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Volume 1, December
 
 

NeuroSci, Volume 1, Issue 1 (September 2020) – 5 articles

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15 pages, 518 KiB  
Article
Motivational and Control Mechanisms Underlying Adolescent versus Adult Alcohol Use
by Janna Cousijn, Kayla H. Green, Maaike Labots, Louk J. M. J. Vanderschuren, J. Leon Kenemans and Heidi M. B. Lesscher
NeuroSci 2020, 1(1), 44-58; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/neurosci1010005 - 22 Sep 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2828
Abstract
Increased motivation towards alcohol use and suboptimal behavioral control are suggested to predispose adolescents to alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Paradoxically however, most adolescent AUDs resolve over time without any formal intervention, suggesting adolescent resilience to AUDs. Importantly, studies directly comparing adolescent and adult [...] Read more.
Increased motivation towards alcohol use and suboptimal behavioral control are suggested to predispose adolescents to alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Paradoxically however, most adolescent AUDs resolve over time without any formal intervention, suggesting adolescent resilience to AUDs. Importantly, studies directly comparing adolescent and adult alcohol use are largely missing. We therefore aimed to unravel the moderating role of age in the relation between alcohol use and motivational and control-related cognitive processes in 45 adolescent drinkers compared to 45 adults. We found that enhancement drinking motives and impulsivity related positively to alcohol use. Although enhancement drinking motives and impulsivity were higher in adolescents, the strength of the relation between these measures and alcohol use did not differ between age groups. None of the alcohol use-related motivational measures (i.e., craving, attentional bias, and approach bias) and behavioral control measures (i.e., interference control, risky decision making, and working-memory) were associated with alcohol use or differed between age groups. These findings support the role of impulsivity and affective sensitivity in adolescent drinking but question the moderating role of age therein. The current study contributes towards understanding the role of age in the relation between alcohol use and cognition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Neurosci)
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20 pages, 3614 KiB  
Article
Statistical Properties in Jazz Improvisation Underline Individuality of Musical Representation
by Tatsuya Daikoku
NeuroSci 2020, 1(1), 24-43; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/neurosci1010004 - 21 Sep 2020
Viewed by 2437
Abstract
Statistical learning is an innate function in the brain and considered to be essential for producing and comprehending structured information such as music. Within the framework of statistical learning the brain has an ability to calculate the transitional probabilities of sequences such as [...] Read more.
Statistical learning is an innate function in the brain and considered to be essential for producing and comprehending structured information such as music. Within the framework of statistical learning the brain has an ability to calculate the transitional probabilities of sequences such as speech and music, and to predict a future state using learned statistics. This paper computationally examines whether and how statistical learning and knowledge partially contributes to musical representation in jazz improvisation. The results represent the time-course variations in a musician’s statistical knowledge. Furthermore, the findings show that improvisational musical representation might be susceptible to higher- but not lower-order statistical knowledge (i.e., knowledge of higher-order transitional probability). The evidence also demonstrates the individuality of improvisation for each improviser, which in part depends on statistical knowledge. Thus, this study suggests that statistical properties in jazz improvisation underline individuality of musical representation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Neurosci)
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7 pages, 494 KiB  
Article
Hematological Alterations Related to Treatment with Teriflunomide and Dimethyl Fumarate in Multiple Sclerosis
by Daniel Apolinar García-Estévez
NeuroSci 2020, 1(1), 17-23; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/neurosci1010003 - 21 Sep 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2183
Abstract
The exact mechanism of action of different modifying treatments in the evolutionary course of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unknown, but it is assumed that they act upon the cells involved in acquired immunity. One effect of these treatments is the development of lymphopenia, [...] Read more.
The exact mechanism of action of different modifying treatments in the evolutionary course of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unknown, but it is assumed that they act upon the cells involved in acquired immunity. One effect of these treatments is the development of lymphopenia, which carries inherent safety risks. This study was conducted to understand the alterations that teriflunomide (TERI) and dimethyl fumarate (DMF) exert upon white blood cells in a series of patients with MS. This study included a total of 99 patients; 44 treated with DMF and 55 patients treated with TERI. Blood counts were evaluated at baseline and every 6 months in order to track the absolute leukocyte, lymphocyte, and neutrophil counts. Twelve months after starting treatment, we observed a significant decrease in leukocytes (21.1%), lymphocytes (39.1%), and neutrophils (10%) in the DMF group. In the TERI group, leukocytes decreased by 11.1%, lymphocytes by 8.1%, and neutrophils by 15.7%. Both TERI and DMF produced a significant decrease in leukocytes during the first year of treatment and this was mainly related with a decrease in neutrophils in the TERI group and a decrease in lymphocytes in the DMF group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Neurosci)
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2 pages, 180 KiB  
Editorial
Welcome to the New Open Access NeuroSci
by Lucilla Parnetti, Jonathon Reay, Giuseppina Martella, Rosario Francesco Donato, Maurizio Memo, Ruth Morona, Frank Schubert and Ana Adan
NeuroSci 2020, 1(1), 15-16; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/neurosci1010002 - 03 Sep 2020
Viewed by 1854
Abstract
With sincere satisfaction and pride, I present to you the new journal, NeuroSci, for which I am pleased to serve as editor-in-chief [...] Full article
14 pages, 684 KiB  
Review
The Rotenone Models Reproducing Central and Peripheral Features of Parkinson’s Disease
by Ikuko Miyazaki and Masato Asanuma
NeuroSci 2020, 1(1), 1-14; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/neurosci1010001 - 05 Aug 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6368
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex, multi-system, neurodegenerative disorder; PD patients exhibit motor symptoms (such as akinesia/bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural instability) due to a loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, and non-motor symptoms such as hyposmia, autonomic disturbance, depression, and REM sleep behavior [...] Read more.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex, multi-system, neurodegenerative disorder; PD patients exhibit motor symptoms (such as akinesia/bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural instability) due to a loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, and non-motor symptoms such as hyposmia, autonomic disturbance, depression, and REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), which precedes motor symptoms. Pathologically, α-synuclein deposition is observed in the central and peripheral nervous system of sporadic PD patients. To clarify the mechanism of neurodegeneration in PD and to develop treatment to slow or stop PD progression, there is a great need for experimental models which reproduce neurological features of PD. Animal models exposed to rotenone, a commonly used pesticide, have received most attention since Greenamyre and his colleagues reported that chronic exposure to rotenone could reproduce the anatomical, neurochemical, behavioral, and neuropathological features of PD. In addition, recent studies demonstrated that rotenone induced neuropathological change not only in the central nervous system but also in the peripheral nervous system in animals. In this article, we review rotenone models especially focused on reproducibility of central and peripheral multiple features of PD. This review also highlights utility of rotenone models for investigation of PD pathogenesis and development of disease-modifying drugs for PD in future. Full article
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