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Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of...
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Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed

A special issue of Agriculture (ISSN 2077-0472). This special issue belongs to the section "Farm Animal Production".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 November 2021) | Viewed by 88725

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Vito Laudadio

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of DETO, Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, s.p. Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
Interests: animal nutrition; feed technology; animal production
Prof. Dr. Vincenzo Tufarelli

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, s.p. Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
Interests: animal nutrition; poultry nutrition; feed science; feed technology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Livestock management has been changing in the last several decades, and the main change is related to the feed requirements for optimum animal performance. An increased understanding of nutrition, of the impact of the environment on animal performance, and even the differences between nutritionists, have caused feed manufacturers to revise their manufacturing procedures. Feed cost is the major issue in farm animal production, and without doubt, efforts are imperative to refine feed processing techniques to reduce feed costs and to enhance feed value for target animals.

The scope of the present Special Issue is to publish high-quality papers concerning animal feed quality and technology, and to deeply investigate the correlations between new feed strategies and farm animal production and health. Therefore, we invite you to submit, in this Special Issue, your recent findings, in the form of original research, communications or reviews, on feed science and technology regarding, but not limited to: the effect of feed technologies on animal production quality; the use of functional feed additives to improve animal health and immune status; feed science and microbiota; nutraceuticals; alternative feed by-products for livestock species; feed technology and environmental impact; and new feed technology.

Prof. Vito Laudadio
Prof. Vincenzo Tufarelli
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Agriculture is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • feed science
  • feed technology
  • animal nutrition
  • feed additives
  • feed by-products
  • animal nutrition

Published Papers (26 papers)

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Research

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8 pages, 569 KiB  
Article
Nutrient Profile of Baltic Coastal Red Algae (Delesseria sanguinea), Baltic Blue Mussel (Mytilus spp.) and King Ragworm (Alitta virens) as Potential Feed Material in the Diet of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792): A Preliminary Assessment
by Gregor Thum, Maria Grazia Cappai, Ralf Bochert, Hendrik Schubert and Petra Wolf
Agriculture 2022, 12(2), 196; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture12020196 - 31 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2186
Abstract
The use of selected Baltic coastal organisms as potential alternative feed material in the formulation of rainbow trout diets was studied. German coastal water organisms (Delesseria sanguinea, seaweed red algae (A); Mytilus spp., Baltic blue mussel (M); Alitta virens, king ragworm [...] Read more.
The use of selected Baltic coastal organisms as potential alternative feed material in the formulation of rainbow trout diets was studied. German coastal water organisms (Delesseria sanguinea, seaweed red algae (A); Mytilus spp., Baltic blue mussel (M); Alitta virens, king ragworm (W)) were analyzed for nutrient, amino acid and mineral composition, and tested in comparative feeding trials. Five dietary treatments were supplied to a total of 165 juvenile rainbow trout (778 ± 111 g) for 75 days, allotted in 15 special brackish (3–5 practical salinity units (PSU)) water basins consisting of 11 fish each (3 fish tanks (300 L) at 12 °C per feeding group). The fish were fed as follows: C group, 100% basic diet (control); A group, 10% red algae in C diet; M group, 10% mussel in C diet; W group, 35% ragworm in C diet; AW group, 10% algae + 30% ragworm in C diet. Feed provision was performed manually, once a day, with the feed offer adjusted to 1.8% of fish weight for the respective tank. The fish weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded. In the proximate analysis of the different coastal organisms, the lowest crude protein content in dry matter (DM) was found in blue mussels (10.9%), whereas it was almost doubled in algae (21.8%), with the highest being found in the ragworm (63.1%). By contrast, the crude ash content was the highest in the mussel (84.4%, mostly due to CaCO3 from the shell), much less in the red algae (28.1%) and the lowest in the ragworms (20.1%). The gross energy (GE) concentration was the highest in the ragworm (18.8 MJ × kg−1), 12.1 MJ × kg−1 in the algae and the lowest in the blue mussel (2.93 MJ × kg−1). The final weight of the fish ranged between 1780 and 2310 g at the end of the feeding trial, being the lowest for the fish fed the diet combined with red algae (A diet group) and the highest for the fish fed the control diet. No differences in FCR were found for the fish fed the five dietary treatments (p > 0.05), except for the W diet group (king ragworm has a lower FCR than that of the A group red algae, p < 0.05). The results from this trial suggest that at the tested amounts, both king ragworm and blue mussels are promising alternative feed material for rationing the rainbow trout diet, but not red algae, unless combined with ragworms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
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16 pages, 2090 KiB  
Article
New Intrinsically Thermostable Xylanase Improves Broilers’ Growth Performance, Organ Weights, and Affects Intestinal Viscosity and pH
by Veerle Van Hoeck, Georgios A. Papadopoulos, Ilias Giannenas, Styliani Lioliopoulou, Vasilios Tsiouris, Tilemachos Mantzios, Konstantinos Kiskinis, Ioannis Grivas, Antonio Luis Gonzalez Sanchez, Bindhu Lakshmibai Vasanthakumari, Paschalis Fortomaris and Dany Morisset
Agriculture 2021, 11(12), 1235; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11121235 - 08 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3045
Abstract
Exogenous carbohydrases are commonly added to monogastric animal feed to degrade non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) to improve zootechnical performance and nutrient digestion. In the current study, the effects of dietary supplementation of a new, intrinsically thermostable, monocomponent xylanase on intestinal parameters, zootechnical performance and [...] Read more.
Exogenous carbohydrases are commonly added to monogastric animal feed to degrade non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) to improve zootechnical performance and nutrient digestion. In the current study, the effects of dietary supplementation of a new, intrinsically thermostable, monocomponent xylanase on intestinal parameters, zootechnical performance and carcass traits of broilers were evaluated. A total of 720 1-day-old broilers were randomly allotted to four wheat-based diets with different levels of xylanase (T1: control; T2: 30,000 U/g; T3: 45,000 U/g; T4: 90,000 U/g) and fed from 1 to 35 days of age. The data showed that xylanase supplementation reduced the intestinal viscosity significantly, especially in the ileum. Duodenum and cecum pH was not influenced by xylanase supplementation, while T3 treatment showed the lowest pH value in jejunum and ileum. Xylanase supplementation reduced significantly feed conversion ratio (FCR) without affecting feed intake (FI). T2 treatment exhibited a higher body weight gain (BWG) compared the other treatments. Live weight, carcass weight, legs, and liver weight were significantly higher in T3 and T4 treatments compared to T1. No significant differences on foot pad lesions were observed among the four treatments. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of this new xylanase significantly improves intestinal tract viscosity and affects beneficially broilers’ performance and carcass traits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
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11 pages, 278 KiB  
Article
Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase Activity and Gene Expression in the Adipose Tissue of Buffalo Bulls Was Unaffected by Diets with Different Fat Content and Fatty Acid Profile
by Piera Iommelli, Federico Infascelli, Nadia Musco, Micaela Grossi, Maria Ferrara, Fiorella Sarubbi, Biagio D’Aniello, Pietro Lombardi and Raffaella Tudisco
Agriculture 2021, 11(12), 1209; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11121209 - 01 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1635
Abstract
Research on diet effects on buffalo meat quality may be critical to assess its possible consumption benefits in human nutrition. This study investigated, in growing buffalo bulls, the effects of two diets differing in total fat content and fatty acid profile on the [...] Read more.
