Fabricating Lattice Structures via 3D Printing: The Case of Porous Bio-Engineered Scaffolds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Scaffold Structures Modus Operandi Criteria
Scaffold Desired Mechanical Behavior Characteristics
3. The Potential of 3D-Printed Scaffold Structures
4. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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3D Printing Techniques | Materials | Strategy/Printing Process | |
---|---|---|---|
Acellular Scaffolds | Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) (SLM/SLS/EBM) | Titanium/Aluminum Cobalt-Chromium-Molybdenum alloys in powder form [41] | Layers of powder thermally fused by an energy source (laser or electron beam) |
Direct Energy Deposition (DED) | Metal alloys in powder or wire form (titanium/aluminum alloys, refractory metals such as tantalum, tungsten, niobium) | The feedstock material is forwarded through the nozzle, where it is melted by a focused heat source (laser or electron beam) and deposited on the build platform. Both nozzle and heat source are attached on a robotic arm or a gantry system | |
Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) | Biodegradable and biocompatible polymers in filament form such as PCL etc. [42,75] | The filament material is forwarded to the extrusion nozzle where it is heated and melted. It is then deposited on a build platform enclosed in a heated chamber | |
Cellular Scaffolds | Extrusion Based Bioprinting (EBB) | Hydrogel solutions, bio-ink materials [43] | Bio-ink material is dispensed with high precision resulting in targeted cell deposition. Cells are encapsulated in cylindrical filaments forming pre-determined 3D structures |
Laser Based Bioprinting * (LBB) | Cells of various types, culture medium [76] | A laser beam focused through a low numerical value aperture lens, resulting in the deposition of cells through culture media on pre-designated spots on a glass surface | |
Inkjet Based Bioprinting * (DNA and protein printing) | Hydrogels (Alginate, PEG, Alkanethiols etc.), binders (acrylic ink, phosphoric acid, PVA etc.) Polymers (PCL, PLA, PLGA etc.) dissolved or dispersed in organic solvents [44,77] | Modified commercial inkjet printers that deposit bio-ink material that forms self-assembled layers | |
Cell inkjet Bioprinting * | Cells of various types, bio-paper [44] | Direct deposition of cells using printheads on a substrate | |
Microvalve-based bioprinting * | Hydrogels of specific viscosity [45] | The process uses a platform and multiple electromechanical micro-valve printheads depositing bio-ink | |
VAT Polymerization | Bio-resins including PEGDA and GelMA etc. [46] | Specific wavelength laser is emitted in the bio-resins achieving its curing via photopolymerization processes |
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Kantaros, A.; Piromalis, D. Fabricating Lattice Structures via 3D Printing: The Case of Porous Bio-Engineered Scaffolds. Appl. Mech. 2021, 2, 289-302. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/applmech2020018
Kantaros A, Piromalis D. Fabricating Lattice Structures via 3D Printing: The Case of Porous Bio-Engineered Scaffolds. Applied Mechanics. 2021; 2(2):289-302. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/applmech2020018
Chicago/Turabian StyleKantaros, Antreas, and Dimitrios Piromalis. 2021. "Fabricating Lattice Structures via 3D Printing: The Case of Porous Bio-Engineered Scaffolds" Applied Mechanics 2, no. 2: 289-302. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/applmech2020018