oxides at very low surfactant concentrations as compared with shorter-chained sodium alkyl sulfates. The problem of low solubility of sodium octadecyl sulfate in water was solved [...] Read more.
Sodium octadecyl sulfate (C18H37SO4Na) induces a negative zeta potential of metal oxides at very low surfactant concentrations as compared with shorter-chained sodium alkyl sulfates. The problem of low solubility of sodium octadecyl sulfate in water was solved by the addition of the surfactant to dispersions as ethanolic stock solution, but then the presence of ethanol in dispersions was inevitable. We demonstrate that the concentration of ethanol (up to 5% by mass) in a dispersion containing titania (TiO2) and sodium octadecyl sulfate has an insignificant effect on the zeta potential of particles. We further demonstrate that the shifts in the IEP of titania induced by the presence of sodium octadecyl sulfate are independent of the NaCl concentration. The results obtained in this study can be generalized for 1-1 salts other than NaCl, for metal oxides other than titania, for organic co-solvents other than ethanol, and for sparingly soluble ionic surfactants other than sodium octadecyl sulfate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Outstanding Scientists in Colloids and Interfaces: Emil Chibowski)
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17 pages, 4815 KiB  
Article
Wetting and Evaporation of Solvents on Thin Soluble Substrates
by Christian Wolf and Tatiana Gambaryan-Roisman
Colloids Interfaces 2020, 4(4), 48; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/colloids4040048 - 30 Oct 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2997
Abstract
In this work, the wetting and evaporation behaviour of non-polar solvent droplets on thin soluble coatings is investigated experimentally. The wetting process on spin-coated polymer layers by toluene is captured using shadowgraphy. Initial spontaneous dynamic wetting as well as later stages of wetting [...] Read more.
In this work, the wetting and evaporation behaviour of non-polar solvent droplets on thin soluble coatings is investigated experimentally. The wetting process on spin-coated polymer layers by toluene is captured using shadowgraphy. Initial spontaneous dynamic wetting as well as later stages of wetting are recorded and evaluated. Furthermore, structures obtained by wetting and subsequent evaporation of solvents on polymer coatings are studied by confocal microscopy. The solubility of the substrate has been varied by using polymers with different molecular masses. We observe that initial spreading dynamics does not depend on the molar mass in the studied range. However, we find a strong influence of the molar mass on the late stage wetting dynamics and on the surface structure after solvent evaporation. Full article
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18 pages, 4357 KiB  
Article
Adsorption of Mixtures of a Pegylated Lipid with Anionic and Zwitterionic Surfactants at Solid/Liquid
by Sara Llamas, Eduardo Guzmán, Francisco Ortega and Ramón G. Rubio
Colloids Interfaces 2020, 4(4), 47; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/colloids4040047 - 29 Oct 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2694
Abstract
This work explores the association of a pegylated lipid (DSPE-PEG) with different anionic and zwitterionic surfactants (pseudo-binary and pseudo-ternary polymer+ surfactant mixtures), and the adsorption of the polymer + surfactant aggregates onto negatively charged surfaces, with a surface charge density similar to that [...] Read more.
This work explores the association of a pegylated lipid (DSPE-PEG) with different anionic and zwitterionic surfactants (pseudo-binary and pseudo-ternary polymer+ surfactant mixtures), and the adsorption of the polymer + surfactant aggregates onto negatively charged surfaces, with a surface charge density similar to that existing on the damaged hair epicuticle. Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements shows that, in solution, the polymer + surfactant association results from an intricate balance between electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, which leads to the formation of at least two different types of micellar-like polymer + surfactant aggregates. The structure and physicochemical properties of such aggregates were found strongly dependent on the specific nature and concentration of the surfactant. The adsorption of the polymer + surfactant aggregates onto negatively charged surface was studied using a set of surface-sensitive techniques (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, ellipsometry and Atomic Force Microscopy), which allows obtaining information about the adsorbed amount, the water content of the layers and the topography of the obtained films. Ion-dipole interactions between the negative charges of the surface and the oxyethylene groups of the polymer + surfactant aggregates appear as the main driving force of the deposition process. This is strongly dependent on the surfactant nature and its concentration, with the impact of the latter on the adsorption being especially critical when anionic surfactant are incorporated within the aggregates. This study opens important perspectives for modulating the deposition of a poorly interacting polymer onto negatively charged surfaces, which can impact in the fabrication on different aspects with technological and industrial interest. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Outstanding Scientists in Colloids and Interfaces: Emil Chibowski)
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22 pages, 1242 KiB  
Review
Cyclosporine CsA—The Physicochemical Characterization of Liposomal and Colloidal Systems
by Agnieszka Ewa Wiącek, Małgorzata Jurak, Agata Ładniak, Kacper Przykaza and Klaudia Szafran
Colloids Interfaces 2020, 4(4), 46; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/colloids4040046 - 20 Oct 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4375
Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the possibilities of testing various cyclosporine (CsA) formulations with an emphasis on parameters that may be key to improving the stability and biocompatibility. The feasibility of CsA colloidal systems for oral (injection) administration were investigated using different [...] Read more.