Research on diet effects on buffalo meat quality may be critical to assess its possible consumption benefits in human nutrition. This study investigated, in growing buffalo bulls, the effects of two diets differing in total fat content and fatty acid profile on the activity and gene expression of Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) in the adipose tissue and on meat quality. Twenty buffalo bulls, 6 months old, were randomly assigned to the two dietary treatments until slaughtering (about 400 kg body weight). No significant difference between the groups was observed for chemical composition, fatty acid profile and CLAs content of Longissimus thoracis as well as for the SCD gene expression. Such results seem to be in contrast with similar studies performed on other ruminant species, but confirm that important differences occur between buffalo and bovine species, such as the lower content in fat of buffalo meat. Our results also confirm that specific studies should be performed on buffalo, also in terms of the metabolic pathways activated by different diets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
11 pages, 5208 KiB  
Article
Growth of Pancreas and Intestinal Enzyme Activities in Growing Goats: Influence of a Low-Protein Diet
by Kefyalew Gebeyew, Wenxun Chen, Qiongxian Yan, Zhixiong He and Zhiliang Tan
Agriculture 2021, 11(11), 1155; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11111155 - 18 Nov 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4264
Abstract
A dependence between dietary protein and starch levels flowing to the duodenum has been characterized in monogastric animals for optimal enzymatic secretions of the pancreas, but those in ruminants remain unclarified. The present experiment was conveyed to assess the pancreas growth and mRNA [...] Read more.
A dependence between dietary protein and starch levels flowing to the duodenum has been characterized in monogastric animals for optimal enzymatic secretions of the pancreas, but those in ruminants remain unclarified. The present experiment was conveyed to assess the pancreas growth and mRNA expression of the small intestine enzymes in growing goats fed a low-protein diet. Twenty-four Liuyang goats (19.55 ± 3.55 of body weight (BW)) and aged approximately 8 months were randomly assigned to either a control protein diet (NP: 10.77% CP) or a low-protein diet (LP: 5.52% CP) for 70 days. The results show that no statistical differences (p > 0.05) were observed in the pancreas growth indices between the groups. Pancreas and small intestine α-amylase and lipase activities were unaffected (p > 0.05) by the LP diet, while activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin were decreased (p < 0.05). The LP diet reduced (p < 0.05) the mRNA expressions of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the duodenum and jejunum, and had no effects (p > 0.05) on the mRNA expressions of α-amylase and lipase. Goats fed with the LP diet had higher (p < 0.05) concentrations of cholecystokinin and insulin than those fed with the NP diet. In conclusion, feeding an LP diet (5.52% CP) had no profound influence on pancreas growth and digestive enzyme synthesis in goats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
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9 pages, 259 KiB  
Communication
Dietary Grape (Vitis vinifera) Seed Powder and Zn–Gly Chelate Complex for Mitigating Heat Stress in Broiler Chickens: Growth Parameters, Malondialdehyde, Paraoxonase-1, and Antibody Titer
by Muhammad Israr, Naila Chand, Rifat Ullah Khan, Ibrahim A. Alhidary, Mutassim M. Abdelrahman, Hani Hassan Al-Baddani, Vito Laudadio and Vincenzo Tufarelli
Agriculture 2021, 11(11), 1087; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11111087 - 03 Nov 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 1713
Abstract
A total of 300 day old broiler chicks (Hubbard) were assigned to 30 floor pens (10 birds per pen) under cyclic heat stress. Three diets including a control, as well as two levels of grape seed powder (GSP) and zinc (OZ) at the [...] Read more.
A total of 300 day old broiler chicks (Hubbard) were assigned to 30 floor pens (10 birds per pen) under cyclic heat stress. Three diets including a control, as well as two levels of grape seed powder (GSP) and zinc (OZ) at the rates of 2.5 g/kg GSP + 50 mg/kg OZ and 5 g/kg GSP + 50 mg/kg OZ, were supplied to the broilers for 35 days. According to the results, broiler feed intake improved (p < 0.05) in GSP + OZ groups from 3–5 weeks and on an overall basis compared to the control diet. Body weight increased (p < 0.05) in GSP-5 + OZ-50 during weeks 2–5 and on an overall basis. The findings indicated that feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased (p < 0.05) during week 5 in broilers supplemented with GSP-5 + OZ-50. The antibody titer (HI) against Newcastle disease (ND) was higher (p < 0.05) in GSP + OZ groups compared to control treatment. The value of malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased (p < 0.05) under GSP + OZ diets compared to control. Moreover, paraoxonase (PON1) was higher (p < 0.05) in GSP + OZ groups compared to untreated broilers. In conclusion, GSP + OZ positively supported growth traits, reduced MDA, and augmented PON1 and HI titer against ND in broilers exposed to heat stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
15 pages, 481 KiB  
Article
Effect of Integration of Linseed and Vitamin E in Charolaise × Podolica Bulls’ Diet on Fatty Acids Profile, Beef Color and Lipid Stability
by Valeria Maria Morittu, Anna Antonella Spina, Piera Iommelli, Anselmo Poerio, Francesco Vincenzo Oliverio, Domenico Britti and Raffaella Tudisco
Agriculture 2021, 11(11), 1032; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11111032 - 21 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1609
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with oilseeds improves the fatty acid profiles of meat, but results are often inconsistent. This study aimed to assess the effects of dietary linseed and vitamin E supplementation on fatty acid profile, cholesterol content and color stability of beef samples. Dorsal [...] Read more.
