On the Role of LiF in Organic Optoelectronics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Role of the Interface in Organic Devices
2.1. Carrier Motion across Electrode Interfaces
2.2. Device Reliability
3. LiF General Properties
4. LiF Interlayers at Top Contact Interfaces
Role of LiF in Top Contact Stability
Interlayer | Electrode | ETL | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OLEDs | ||||
LiF | 16× | Al | Alq3 | [120] |
LiF | 2× | Al | MEH-PPV | [131] |
Alq3:NPB+LiF | 1.3× | Al/LiF | Alq3:NPB | [129] |
OPVs | ||||
LiF/Cu | 1.5× | Cu | [130] | |
LiF/Al | 1.2× | Al | MDMO-PPV:PCBM | [128] |
CuO/LiF/Al | 150× | Al | P3HT:PCBM | [125] |
LiF/Al | 2.7× () | Al | P3HT:PCBM | [104] |
:LiF composite/Al | 6.2× | Al | P3HT:PCBM | [118] |
/LiF/Al | >3.3× () | Al | P3HT:PCBM | [104] |
encapsulants | ||||
UV+LiF encapsulant | 15–25× | Al/LiF | Alq3 | [132] |
LiF (120 nm) encapsulant | 11× | Al/LiF | Alq3 | [132] |
5. LiF Interlayers at Substrate Contact Interface
HTLs | HOMO | Thickness of LiF | Effect of LiF on Hole Injection | Mechanism | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TAPC | 5.5 eV | submonolayer | Enhanced | Interfacial dipole | [61] |
NPB | 5.3 ± 0.25 eV | submonolayer | Inhibited | Interfacial dipole | [61] |
NPB | 5.3 ± 0.25 eV | 0.5∼1.5 nm | Enhanced/Inhibited (dependent on initial barrier) | Tunnelling | [150] |
NPB | 5.3 ± 0.25 eV | 1 nm | Inhibited | Charge balance | [145] |
TPD | 5.5 eV | 0.4 nm | Inhibited | Charge balance | [146] |
CuPc | 5.2 eV | 1 nm | Enhanced | Interfacial dipole | [155] |
CuPc | 5.2 eV | 3 nm | Enhanced | Exciton dissociation | [149] |
CuPc | 5.2 eV | 1 nm | Enhanced | Exciton dissociation | [147] |
CuPc | 5.2 eV | 0.5–1.5 nm | Enhanced | Tunnelling | [151] |
Pentacene | 4.9 eV | 0.1 nm | Enhanced | Interfacial dipole | [154] |
P3HT:PCBM | 5.2 eV | nanoparticles | Enhanced | Interfacial dipole | [74] |
P3HT | 5.2 eV | 5 nm | Enhanced | Ionization of defects | [89] |
PEDOT | 5.1 ± 0.1 eV | 0.5 nm | Inhibited | Charge balance | [144] |
PEDOT | 5.1 ± 0.1 eV | 0.5 1.5 nm | Enhanced | Tunnelling | [152] |
PEDOT | 5.1 ± 0.1 eV | nanoparticles | Enhanced | Interfacial dipole | [74,153] |
Role of LiF in Stabilizing Degradation at Bottom Contact Surfaces
6. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lattice Misfit | Best Matched Interface | |
---|---|---|
Al/LiF | 0.7% | {1 0 0}//{1 0 0}, {1 1 0}//{1 1 0}, {1 1 1}//{1 1 1} |
Mg/LiF | 11.3% | {0 0 0 1}//{1 1 1} |
1.9% | {0 0 0 1}//{0 0 0 1} | |
1.9%, 5% | (1 0 2)/(1 0 2) | |
30.8% | {0 0 0 1}//{0 0 0 1} |
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Turak, A. On the Role of LiF in Organic Optoelectronics. Electron. Mater. 2021, 2, 198-221. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronicmat2020016
Turak A. On the Role of LiF in Organic Optoelectronics. Electronic Materials. 2021; 2(2):198-221. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronicmat2020016
Chicago/Turabian StyleTurak, Ayse. 2021. "On the Role of LiF in Organic Optoelectronics" Electronic Materials 2, no. 2: 198-221. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronicmat2020016