This paper presents an overview of the possibilities of testing various cyclosporine (CsA) formulations with an emphasis on parameters that may be key to improving the stability and biocompatibility. The feasibility of CsA colloidal systems for oral (injection) administration were investigated using different techniques and compared with similar investigations of other researchers. The chosen CsA systems were developed using dipalmitoylphosphocholine (DPPC) and/or cholesterol as a lipid matrix, stabilized with ethanol, with soybean oil or n-tetradecane as oil phase in emulsions, under natural pH, room and physiological temperature. Their integrity was found to be strictly dependent on the stabilizers. The highest CsA penetrability with the system containing phospholipid in the context of its interactions with lipid membranes was shown. Also, the bioavailability of CsA can be enhanced with the biopolymer antibacterial chitosan. This mini-review suggests the suitability of liposome/microemulsion as promising vehicles for CsA delivery. The most hopeful proved to be formulation with the smaller particle size facilitating absorption, but when safety is assessed, relying on just the particle size cannot be the only criteria. Reassumed, the CsA formulation stability known on the basis of the size and zeta potential measurements guarantees a decrease of the individual variations in the drug bioavailability, toxicity and minimizes rejection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Outstanding Scientists in Colloids and Interfaces: Emil Chibowski)
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12 pages, 2404 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Oxalate, Citrate and Tartrate Ions Adsorption in the Hydroxyapatite/Aqueous Electrolyte Solution System
by Władysław Janusz and Ewa Skwarek
Colloids Interfaces 2020, 4(4), 45; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/colloids4040045 - 15 Oct 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3046
Abstract
The kinetics of adsorption/desorption of oxalate, citrate and tartrate anions was investigated using hydroxyapatite from solutions at the initial concentrations of 0.000001 and 0.001 mol/dm3 anions. The adsorption process from a solution with a concentration of 0.001 mol/dm3 takes place in [...] Read more.
The kinetics of adsorption/desorption of oxalate, citrate and tartrate anions was investigated using hydroxyapatite from solutions at the initial concentrations of 0.000001 and 0.001 mol/dm3 anions. The adsorption process from a solution with a concentration of 0.001 mol/dm3 takes place in three stages and is well described by the multiexponential equation of adsorption kinetics. The process of tartrate and citrate ion desorption after increasing the pH to 10 is irreversible, while the oxalate ions undergo significant desorption with the increasing pH. The adsorption of oxalate ions decreases with the increasing pH. This effect is weaker in the adsorption of citrate and tartrate ions. Ion adsorption studies were supplemented with the measurements of zeta potential, FTIR and particle distribution of hydroxyapatite particles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Outstanding Scientists in Colloids and Interfaces: Emil Chibowski)
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22 pages, 4498 KiB  
Article
Electrical Conductivity and Viscosity in Binary Organic Liquid Mixtures: Participation of Molecular Interactions and Nanodomains
by Spencer E. Taylor and Huang Zeng
Colloids Interfaces 2020, 4(4), 44; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/colloids4040044 - 14 Oct 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2672
Abstract
The present work aims to shed light on recent literature reports suggesting that ionic species are implicated in the electrical conductivity of 1-octanol and its mixtures with hydrocarbons. Other workers have questioned this interpretation, and herein, based on new experimentation and with reference [...] Read more.