Dietary supplementation with oilseeds improves the fatty acid profiles of meat, but results are often inconsistent. This study aimed to assess the effects of dietary linseed and vitamin E supplementation on fatty acid profile, cholesterol content and color stability of beef samples. Dorsal subcutaneous fat samples were subjected to lipid stability assessment. Eighteen young bulls (385 ± 15 kg BW, age 8–9 months) were allocated into three homogeneous groups, each receiving ad libitum wheat straw and concentrate only (CON = 5.5 kg/day), concentrate with linseed (LIN = 80 g/kg, i.e., 440 g/head/day), and concentrate with linseed plus vitamin E (L + E = 80 g/kg, i.e., 440 g/head/day + 2500 IU/head/day of Vitamin E). Group L+E showed significantly lower cholesterol content, lower n-6/n-3 ratio and a higher PUFA percentage compared to the CON group. Meat color was affected by feeding LIN with a decrease in a*, b*, and C* compared to the CON group. The experimental diets increased H° values compared to the CON group. A positive effect of vitamin E in protecting lipids of dorsal subcutaneous depots from oxidation was detected in group L+E compared to group LIN. The supplementation with extruded linseeds in the diet had positive effects on the nutritional profile of the meat. When vitamin E was included, linseed did not alter the color of meat, and the lipid stability of the subcutaneous fat improved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
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9 pages, 708 KiB  
Article
Rumen Degradability of Barley, Oats, Sorghum, Triticale, and Wheat In Situ and the Effect of Pelleting
by Liyi Pan, Kim H. Huang, Todd Middlebrook, Dagong Zhang, Wayne L. Bryden and Xiuhua Li
Agriculture 2021, 11(7), 647; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11070647 - 09 Jul 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3233
Abstract
Feeding cereal grain to cattle is common practice for optimal beef and milk production. High concentrations of starch and other soluble carbohydrates may cause acidosis. Information on the effect of processing on starch and protein degradability in the rumen are scarce. This study [...] Read more.
Feeding cereal grain to cattle is common practice for optimal beef and milk production. High concentrations of starch and other soluble carbohydrates may cause acidosis. Information on the effect of processing on starch and protein degradability in the rumen are scarce. This study was to determine the ruminal degradation patterns of common grains and the effect of steam pelleting on starch and crude protein (CP) degradability in the rumen. The ruminal degradation pattern of dry matter (DM), starch, and CP of ground and pelleted sorghum, barley, wheat, and samples along with ground oats and triticale were determined using the in situ nylon bags method. Cereals were incubated for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32, and 60 h, and the fast and slowly degradable fraction, the effective degradation rate, and effective degradability (ED) of DM, starch, and CP were calculated. The starch ED of ground and pelleted sorghum, barley, and two wheat samples were 57.3, 93.6, 95.2, and 97.2%; and 61.5, 93.8, 93.8, and 95.6%, and their crude protein ED was 54.8, 82.3, 83.3, 82.6% and 51.9, 79.2, 81.8, and 78.1% respectively. The starch ED of ground oat and triticale were 98.3 and 94.7%, and that of CP were 93.7 and 75.2%, respectively. The degradability of sorghum was significantly lower than that of the other grains. Pelleting increased the fast-degradable DM and starch faction of sorghum and tended to improve its DM degradability (p = 0.081). Pelleting significantly reduced the fast-degradable fraction of DM and starch of wheat samples and numerically reduced its degradability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
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12 pages, 277 KiB  
Article
Screening of High 1,2-Propanediol Production by Lactobacillus buchneri Strains and Their Effects on Fermentation Characteristics and Aerobic Stability of Whole-Plant Corn Silage
by Zhipeng Huang, Musen Wang, Wencan Ke and Xusheng Guo
Agriculture 2021, 11(7), 590; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11070590 - 25 Jun 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2201
Abstract
The study was conducted to screen high 1,2-propanediol produced by Lactobacillus buchneri strains, isolated from baled silages stored for 1 or 2 years, and to evaluate their effects on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of whole-plant corn silage. In total, 31 L. buchneri [...] Read more.
The study was conducted to screen high 1,2-propanediol produced by Lactobacillus buchneri strains, isolated from baled silages stored for 1 or 2 years, and to evaluate their effects on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of whole-plant corn silage. In total, 31 L. buchneri strains were isolated from alfalfa, whole-plant corn and oat silages. Based on growth performance and 1,2-propanediol and acetic acid production, two strains, L. buchneri 9-2 and L. buchneri 10-1, from alfalfa silage, were further assessed in an ensiling trial on whole-plant corn. The corn silage inoculated with L. buchneri 9-2 or L. buchneri 10-1 had a higher concentration of 1,2-propanediol (34.7 or 34.6 g/kg dry matter (DM)) and acetic acid (47.2 or 45.9 g/kg DM) in comparison with L. buchneri 40788 (reference strain) treated silage (19.5 and 35.9 g/kg DM) after 90 d of fermentation. In addition, these two strains performed better in improving silage aerobic stability relative to control and L. buchneri 40788. The results above indicated that L. buchneri 9-2 and L. buchneri 10-1 could be candidate strains to increase 1,2-propanediol and acetic acid concentrations and improve the aerobic stability of whole-plant corn silage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
16 pages, 2083 KiB  
Article
Freshwater Cladophora glomerata Biomass as Promising Protein and Other Essential Nutrients Source for High Quality and More Sustainable Feed Production
by Monika Nutautaitė, Vilma Vilienė, Asta Racevičiūtė-Stupelienė, Saulius Bliznikas, Jūratė Karosienė and Judita Koreivienė
Agriculture 2021, 11(7), 582; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11070582 - 24 Jun 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3315
Abstract
A scientific justification, focused on the development of the sustainability of feed ingredients and farm animals’ ecosystems, is required. Thus, it is crucial to search for alternative feed materials from natural sources for potential applications. The aim of this study was to evaluate [...] Read more.
