Multivariable 3D Geovisualization of Historic and Contemporary Lead Sediment Contamination in Lake Erie
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Pb Contamination in Lake Erie
1.2. Lake Erie Circulation
1.3. Geovisualization
2. Data
2.1. Kriging
2.2. Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life
3. Methods
3.1. Kriging Geostatistical Interpolation
3.2. 3D Geovisualization
3.3. Change Detection
4. Spatial Analysis
4.1. Kriging Results
4.2. Spatiotemporal Change in Pb Sediment Contamination
5. Discussion
5.1. Historic and Contemporary Pb Sediment Contamination
5.2. Multivariate Geovisualization
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Minimum (µg/g) | Maximum (µg/g) | Mean (µg/g) | Standard Deviation | Variance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1971 | 9.30 | 299.30 | 85.98 | 49.55 | 2455.20 |
1997/1998 | 4.98 | 104.27 | 43.08 | 23.21 | 538.70 |
2014 | 5.00 | 168.00 | 40.61 | 27.49 | 755.70 |
Year | MPE (µg/g) | RMSPE (µg/g) | SRMSPE (µg/g) | ASE (µg/g) | RMSPE-ASE (µg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1971 | 0.508 | 31.803 | 0.919 | 34.699 | −2.896 |
1997/1998 | 0.482 | 19.399 | 0.969 | 20.592 | −1.193 |
2014 | −0.597 | 27.107 | 1029 | 23.511 | 3.596 |
Year | MPE (µg/g) | RMSPE (µg/g) | SRMSPE (µg/g) | ASE (µg/g) | RMSPE-ASE (µg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1971 | 0.003 | 0.189 | 1.033 | 0.181 | 0.008 |
1997/1998 | 0.011 | 0.258 | 1.062 | 0.251 | 0.007 |
2014 | 0.008 | 0.248 | 1.014 | 0.238 | 0.010 |
Year | Distribution Model | Major Range (m) | Minor Range (m) | Direction (°) | Lag Distance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1971 | Exponential | 100,000 | 50,000 | 90 | 30,832 |
1997/1998 | Exponential | 100,000 | 50,000 | 90 | 28,552 |
2014 | Exponential | 100,000 | 50,000 | 90 | 27,086 |
Contamination Intervals <TEL (µg/g) | Contamination Intervals ≥TEL to <PEL (µg/g) | Contamination Intervals ≥PEL (µg/g) |
---|---|---|
0.00 to <11.67 | ≥35.00 to <53.77 | ≥91.30 to <110.07 |
≥11.67 to <23.33 | ≥53.77 to <72.53 | ≥110.07 to <128.83 |
≥23.33 to <35.00 | ≥72.53 to <91.30 | ≥128.83 |
Change Category | Description |
---|---|
101 | No change, <TEL |
102 | <TEL to ≥TEL to <PEL |
103 | <TEL to ≥PEL |
201 | ≥TEL to <PEL to <TEL |
202 | No change, ≥TEL to <PEL |
203 | ≥TEL to <PEL to ≥PEL |
301 | ≥PEL to <TEL |
302 | ≥PEL to ≥TEL to <PEL |
303 | No Change, ≥PEL |
Year | Area | <TEL | ≥TEL to <PEL | ≥PEL | Total Analysis Area | No Data |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1971 | km2 | 3347.5 | 12,162.25 | 9473.75 | 24,983.5 | 816.5 |
% | 13.4 | 48.68 | 37.92 | 96.84 | 3.16 | |
1997/98 | km2 | 11,313.5 | 13,205 | n/a | 24,518.5 | 1281.5 |
% | 46.14 | 53.86 | n/a | 95.03 | 4.97 | |
2014 | km2 | 9964.5 | 13,134.75 | 182.25 | 23,281.5 | 2518.5 |
% | 42.8 | 56.42 | 0.78 | 90.24 | 10.82 |
Change Category | Description | Area (km2) | Area (%) |
---|---|---|---|
101 | No Change, <TEL | 3060.5 | 12.55 |
102 | <TEL to ≥TEL to <PEL | 175 | 0.72 |
201 | ≥TEL to <PEL to <TEL | 6404.75 | 26.26 |
202 | No change, ≥TEL to <PEL | 5297.25 | 21.72 |
301 | ≥ PEL to <TEL | 1302.75 | 5.34 |
302 | ≥ PEL to ≥TEL to <PEL | 8146.5 | 33.41 |
No Data | 1413.25 | 5.8 |
Change Category | Description | Area (km2) | Area (%) |
---|---|---|---|
101 | No Change, <TEL | 8913.75 | 38.44 |
102 | <TEL to ≥TEL to <PEL | 1088.75 | 4.70 |
201 | ≥TEL to <PEL to <TEL | 1023 | 4.41 |
202 | No change, ≥TEL to <PEL | 11,979.25 | 51.66 |
203 | ≥TEL to <PEL to ≥PEL | 182 | 0.78 |
No Data | 2613.25 | 11.27 |
Change Category | Description | Area (km2) | Area (%) |
---|---|---|---|
101 | No Change, <TEL | 3048.25 | 13.13 |
102 | <TEL to ≥TEL to <PEL | 179.5 | 0.77 |
201 | ≥TEL to <PEL to <TEL | 5964 | 25.69 |
202 | No change, ≥TEL to <PEL | 4692.5 | 20.21 |
203 | ≥TEL to <PEL to ≥PEL | 167.5 | 0.72 |
301 | ≥PEL to <TEL | 925 | 3.98 |
302 | ≥PEL to ≥TEL to <PEL | 8230 | 35.45 |
303 | No Change, ≥PEL | 12.25 | 0.05 |
No Data | 2581 | 11.12 |
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Forsythe, K.W.; Ford, D.E.; Marvin, C.H.; Shaker, R.R.; MacDonald, M.W.; Wilkinson, R. Multivariable 3D Geovisualization of Historic and Contemporary Lead Sediment Contamination in Lake Erie. Pollutants 2021, 1, 29-50. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pollutants1010004
Forsythe KW, Ford DE, Marvin CH, Shaker RR, MacDonald MW, Wilkinson R. Multivariable 3D Geovisualization of Historic and Contemporary Lead Sediment Contamination in Lake Erie. Pollutants. 2021; 1(1):29-50. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pollutants1010004
Chicago/Turabian StyleForsythe, K. Wayne, Danielle E. Ford, Chris H. Marvin, Richard R. Shaker, Michael W. MacDonald, and Ryan Wilkinson. 2021. "Multivariable 3D Geovisualization of Historic and Contemporary Lead Sediment Contamination in Lake Erie" Pollutants 1, no. 1: 29-50. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pollutants1010004