Influence of Desaturation and Shrinkage on Evaporative Flux from Soils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Soil Selection and Classification
3.2. Sample Preparation
3.3. Evaporation Testing and Volumetric Capture
3.4. Water Retention
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Deformations during Low Demand Evaporation
4.2. Low Demand Evaporation, Water Retention, and Soil Shrinkage
4.3. High Demand Evaporation
5. Summary and Conclusions
- The downward movement of the drying front was gradual in the silty sand between 0 h and 40 h whereas that in the lean clay was abrupt between 40 h and 48 h. Over the investigated range of water content, the surface area did not change for silty sand and increased up to 70% for lean clay. The corresponding volume reductions were found to be 6% and 17%, respectively.
- The evaporative flux for silty sand comprised a decrease from 31 to 25 mg/m2∙s in Stage II, followed by a constant flux during Stage III, and a decrease up to 11 mg/m2∙s in Stage IV. This soil exhibited low AEV (1 kPa) and RSV (100 kPa) and the total suction was found to merge with the with matric suction at Stage II-Stage III boundary. The SSC was J-shaped, with the only void ratio decrease in Stage II.
- The evaporative flux for lean clay had a longer Stage II (34 to 14 mg/m2∙s), a near constant Stage III, and similar Stage IV (13 to 3 mg/m2∙s). With higher AEV (5 kPa) and RSV (1400 kPa), this soil showed a similar merger of total suction and matric suction at Stage II-Stage III boundary. The SSC showed a significant void ratio decrease in Stage II, marginal decrease in Stage III, and no decrease in Stage IV.
- Under high demand, the silty sand exhibited Stage III and Stage IV evaporation whereas the lean clay also showed significant flux during Stage II. The slope of Stage IV was found to be identical for both soils and approached the value obtained for low demand. For the investigated range of water content, the total water loss under high demand was found to be 7 times that under low demand.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Index Property | ASTM | Silty Sand | Lean Clay |
---|---|---|---|
D854-14 | 2.66 | 2.69 | |
Material Finer than 4.75 mm (%) | D6913-17 | 100 | 99 |
Material Finer than 0.075 mm (%) | D6913-17 | 19 | 62 |
Material Finer than 0.002 mm (%) | D7928-21 | 5 | 31 |
(%) | D4318-17e1 | 27 | 32 |
(%) | D4318-17e1 | 25 | 18 |
(%) | D4318-17e1 | 2 | 14 |
(%) | - | - | 14 |
USCS Symbol | D2487-17 | SM | CL |
Index Property | ASTM | Silty Sand | Lean Clay |
---|---|---|---|
Low Demand | |||
Water Content, w (%) | D2216-19 | 39 | 40 |
(g∙cm−3) | - | 1.30 | 1.30 |
- | 1.04 | 1.07 | |
Degree of Saturation 1, S | - | 100 | 100 |
- | 51 | 52 | |
High Demand | |||
Water Content, w (%) | D2216-19 | 27 | 27 |
(g∙cm−3) | - | 1.30 | 1.30 |
- | 1.04 | 1.07 | |
Degree of Saturation 1, S | - | 69 | 67 |
- | 35 | 35 |
Parameter | Unit | Symbol | Surface and Atmospheric Condition | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Silty Sand | Lean Clay | |||||
Low Demand | High Demand | Low Demand | High Demand | |||
Data Point Count | n | 8653 | 2161 | 8716 | 2161 | |
Atmosphere | ||||||
Momentum | ||||||
Air Velocity | m/s | <0.1 | 1.3 | <0.1 | 1.3 | |
Air Pressure | Pa | 95640 | 93940 | 96170 | 92901 | |
Relative Humidity | % | 28.6 | 55.4 | 25.7 | 55.5 | |
Energy | ||||||
Temperature | °C | 21.3 | 18.9 | 21.4 | 18.9 | |
Shortwave Flux (↓) | W/m2 | 0 | 325 | 0 | 325 | |
Surface | ||||||
Energy | ||||||
Shortwave Flux (↑) | W/m2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Temperature | °C | - | 22.1 | - | 22.0 |
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Suchan, J.; Azam, S. Influence of Desaturation and Shrinkage on Evaporative Flux from Soils. Geotechnics 2022, 2, 412-426. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/geotechnics2020019
Suchan J, Azam S. Influence of Desaturation and Shrinkage on Evaporative Flux from Soils. Geotechnics. 2022; 2(2):412-426. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/geotechnics2020019
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuchan, Jared, and Shahid Azam. 2022. "Influence of Desaturation and Shrinkage on Evaporative Flux from Soils" Geotechnics 2, no. 2: 412-426. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/geotechnics2020019