A scientific justification, focused on the development of the sustainability of feed ingredients and farm animals’ ecosystems, is required. Thus, it is crucial to search for alternative feed materials from natural sources for potential applications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prospective utilization of freshwater Cladophora glomerata (C. glomerata) as an alternative source of protein and other essential nutrients in animals’ feed. For this purpose, chemical analysis was performed on collected biomass samples from the Lithuanian rivers, Dubysa (B1), Šventoji (B2), Nevėžis (B3), and Jūra (B4). Microelements (Ca > K > N > P > Mg), trace elements (Zn > Cu), and heavy metals (Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd) have not exceeded permissible levels. The crude protein content of C. glomerata biomass ranged from 16% to 21.5% DM. The essential amino acid profile excelled, with the highest total amino acid amount of 140.99 g/kg in B4. The highest total presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (11.71%) as well as the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (0.22) was observed in B1. The lowest ratio of omega-6/omega-3 was in B1 (1.30). As a result of bioaccumulation, C. glomerata could serve as a source of proteins, as well as amino and fatty acids, implying that biomass could be an alternative and a beneficial component of animal feed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
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11 pages, 2490 KiB  
Article
Effect of Red Orange and Lemon Extract-Enriched Diet in Suckling Lambs’ Fecal Microbiota
by Massimo Ferrara, Maria Federica Sgarro, Aristide Maggiolino, Sara Damiano, Francesco Iannaccone, Giuseppina Mulè and Pasquale De Palo
Agriculture 2021, 11(7), 572; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11070572 - 22 Jun 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2068
Abstract
Red orange and lemon extract (RLE) is an anthocyanins-rich dietary supplement that may influence gastrointestinal bacterial community in ruminants. The aim of the present study was to investigate the RLE effects on gut microbiota composition in lambs. Twenty-eight lambs were randomly divided into [...] Read more.
Red orange and lemon extract (RLE) is an anthocyanins-rich dietary supplement that may influence gastrointestinal bacterial community in ruminants. The aim of the present study was to investigate the RLE effects on gut microbiota composition in lambs. Twenty-eight lambs were randomly divided into a control group (CON; n = 14) and an anthocyanin group (ANT; n = 14) and fed the same diet; additionally, only the ANT received 90 mg/kg live weight of RLE at day. After lamb slaughter (40 ± 1 days), fecal samples were collected from the rectum and stored at −20 °C until analysis. Analysis of fecal microbiome was carried out by metabarcoding analysis of 16S rRNA. After reads denoising, sequences were aligned against SILVA rRNA sequence database using MALT, and taxonomic binning was performed with MEGAN. A significant increase in Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and a decrease in Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria was observed in ANT compared to CON. Moreover, an interesting increase of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera and a decrease in Escherichia coli and Salmonella species were detected in ANT compared to CON. Results recommend that anthocyanin supplementation in lamb diet is able to modulate positively gut microbiota and may inhibit the growth of some potential pathogenic microorganisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
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20 pages, 3253 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Ruminal Fermentation Parameters and Altered Rumen Bacterial Community Composition by Formulated Rumen Buffer Agents Fed to Dairy Cows with a High-Concentrate Diet
by Sonny C. Ramos, Chang-Dae Jeong, Lovelia L. Mamuad, Seon-Ho Kim, A-Rang Son, Michelle A. Miguel, Mahfuzul Islam, Yong-Il Cho and Sang-Suk Lee
Agriculture 2021, 11(6), 554; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11060554 - 17 Jun 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4521
Abstract
The effects of rumen buffer agents on ruminal fermentation parameters and bacterial community composition were determined using in vitro and in vivo experiments in three rumen-cannulated, high-concentrate fed Holstein Friesian dairy cows. Experiment 1 in vitro treatments included bentonite, calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, [...] Read more.
The effects of rumen buffer agents on ruminal fermentation parameters and bacterial community composition were determined using in vitro and in vivo experiments in three rumen-cannulated, high-concentrate fed Holstein Friesian dairy cows. Experiment 1 in vitro treatments included bentonite, calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, sodium bicarbonate, sodium sesquicarbonate, and processed coral, and unbuffered samples served as the control. Experiment 2 in vitro treatments were based on the formulation of various combinations of the buffer agents used in Experiment 1. Combinations were selected for the in vivo study based on their buffering ability. Calcium oxide, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium sesquicarbonate stabilized the ruminal pH and improved in vitro rumen fermentation. The combined buffer agents had a significant effect on pH, buffering capacity, total gas, and total volatile fatty acids. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla in both treatments and the control. Ruminococcus and Prevotella were found to be the dominant genera. Ruminococcus bromii was predominant in the treatment group. Prevotella jejuni was more abundant in the control group compared to the treatment group, in which its abundance was very low. Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Intestinimonas butyriciproducens gradually increased in abundance as cows received treatment. Overall, a high-concentrate diet administered to cows induced adverse changes in ruminal pH; however, buffer supplementation enhanced ruminal fermentation characteristics and altered bacterial community, which could contribute to preventing ruminal acidosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
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13 pages, 3690 KiB  
Article
Effect of Vegetable Oils Feed Additives on Endoparasites Associated with Dewormed Racing Horses
by Wanda Górniak, Hanna Moniuszko, Konrad Wojnarowski, Aleksander Górniak, Paulina Cholewińska, Agnieszka Waliczek, Maria Soroko and Natalia Szeligowska
Agriculture 2021, 11(6), 525; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11060525 - 05 Jun 2021
Viewed by 3963
Abstract
The effectiveness of commonly used parasiticides decreases due to the drug resistance developed by many organisms. Therefore, the application of feed additives possessing antiparasitic properties may be helpful in limiting the burden of parasites. The aim of this research was to evaluate parasitological [...] Read more.
The effectiveness of commonly used parasiticides decreases due to the drug resistance developed by many organisms. Therefore, the application of feed additives possessing antiparasitic properties may be helpful in limiting the burden of parasites. The aim of this research was to evaluate parasitological coefficients for endoparasites of regularly dewormed Arabian horses and Thoroughbreds, fed on a basal diet of oat and muesli with vegetable oils and/or without vitamin E. The observations revealed parasitic invasion in 25 of 27 examined horses. The most frequent in both breeds were Strongylidae—accounting for 86% of Thoroughbreds and 100% of Arabian horses. Strongyloididae were observed in 33% of individuals representing both breeds while botflies were found in one Arabian horse and one Thoroughbred. Mean EPG coefficients for strongylids and strongyloidids were higher in Thoroughbreds (530 vs. 529 and 43 vs. 29, respectively), although the differences were not statistically significant. The addition of pure linseed oil significantly reduced the number of Strongylidae in fecal samples. The results indicate that properly selected plant additives obtained from arable crops may be helpful in limiting the numbers of drug-resistant strongylids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
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11 pages, 259 KiB  
Article
Changes in the In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation of Diets for Dairy Cows Based on Selected Sorghum Cultivars Compared to Maize, Rye and Grass Silage
by Ewa Pecka-Kiełb, Dorota Miśta, Bożena Króliczewska, Andrzej Zachwieja, Maja Słupczyńska, Barbara Król and Józef Sowiński
Agriculture 2021, 11(6), 492; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11060492 - 26 May 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2535
Abstract
An in vitro experiment was conducted to determine the impact of silage produced from selected varieties of sorghum on the microbial fermentation profile of cows’ ruminal fluid. To determine the main microbial fermentation products, ruminal fluid samples were obtained from Polish Holstein–Friesian cows. [...] Read more.
