Accurate Measurements of a Wavelength Drift in High-Temperature Silica-Fiber Bragg Gratings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Before You Start: The Importance of Packaging
3.2. Planning the Experiment: How Identical Are the Gratings
3.3. Planning the Experiment: How Long Is Long-Term
3.4. Planning the Experiment: Birefringence
3.5. Measurement Results: The Additivity of Wavelength Drifts
3.6. Measurement Results: Improved Stability after Annealing at Higher Temperature
4. Discussion
- Packaging of the FBG temperature sensor can significantly alter its performance (Section 3.1). Thus, the influence of packaging should be verified prior to starting long-term measurements and all the pertinent details of the packaging should be considered.
- FBGs produced under identical conditions can nevertheless differ significantly in their performance under identical conditions (Section 3.2). One should thus verify that the FBGs are interchangeable prior to subjecting them to different temperatures or perform individual calibrations over the entire temperature range of interest.
- FBGs wavelength drifts are not linear in time and can change abruptly in the course of measurements (Section 3.3). Thus, linear drift rates should be interpreted with caution and longer experiments are required to obtain consistent drift rates.
- A corollary to the previous statement: wavelength measurement equipment and temperature equipment should maintain comparable stability at the time scale of the experiment.
- The birefringent nature of -phase-shifted FBGs can contribute to increased measurement noise (Section 3.4), and one should make sure that the fibers are not disturbed during the measurements, both in terms of stress and in terms of ambient temperature.
- Previous thermal history can significantly influence the behaviour of doped silica fiber, and glass in general, at any given temperature (Section 3.5 and Section 3.6). In this respect, a great care should be taken when comparing two different gratings and the details of the thermal treatment should be thoroughly documented.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
FBG | fiber Bragg grating |
PCHP | pressure-controlled heat pipe |
PRT | platinum resistance thermometer |
TPW | triple point of water |
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Date (yy/mm/dd) | Probe № | Time@ 1000 ° C (h) | PCHP | Tnom (°C) | Time@ Tnom (h) | Drift Rate (pm·h) | Start–End Wavelength (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
19/10/21 | 27 | 22 | TPW | 0.01 | 50 | 1548.303–1548.304 | |
19/10/23 | 27 | 22 | Cs | 400 | 29 | +0.021 | 1553.258–1553.258 |
19/10/25 | 27 | 22 | Cs | 600 | 14 | +0.195 | 1556.298–1556.300 |
19/10/28 | 27 | 22 | Cs | 600 | 55 | +0.106 | 1556.301–1556.307 |
19/10/31 | 27 | 22 | Cs | 400 | 25 | +0.019 | 1553.267–1553.268 |
19/11/13 | 27 | 22 | Na | 800 | 38 | +0.460 | 1559.540–1559.565 |
19/11/25 | 27 | 22 | Cs | 600 | 18 | +0.098 | 1556.332–1556.334 |
19/12/02 | 27 | 22 | Na | 930 | 6 | 1562.048–1562.121 | |
19/12/09 | 27 | 22 | Cs | 600 | 16 | +0.107 | 1556.339–1556.342 |
20/01/13 | 27 | 123 | Cs | 600 | 24 | +0.066 | 1556.403–1556.405 |
20/03/12 | 27 | 123 | Na | 600 | 30 | +0.075 | 1556.413–1556.415 |
19/11/26 | 23 | 0 | Cs | 600 | 18 | +0.031 | 1556.215–1556.216 |
19/12/10 | 23 | 98 | Cs | 600 | 7 | +0.199 | 1556.500–1556.501 |
20/01/15 | 23 | 199 | Cs | 600 | 6 | +0.023 | 1556.549–1556.549 |
20/03/11 | 23 | 300 | Na | 600 | 6 | +0.038 | 1556.544–1556.544 |
19/11/27 | 28 | 100 | Cs | 600 | 22 | +0.229 | 1556.504–1556.508 |
19/12/10 | 28 | 198 | Cs | 600 | 16 | +0.143 | 1556.553–1556.555 |
20/01/14 | 28 | 299 | Cs | 600 | 15 | +0.052 | 1556.558–1556.559 |
20/03/11 | 28 | 400 | Na | 600 | 11 | +0.014 | 1556.541–1556.541 |
19/11/18 | RR: 22, 23, 25, 27 | Cs | 600 | 72 | n/a | n/a |
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Dedyulin, S.; Timakova, E.; Grobnic, D.; Hnatovsky, C.; Todd, A.D.W.; Mihailov, S.J. Accurate Measurements of a Wavelength Drift in High-Temperature Silica-Fiber Bragg Gratings. Metrology 2021, 1, 1-16. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/metrology1010001
Dedyulin S, Timakova E, Grobnic D, Hnatovsky C, Todd ADW, Mihailov SJ. Accurate Measurements of a Wavelength Drift in High-Temperature Silica-Fiber Bragg Gratings. Metrology. 2021; 1(1):1-16. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/metrology1010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleDedyulin, Sergey, Elena Timakova, Dan Grobnic, Cyril Hnatovsky, Andrew D. W. Todd, and Stephen J. Mihailov. 2021. "Accurate Measurements of a Wavelength Drift in High-Temperature Silica-Fiber Bragg Gratings" Metrology 1, no. 1: 1-16. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/metrology1010001