The present work aims to shed light on recent literature reports suggesting that ionic species are implicated in the electrical conductivity of 1-octanol and its mixtures with hydrocarbons. Other workers have questioned this interpretation, and herein, based on new experimentation and with reference to various literature studies, we consider that molecular interactions are more likely to be responsible. To investigate this, we have studied mixtures of 1-octanol and either silicone oil (SO) or n-dodecane as nonpolar components, using dielectric (in particular electrical conductivity) and viscometric measurements. With reference to the literature, the self-association of alcohols is known to create microheterogeneity in the neat liquids and in mixtures with nonpolar, low dielectric constant liquids, and it has previously been considered to be responsible for the particular solvent properties of alcohols. The present results suggest that the electrical conductivity of alkane/alcohol systems may have similar origins, with percolating pathways formed from octanol-rich nanodomains comprising polar regions containing hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl groups and nonpolar regions dominated by alkyl chains. The percolation threshold found for dodecane/octanol mixtures, in which interactions between the component molecules are found from viscosity measurements to be repulsive, agrees well with results from experimental and theoretical studies of disordered arrangements of packed spheres, and moreover, it is consistent with other published alkane/alcohol results. On the other hand, the situation is more complex for SO/octanol mixtures, in which interactions between the two components are attractive, based on viscosity data, and in which the phase separation of SO occurs at high octanol concentrations. Overall, we have concluded that electrical conductivity in octanol (and potentially all liquid alcohols) and its mixtures with nonpolar molecules, such as alkanes, is consistent with the presence of conducting networks comprising octanol-rich nanodomains formed by self-association, and not as a result of ionic conduction. Full article
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19 pages, 5112 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Evaluation of Rebamipide Colloidal Nanoparticles Obtained by Cogrinding in Ternary Ground Mixtures
by Yayoi Kawano, Yuiko Utsunomiya, Fumiya Yokoyama, Naoko Ishii and Takehisa Hanawa
Colloids Interfaces 2020, 4(4), 43; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/colloids4040043 - 06 Oct 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2352
Abstract
Aphthous stomatitis is one of the side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in cancer treatment. Rebamipide (RB) mouthwash for stomatitis acts as a radical scavenger. However, RB is poorly soluble in water, which leads to aggregation and precipitation of the dispersoid. The particle [...] Read more.
Aphthous stomatitis is one of the side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in cancer treatment. Rebamipide (RB) mouthwash for stomatitis acts as a radical scavenger. However, RB is poorly soluble in water, which leads to aggregation and precipitation of the dispersoid. The particle size of the drug needs to be less than 100 nm for the particles to reach the mucus layer in the oral cavity. In this study, we attempted to prepare nanoparticles of RB by cogrinding with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) using a mixer ball mill, and evaluated the physicochemical properties of RB nanoparticles, the stability of dispersion in water, and permeation of the mucus layer in vitro. By cogrinding, the particle size decreased to around 110 nm, and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) of the particles showed totally broad halo patterns, which suggested a decreased crystalline region. Furthermore, the solubility of RB nanoparticles increased by approximately fourfold compared with RB crystals, and the water dispersibility and permeation of the mucus layer were improved. The results suggest that in a ternary ground mixture of RB, PVP or HPC, and SDS, the RB nanoparticles obtained can be applied as a formulation for stomatitis. Full article
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13 pages, 2666 KiB  
Review
Carbon Nanoparticles and Materials on Their Basis
by Alina A. Kokorina, Alexey V. Ermakov, Anna M. Abramova, Irina Yu. Goryacheva and Gleb B. Sukhorukov
Colloids Interfaces 2020, 4(4), 42; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/colloids4040042 - 25 Sep 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3340
Abstract
Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) are novel nanostructures with luminescent properties. The development of CNPs involves the elaboration of various synthetic methods, structure characterization, and different applications. However, the problems associated with the CNP structure definition and properties homogeneity are not solved and barely described [...] Read more.
Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) are novel nanostructures with luminescent properties. The development of CNPs involves the elaboration of various synthetic methods, structure characterization, and different applications. However, the problems associated with the CNP structure definition and properties homogeneity are not solved and barely described in depth. In this feature article, we demonstrate the approaches for the effective separation and purification of CNPs by size and size/charge ratio. We propose a promising way for the synthesis of the uniform-size structures by the application of calcium carbonate porous microparticles as reactors with defined size. Additionally, the application of the CNPs agglomerates for controllable release systems triggered by light and in-situ synthesis of fluorescent conductive carbonaceous films on the base of polyelectrolyte multilayers are under consideration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Colloidal Systems: Formation and Applications of Nanomaterials)
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