An in vitro experiment was conducted to determine the impact of silage produced from selected varieties of sorghum on the microbial fermentation profile of cows’ ruminal fluid. To determine the main microbial fermentation products, ruminal fluid samples were obtained from Polish Holstein–Friesian cows. Serum bottles were filled with 80 mL of ruminal samples, and 1 g of one of the following substrates was added: corn silage (CS), grass silage (GS), rye silage (RS), sorghum silage (sweet) (SS1), sorghum silage (grain) (SS2) or sorghum silage (dual-purpose) (SS3). The serum bottles were flushed with CO2 and fermented for 8 and 24 h at 39 °C. After incubation, the obtained gas and rumen fluid were then analysed to determine the methane and volatile fatty acid (VFA) contents using gas chromatography. The use of sorghum silage (SS) resulted in a decrease in the total concentration VFA concentration in the ruminal fluid compared with the use of other silages, especially GS. Moreover, the ruminal fluid contained a lower molar proportion of propionic and butyric acids when SS was used compared with CS. The butyric acid proportion was higher in SS samples than in RS samples. The differences in chemical composition between sorghum varieties did not influence the rumen VFA concentration or profile. A decrease in gas production, but without effects on methanogenesis, was observed when SS was used compared with GS and CS. The analysis demonstrates the physiological processes of fermentation in the rumen, as evidenced by the products of microbial fermentation. The main advantage is that the addition of SS, irrespective of the plant variety, reduced fermentation gas production in the ruminal fluid compared with CS. The silage of the analyzed sorghum varieties may be used in the diets of dairy cows as a substitute for corn and grass silages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
12 pages, 1326 KiB  
Article
Effect of Increasing Supplementation Levels of Coffee Pulp on Milk Yield and Food Intake in Dual-Purpose Cows: An Alternative Feed Byproduct for Smallholder Dairy Systems of Tropical Climate Regions
by Julieta Gertrudis Estrada-Flores, Paulina Elizabeth Pedraza-Beltrán, Gilberto Yong-Ángel, Francisca Avilés-Nova, Adolfo-Armando Rayas-Amor, Alejandra Donají Solís-Méndez, Manuel González-Ronquillo, María Fernanda Vázquez-Carrillo and Octavio Alonso Castelán-Ortega
Agriculture 2021, 11(5), 416; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11050416 - 05 May 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2807
Abstract
Coffee is one of the main traded commodities worldwide, unfortunately, it generates massive amounts of by-products like coffee pulp (CoP), which could be utilized as an alternative feedstuff for cattle contributing to mitigate coffee production environmental damage. The objective of this work was [...] Read more.
Coffee is one of the main traded commodities worldwide, unfortunately, it generates massive amounts of by-products like coffee pulp (CoP), which could be utilized as an alternative feedstuff for cattle contributing to mitigate coffee production environmental damage. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of CoP supplementation on milk production, milk composition, and grass dry matter intake (GDMI) by dual-purpose tropical cows. A 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design was conducted, where four multiparous dual-purpose Holstein x Cebu cows with an average live weight of 477 ± 7 kg and milk yield of 12.1 ± 2.7 kg/d were used. The cows grazed 10 h/d on a Cynodon plectostachius sward with a stocking rate of three cows/ha. All cows received 6 kg/d DM of an experimental concentrate (EC), and the treatments consisted of four supplementation levels of CoP: T1 = 0, T2 = 0.6, T3 = 0.9, and T4 = 1.2 kg DM/d, which was provided on top of the concentrate and mixed with the EC. Grass intake was determined by the n-alkanes technique. A significant difference was observed for the average total daily DM intake (p < 0.02). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed for milk yield, milk composition, body weight, and GDMI for all the inclusion levels of CoP. It was concluded that CoP can be included at levels of 0.6 to 0.9 kg DM/d in the diets of cows without compromising milk yield or GDMI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
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12 pages, 274 KiB  
Article
Supplementation of Microbial and Fungal Phytases to Low Protein and Energy Diets: Effects on Productive Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Blood Profiles of Broilers
by Youssef A. Attia, Fulvia Bovera, Mohammed A. Al-Harthi, Abd El-Razek E. Tag El-Din and Walaa Said Selim
Agriculture 2021, 11(5), 414; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11050414 - 04 May 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2577
Abstract
To evaluate in possible use of phytases for improving the utilization of low protein and energy diets, 420, one-day-old chicks were distributed among 7 groups (5 replicates of 12 chicks/group). During the starter (1–35 day), grower (37–56 day), and finisher (57–64 day) periods, [...] Read more.
