Effect of Indoor Climate and Habitat Change on Museum Insects during COVID-19 Closures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insects
- Lepisma saccharinum—common silverfish. This is a frequent pest in museums and an important indicator of high relative humidity. Normally, only low numbers are captured, but in basements, bathrooms, or kitchens, higher numbers can be found, indicating higher moisture on the floor, often from wet cleaning, condensation, or leaky water pipes.
- Ctenolepisma longicaudatum—gray or long-tailed silverfish. It is increasingly abundant in Austrian museums, with high numbers present per room or trap, even at a lower humidity than that preferred by the common silverfish. Nymphs need high humidity, but adolescents and adults can wander long distances and access new areas with favorable microclimates. Females lay up to 80 eggs per year and can live for 6–7 years (maturity ~2 years), so the population increases exponentially 3–4 years after new infestations have occurred.
- Ctenolepisma calvum—ghost silverfish. Little is known about the biology of this introduced pest, but it also prefers higher temperatures and humidity for survival and reproduction; it is probably similar to the grey silverfish.
- Ctenolepisma lineatum—four-lined silverfish. Little is known about the biology of this introduced pest, which is now spreading in Austrian museums. Unlike the other two species of Ctenolepisma, it can also live outside, so wider distribution and further infestation from outdoors is possible.
- Tineola bisselliella—webbing clothes moth. One of the most abundant and common pests, and a serious problem in historic properties and museums throughout Europe. The larvae attack fur, feathers, and woolen textiles, but can also survive on detritus (dust) and dead animals.
- Anthrenus verbasci—varied carpet beetle. Larvae feed on keratin and chitin and, while inside buildings, feed mainly on dead insects such as flies and spiders. Dust from natural fibers (fur, feathers, and woolen textiles) is also a potential food source. It is very common in Austrian museums, but usually present only in low numbers.
- Attagenus smirnovi—brown carpet beetle or vodka beetle. Larvae feed on keratin and chitin; while inside buildings, they feed mainly on dead insects. Natural fibers (fur, feathers, and woolen textiles) are also a potential food source. Common in Austrian museums, sometimes, populations live below historic wooden floors, where dust has accumulated over centuries.
- Stegobium paniceum—bread or biscuit beetle. A common food pest that can also attack a variety of museum objects, especially those made with starch glue: old books in historic libraries, paintings, and modern art objects.
- Ptinus fur—whitemarked spider beetle of family Ptinidae. However, some other species of spider beetles were also found (Gibbium psylloides) and counted separately. They usually live below historic wooden floors, where they feed on straw that was used for insulation under floorboards.
2.2. Sites
- Technisches Museum Wien is in a building that was specially constructed in 1909 and has become a technical museum with a diverse collection from science, communication, and industry, with specific displays representing nature, heavy industry, energy, and musical instruments.
- Schönbrunn Palace was once the main summer residence of the Habsburg rulers. Areas sampled in this study include the childrens’ museum, the Crown Prince’s Room, Berglzimmer, and the Weißgoldzimmer.
- Hofburg Museum has insect traps in the Silberkammer, an exhibition area of Hofburg palace, which houses the Imperial Silver Collection.
- Weltmuseum Wien houses a substantial ethnographic collection expressing the cultural diversity of humanity. There are 14 display rooms and more than three thousand objects.
2.3. Traps
2.4. Climate and Mobility Data
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Brimblecombe, P.; Pachler, M.-C.; Querner, P. Effect of Indoor Climate and Habitat Change on Museum Insects during COVID-19 Closures. Heritage 2021, 4, 3497-3506. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/heritage4040193
Brimblecombe P, Pachler M-C, Querner P. Effect of Indoor Climate and Habitat Change on Museum Insects during COVID-19 Closures. Heritage. 2021; 4(4):3497-3506. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/heritage4040193
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrimblecombe, Peter, Marie-Christine Pachler, and Pascal Querner. 2021. "Effect of Indoor Climate and Habitat Change on Museum Insects during COVID-19 Closures" Heritage 4, no. 4: 3497-3506. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/heritage4040193