To evaluate in possible use of phytases for improving the utilization of low protein and energy diets, 420, one-day-old chicks were distributed among 7 groups (5 replicates of 12 chicks/group). During the starter (1–35 day), grower (37–56 day), and finisher (57–64 day) periods, the control group fed diets containing 21.2% crude protein (CP)-2947 Kcal/kg metabolizable energy (ME), 19.6 CP-3023 ME and 18.0 CP-3100 ME, respectively. The three low-CP groups received diets isocaloric but with −1% CP than the control, while the three low-CPME groups fed diets with −1% CP and −100 Kcal than the control. In addition, the low-CP and low-CPME groups were supplemented with 0 (low-CP_uns and low-CPME_uns), 500 U/kg of an Aspergillus niger (low-CP_AP and low-CPME_AP) or 500 FTU/kg of an Escherichia coli phytase (low-CP_EP and low-CPME_EP), respectively. Low-CP and low-CPME diets decreased (p < 0.01) the intake of feed as well as the protein and metabolizable energy conversion ratios in comparison to the control group. In general, phytases lowered (p < 0.01) the intake of feed, protein, and energy, but bacterial phytase showed a higher (p < 0.01) effect than A. niger one. The diets with low-CP and low-CPME levels decreased (p < 0.01) the amount of the excreta nitrogen. The supplementation of phytases had similar effects on digestibility of nutrients, carcass traits, bone mineralization and blood biochemistry. The supplementation of A. niger increased abdominal fat deposition of compared low-CPME diet compared to low-CPME_uns diet. All diets showed similar production index allowing the use of low-CPME diet when phytases was supplemented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
16 pages, 588 KiB  
Article
Effects of Grape Seed Oil Supplementation to Broilers Diets on Growth Performance, Meat Fatty Acids, Health Lipid Indices and Lipid Oxidation Parameters
by Raluca Paula Turcu, Tatiana Dumitra Panaite, Arabela Elena Untea, Petru Alexandru Vlaicu, Irinel Adriana Badea and Silvia Mironeasa
Agriculture 2021, 11(5), 404; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11050404 - 29 Apr 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2975
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of grape seed oil (GSO) supplementation to broilers fed polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-enriched diets on growth performance, color, texture, fatty acid content and lipid peroxidation of meat. The 4-week feeding trial was conducted [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of grape seed oil (GSO) supplementation to broilers fed polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-enriched diets on growth performance, color, texture, fatty acid content and lipid peroxidation of meat. The 4-week feeding trial was conducted on 120 Cobb 500 broilers, assigned to three groups and housed in an experimental hall on permanent wood shaves litter. GSO was tested as source of natural antioxidants at different levels, 0% (GSO0, control), 1.5% (GSO1.5) and 3% (GSO3) in the presence of 4% flaxseed meal (FSM) in a completely randomized design. The results show that at the end of the experiment (42 days) the GSO supplementation had no effect (p < 0.05) on productivity parameters, except the final weight which was improved in GSO3 compared to GSO. The thigh meat color indicated a higher degree of lightness (p < 0.05), but the meat texture was not influenced (p < 0.05) by the new tested diets. The GSO diets increased (p < 0.05) the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content and decreased the PUFA content in the thigh meat. Thigh meat samples from GSO treatments had significantly (p < 0.05) improved oxidative stability. In the breast meat only the concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) decreased (p < 0.05). It is concluded that the GSO significantly improved the thigh meat oxidative stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
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11 pages, 888 KiB  
Article
An Attempt to Enrich Pig Meat with Omega-3 Fatty Acids Using Linseed Oil Ethyl Ester Diet Supplement
by Katarzyna Czyż, Ewa Sokoła-Wysoczańska, Anna Wyrostek and Paulina Cholewińska
Agriculture 2021, 11(4), 365; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11040365 - 16 Apr 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2697
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate an effect of pig diet supplementation with ethyl esters derived from linseed oil with a high content of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) on the fatty acids profile of meat. The study was conducted on Polish Landrace fatteners supplemented for [...] Read more.
This study aims to evaluate an effect of pig diet supplementation with ethyl esters derived from linseed oil with a high content of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) on the fatty acids profile of meat. The study was conducted on Polish Landrace fatteners supplemented for a period of 7 weeks (control and experimental groups of 8 animals each, 16 in total). After this period, loin (Longissimus dorsi) and ham (Biceps femoris) samples were collected for laboratory analysis, including basic composition (fat, protein, ash, dry matter) and fatty acids (FAs) profile. The supplementation caused a significant increase in the level of ALA acid, decrease in the content of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), increase in unsaturated FAs level, and resulting decrease in the ratio of n-6/n-3. The indices of atherogenicity and thrombogenicity were beneficially altered in the experimental groups. It can thus be supposed that meat enriched this way may be considered as an interesting choice for consumers who are aware of the importance of diet consumed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
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8 pages, 1109 KiB  
Communication
Novel Two-Slope Equations to Predict Amino Acid Concentrations Using Crude Protein Concentration in Soybean Meal
by Su A Lee, Chan Sol Park and Beob Gyun Kim
Agriculture 2021, 11(4), 280; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11040280 - 25 Mar 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3315
Abstract
Amino acid (AA)-to-crude protein (CP) ratios in soybean meal (SBM) may be different for different sources of SBM depending on the presence of additional hulls. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop novel two-slope equations to predict the concentrations of AAs in SBM [...] Read more.
Amino acid (AA)-to-crude protein (CP) ratios in soybean meal (SBM) may be different for different sources of SBM depending on the presence of additional hulls. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop novel two-slope equations to predict the concentrations of AAs in SBM using CP as an independent variable. Regression analyses were performed with each AA in SBM as the dependent variable and the CP as the independent variable. Among all AAs, the predicted Lys in SBM (% dry matter (DM)) was: Lys = 3.19 − 0.026 × (51.88 − CP) where CP < 51.88% DM and Lys = 3.19 + 0.072 × (CP − 51.88) where CP > 51.88% DM with R2 = 0.51 and p < 0.001. In conclusion, the novel equations provided reasonable estimates of the AA concentrations from different ranges of CP in SBM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
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21 pages, 710 KiB  
Communication
Clostridia in Insect Processed Animal Proteins—Is an Epidemiological Problem Possible?
by Tomasz Grenda, Krzysztof Kwiatek, Magdalena Goldsztejn, Magdalena Sapała, Nina Kozieł and Piotr Domaradzki
Agriculture 2021, 11(3), 270; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11030270 - 21 Mar 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3396
Abstract
The aim of this study was the evaluation of the insect processed animal protein (IPAP) contamination level by Clostridium spp. Particularly, we screened for the occurrence of pathogenic species of Clostridia. The samples of IPAP were derived from yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was the evaluation of the insect processed animal protein (IPAP) contamination level by Clostridium spp. Particularly, we screened for the occurrence of pathogenic species of Clostridia. The samples of IPAP were derived from yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) available in the Polish market. The IPAPs were added to experimental feeds for poultry. The differences between the contamination levels of the control (without the addition of IPAP) and experimental (with the addition of IPAP) groups were monitored. The samples were also examined by culture and PCR-based methods to detect 16S rDNA and genes determining botulinum toxin (BoNT) production. Statistical significance was noticed among the feed with the IPAP addition, as well as an increase of contamination by Clostridium spp. In one sample of IPAP, the occurrence of ntnh and bont/D genes determining the production of BoNT/D was noticed. However, a positive result was noticed only at the step of the liquid culture; the Clostridium botulinum type D strain was not isolated. Phenotypically, and according to the 16S rDNA analysis, genetically similar strains to C. botulinum species were isolated. Considering the microbiological safety of IPAP and expanding possibility of its use in livestock animal feed, it seems to be reasonable to provide complex risk assessment on the potential transfer of Clostridia into feed compounds, to assure the safety and sustainable development of insect PAP industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
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10 pages, 769 KiB  
Article
Effect of Sucrose and Lactic Acid Bacteria Additives on Fermentation Quality, Chemical Composition and Protein Fractions of Two Typical Woody Forage Silages
by Xuekai Wang, Han Liu, Yixiao Xie, Yingchao Zhang, Yanli Lin, Yulong Zheng, Xueping Yang, Ningwei Wang, Kuikui Ni and Fuyu Yang
Agriculture 2021, 11(3), 256; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11030256 - 17 Mar 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2954
Abstract
Paper mulberry (PM) and mulberry (MU) have been considered potential substitutes for traditional forages in response to the increasing demand for high-protein feed for livestock. To improve the utility of these two typical woody forages, our study investigated the effects of sucrose and [...] Read more.
Paper mulberry (PM) and mulberry (MU) have been considered potential substitutes for traditional forages in response to the increasing demand for high-protein feed for livestock. To improve the utility of these two typical woody forages, our study investigated the effects of sucrose and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) additives on the fermentation quality, nutritive value, and protein fractions of their leaf silages. Collected leaves were separately subjected to ensiling treatments, either with or without sucrose (S), in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), or Lactobacillus casei (LC). The silage was sampled and analyzed for fermentation parameters, carbohydrates, and protein fractions after ensiling for 60 days. The pH value of paper mulberry silages with S was 19% lower than that without S, while LAB-treated mulberry silages showed decreased ammonia nitrogen (by 71%) and fraction A in crude protein (by 15%) compared with no LAB additives. In summary, adding S improved the fermentation quality, with no positive effect on protein fractions, in PM silage, whereas LAB additives improved the potential utilization of protein in MU silage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
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8 pages, 254 KiB  
Article
Feeding of Phytobiotics and Exogenous Protease in Broilers: Comparative Effect on Nutrient Digestibility, Bone Strength and Gut Morphology
by Abdul Hafeez, Shahid Iqbal, Arbab Sikandar, Salahud Din, Imad Khan, Saima Ashraf, Rifat Ullah Khan, Vincenzo Tufarelli and Vito Laudadio
Agriculture 2021, 11(3), 228; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11030228 - 09 Mar 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2620
Abstract
In this feeding trial, a total of 500 Cobb-500 broiler (day-old) chickens were randomly assigned to a control dietary treatment (basal diet only) or supplemented with crushed seeds of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), black cumin (Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch) [...] Read more.
In this feeding trial, a total of 500 Cobb-500 broiler (day-old) chickens were randomly assigned to a control dietary treatment (basal diet only) or supplemented with crushed seeds of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), black cumin (Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch) and ajwain (Carum copticum L.) (at 10 mg/kg each) and exogenous protease (30,000 IU/kg), respectively, in order to assess the effect of the diets on nutrient digestibility, bone strength and gut morphology. The results indicated that the digestibility coefficients of crude protein, crude fat, nitrogen-free extract, calcium and phosphorous were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in protease-treated birds compared to the control. The tibia bone weight was improved (p = 0.03) in Carum copticum, Coriandrum sativum and protease-supplemented birds. Bone length increased (p < 0.05) in protease and Carum copticum fed broilers, while the robusticity index decreased (p < 0.05) in all treatments. Villus length and width decreased (p < 0.05) in Carum copticum and Bunium persicum fed broilers. From findings, it was demonstrated that exogenous protease shows comparatively better results in improving bone quality, ileal digestibility and villus morphology in broilers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
11 pages, 541 KiB  
Article
Effect of Mixing Alfalfa with Whole-Plant Corn in Different Proportions on Fermentation Characteristics and Bacterial Community of Silage
by Musen Wang, Run Gao, Marcia Franco, David B. Hannaway, Wencan Ke, Zitong Ding, Zhu Yu and Xusheng Guo
Agriculture 2021, 11(2), 174; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11020174 - 20 Feb 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3313
Abstract
The influence of mixing alfalfa with whole-plant corn in different proportions on the fermentation characteristics and bacterial community of silage was investigated. Alfalfa and whole-plant corn, harvested at dry matter content of 276.47 and 328.43 g/kg fresh weight, accordingly, were chopped to approximately [...] Read more.
The influence of mixing alfalfa with whole-plant corn in different proportions on the fermentation characteristics and bacterial community of silage was investigated. Alfalfa and whole-plant corn, harvested at dry matter content of 276.47 and 328.43 g/kg fresh weight, accordingly, were chopped to approximately 2 cm and mixed at ratios of 100:0 (C0, control), 80:20 (C20), 60:40 (C40), 40:60 (C60), 20:80 (C80) and 0:100 (C100) on a fresh weight basis, respectively. Silos of each treatment were produced in triplicate and anaerobically fermented in darkness for 100 days at room temperature (20–21 °C). At silo opening, silage fermentation characteristics and bacterial composition and diversity were analyzed. The C0 silage was weakly preserved, evidenced by a low lactic acid concentration and a high value of pH, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen. With corn proportion in the mixture increasing from 0% to 40%, silage pH, acetic acid, butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen level decreased, whereas the value of lactic acid and lactic acid to acetic acid ratio increased. The C40, C60, C80 and C100 silages’ Flieg score, used to evaluate the overall fermentation quality, was above 80 and higher than C0 (25) and C20 (61) silages. The C0 silage contained a complex bacterial community at the genus level, consisting mainly of Enterococcus (38.86%), Enterobacteria (20.61%), Rhizobium (8.45%), Lactobacillus (8.15%), Methylobacterium (5.54%) and Weissella (5.24%). As corn percentage increased from 0% to 40%, the relative abundance of desirable Lactobacillus increased and undesirable Rhizobium and Methylobacterium population reduced. With corn proportion in the mixture increasing from 0% to 40%, inclusion of corn to alfalfa at ensiling significantly improved silage fermentation quality and shifted the bacterial community for better silage preservation. Overall, high quality silage was produced when alfalfa was combined with at least 40% whole-plant corn on a fresh weight basis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
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13 pages, 2574 KiB  
Article
Effects of Different Carbohydrate Sources on Alfalfa Silage Quality at Different Ensiling Days
by Run Gao, Bing Wang, Tingting Jia, Ying Luo and Zhu Yu
Agriculture 2021, 11(1), 58; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11010058 - 12 Jan 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3631
Abstract
This study was evaluated the effects of different carbohydrate sources on the fermentation profiles, chemical compositions, and correlation of fermentation profiles and chemical compositions with water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) silage. Alfalfa was harvested at early flowering stage from [...] Read more.
This study was evaluated the effects of different carbohydrate sources on the fermentation profiles, chemical compositions, and correlation of fermentation profiles and chemical compositions with water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) silage. Alfalfa was harvested at early flowering stage from the third cutting in September 2018, wilted to 32% dry matter (DM) and chopped into 1–2 cm pieces. Treatments included the addition of pectin (PEC), starch (STA; powdered corn), molasses (MOL), and fructose (FRU), as well as distilled water as a control (CON). Afterward, 300 g of prepared alfalfa was packed into polyethylene bags, vacuumed, and sealed, after which they were stored at room temperature for 1, 3, 7, 15, and 30 d. FRU and PEC additions resulted in desirable fermentation profiles and chemical compositions throughout the ensiling period. FRU and PEC rapidly decreased the pH and increased Fleig’s point, exhibiting lower pH and higher Fleig’s point from 3 d to the end of ensiling. Acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA) and ammonia nitrogen (AN) contents of FRU and PEC were lower at 30 d after ensiling. Higher lactic acid (LA) contents were found in FRU and PEC from 7 d to the end of ensiling and higher LA:AA ratios from 15 d to the end of ensiling. Butyric acid (BA) was not detected at any point during the ensiling period. Additives exhibited higher DM content from 7 to 30 d after ensiling. The WSC content decreased as the number of ensiling days increased and was stable from 15 d to the end of ensiling. PEC, STA, and FRU exhibited higher WSC than CON. FRU and PEC improved the fermentation quality throughout the ensiling period. Thus, FRU and PEC or related agricultural byproducts may offer alternative additives for improving the alfalfa silage fermentation profile. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
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10 pages, 252 KiB  
Article
Effects of Sorghum Silage in Lactating Buffalo Cow Diet: Biochemical Profile, Milk Yield, and Quality
by Raffaella Tudisco, Valeria Maria Morittu, Nadia Musco, Micaela Grossi, Piera Iommelli, Biagio D’Aniello, Maria Ferrara, Federico Infascelli and Pietro Lombardi
Agriculture 2021, 11(1), 57; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11010057 - 12 Jan 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3369
Abstract
The influence of replacing silage with sorghum silage in the diet of dairy buffalo cows on metabolic status and on milk yield, chemical characteristics, and fatty acid profile was studied. Forty dairy buffalo cows were included in the trial and divided into two [...] Read more.
The influence of replacing silage with sorghum silage in the diet of dairy buffalo cows on metabolic status and on milk yield, chemical characteristics, and fatty acid profile was studied. Forty dairy buffalo cows were included in the trial and divided into two homogeneous groups (SS, sorghum silage and CS, corn silage). Blood was collected at the end of the trial (120 days), individual milk yield was registered daily. Samples of milk were monthly collected and analyzed for fat, protein, and lactose. Moreover, fatty acid profiles of silages and milk were determined. Buffalo cows fed sorghum silage showed an average milk yield higher than group CS (kg/d 10.120 vs. 9.270; p < 0.05), probably due to the lower lignin content of sorghum silage (31.0 g/kg dry matter (DM)) compared to corn silage (47.0 g/kg DM) and, by consequence, to the higher digestibility of SS diet. The percentage of linoleic acid was significantly higher in milk of group CS (C18:2: 1.27 vs. 2.05%; p < 0.01) due to the higher content of these acids in corn than in sorghum silage. The omega 6/omega 3 ratio was significantly lower in milk from buffalo cows fed sorghum than those fed corn silage (7.8 vs. 12.9; p < 0.01). Serum biochemistry showed no negative effects of the corn replacing with sorghum. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)

Review

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16 pages, 1108 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Probiotic Application in Animal Health and Nutrition: A Review
by Sarayu Bhogoju and Samuel Nahashon
Agriculture 2022, 12(2), 304; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture12020304 - 21 Feb 2022
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 9518
Abstract
Biotechnological advances in animal health and nutrition continue to play a significant role in the improvement of animal health, growth, and production performance. These biotechnological advancements, especially the use of direct-fed microbials, also termed probiotics, those genetically modified and otherwise, have minimized many [...] Read more.
Biotechnological advances in animal health and nutrition continue to play a significant role in the improvement of animal health, growth, and production performance. These biotechnological advancements, especially the use of direct-fed microbials, also termed probiotics, those genetically modified and otherwise, have minimized many challenges facing livestock production around the world. Such advancements result in healthy animals and animal products, such as meat, for a growing population worldwide. Increasing demand for productivity, healthy animals, and consumer food safety concerns, especially those emanating from excessive use of antibiotics or growth promoters, are a driving force for investing in safer alternatives, such as probiotics. The advent of vastly diverse pathogens and bacterial organisms, some of which have acquired antimicrobial resistance due to therapeutic use of these antibiotics, has had a negative impact on the animal and food industries. Probiotics have been chosen as substitutes to counter this excessive use of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. Over the last decade, probiotics have gained recognition, increased in importance, and stimulated growing interest in the animal health and nutrition industry. Probiotics are considered to be favorable live microorganisms by the host organism by maintaining microbial homeostasis and healthy gut, and can be a viable alternative to antibiotics in addition to providing other growth-promoting properties. Even though various studies describe the modes of action of probiotics, more research is needed to illuminate the exact mechanism of action of probiotics and how they benefit the host. This review describes the importance of probiotics in animal health, nutrition, and in growth and production performance. It also provides a thorough review of recent advances in probiotics research and application in animal health and nutrition and future directions on probiotic research to enhance animal performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
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19 pages, 706 KiB  
Review
By-Product Feeds: Current Understanding and Future Perspectives
by Kaili Yang, Yiqing Qing, Qifang Yu, Xiaopeng Tang, Gang Chen, Rejun Fang and Hu Liu
Agriculture 2021, 11(3), 207; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11030207 - 03 Mar 2021
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6178
Abstract
Recently, industrial and agricultural by-products, resulting from crops, fruit and vegetable processing which can be used in animal diets have become a hot topic in the animal feed industry. This review focuses on the agro-industry by-products as feeds, not only for the nutritional [...] Read more.
Recently, industrial and agricultural by-products, resulting from crops, fruit and vegetable processing which can be used in animal diets have become a hot topic in the animal feed industry. This review focuses on the agro-industry by-products as feeds, not only for the nutritional values, but also for their nutricine contribution. In this review, we described the chemical composition of some by-products as feeds and their limiting factors in animal feeding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Innovation in the Nutritional Quality and Technologies of Animal Feed)
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