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Agronomy
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Resilience in Soils and Land Use
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Resilience in Soils and Land Use

A special issue of Agronomy (ISSN 2073-4395). This special issue belongs to the section "Soil and Plant Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 September 2022) | Viewed by 24712

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Antonio Miguel Martínez-Graña

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Guest Editor
Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Salamanca, Plaza Merced s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
Interests: applied geomorphology; remote sensing and GIS; environmental geology; geomorphology and geological risk
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The characteristics of a soil (texture, structure, etc.) and its qualities (vulnerability, fertility, etc.) condition, from the environmental point of view, the geophysical, biotic, landscape and socioeconomic environment of each territory. Currently, studies on land use in territorial planning are of interest, the purpose of which was previously to analyze the aptitude of each type of land for a specific use, based on its ability to assume impacts and the potential that the land may have had. The analysis of erosive risks constitutes a parameter to take into account in said management.

The scientific community, given the enormous social interest in monitoring and controlling the environment, is developing methodologies that allow such control that is more efficient. One of the environmental factors to consider is the soil, which constitutes the support for life and is one of the basic natural elements, which is evident in the European Soil Charter, of the Council of Europe, which says, in its First point: “The soil is one of the most precious goods of Humanity. It allows the life of plants, animals and man on the surface of the Earth”. This European charter also highlights the scarcity and fragility of the edaphic resource, indicating that it must be protected through a greater effort in scientific research and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure the rational use and conservation of soil.

Due to the consideration of soil as a nonrenewable resource due to its regeneration time scale, the need to delve into the study of the importance of soils in the uses of the territory and the effects of soil degradation and erosive risks is established, due to concerns raised worldwide by desertification problems, stating that desertification precedes desertification. Considering the millions of hectares of arable land area, taking into account that a large part must be subtracted due to fallow situations, we would have 0.39 Ha/inhabitant if we consider a population of 40 million, which indicates that there is already a soil deficit, so the erosive processes, desertification and population growth make the situation worse.

Prof. Dr. Antonio Martinez Graña
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Agronomy is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • soil quality
  • soil and biodiversity
  • soil and geodiversity
  • soil–water ratio
  • erosion risks
  • land use planning
  • edaphic resilience and crops
  • agronomy and habitats
  • agronomy and vegetation
  • environmental economics and edaphic productivity
  • environmental impact in edaphology
  • edaphological heritage
  • soil modeling and mapping

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 2320 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Erosional Transformation of Soil Cover on the Stability of Soil Aggregates within Young Hummocky Moraine Landscapes in Northern Poland
by Hanna Radziuk and Marcin Świtoniak
Agronomy 2022, 12(11), 2595; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy12112595 - 22 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2220
Abstract
Aggregate stability is a crucial factor in predicting the development of the erosion process, and it is particularly important in landscapes with high heterogeneity of soil cover, such as young hummocky moraine uplands. The objective of the presented work was to estimate the [...] Read more.
Aggregate stability is a crucial factor in predicting the development of the erosion process, and it is particularly important in landscapes with high heterogeneity of soil cover, such as young hummocky moraine uplands. The objective of the presented work was to estimate the influence of erosion on the properties of aggregates and analyze the variation of aggregate stability under different erosion-related alterations of soil cover. The conducted research indicates that erosion has led to a deterioration of the quality of soil structure in the upper parts of the slopes, which in turn may intensify the slope processes leading to faster truncation of the pedons. Both the differentiation of the soils themselves and the stability of the aggregates were very strongly linked to erosive transformations. The tops of the hills and the upper parts of the slopes are covered with completely or strongly eroded soils in which the aggregates have the least favorable characteristics. Due to the smallest amount of humus and the highest clay content, the soils have the largest share of soil clods, which are aggregates larger than 7 mm that may have formed in dry conditions (soil drought). The plow horizons of most eroded Eutric Regosols and strongly eroded Luvisols have very poor water resistance, similar to that of the subsoils. The main factor determining the low aggregate stability of Eutric Regosols is the number of secondary carbonates that lead to a rise in soil dispersion. Strongly eroded Haplic Luvisols have a low resistance to water due to relatively high clay content (20–26 percent). The higher stability of aggregates in soils with colluvial materials (Albic Luvisols, Mollic Gleysols, Endogleic Phaeozems) depends mainly on soil organic carbon content. The results showed the necessity for adaptation of land management practices to real condition and heterogeneity of soil cover. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience in Soils and Land Use)
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18 pages, 6271 KiB  
Article
From Spatial Characterisation to Prediction Maps of the Naturally Occurring Radioactivity in Groundwaters Intended for Human Consumption of Duero Basin, Castilla y León (Spain)
by David Borrego-Alonso, Antonio M. Martínez-Graña, Begoña Quintana and Juan Carlos Lozano
Agronomy 2022, 12(9), 2059; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy12092059 - 29 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1212
Abstract
According to the European Council Directive 51/2013 EURATOM, the radionuclide content in human consumption waters must comply with the stated recommendations to ensure the protection of public health. The radiological characterisation assessed in Laboratorio de Radiaciones Ionizantes y Datación of Universidad de Salamanca, [...] Read more.
According to the European Council Directive 51/2013 EURATOM, the radionuclide content in human consumption waters must comply with the stated recommendations to ensure the protection of public health. The radiological characterisation assessed in Laboratorio de Radiaciones Ionizantes y Datación of Universidad de Salamanca, in more than 400 groundwater samples gathered from intakes intended for human consumption from the Castilla y León region (Spain), has provided worthwhile data for evaluating the spatial distribution of the radioactivity content in the Duero basin. For this purpose, geostatistical exploration and interpolation analysis, using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method, was performed. The IDW prediction maps showed higher radioactivity occurrence in western and southern areas of the study region, mainly related to the mineralogical influence of the igneous and metamorphosed outcroppings in the Cenozoic sediments that formed the porous detritic aquifers of the Duero basin edges. The hydraulic characteristics promote the distribution of these radioactivity levels towards the centre of the basin as a consequence of the unconfined nature of the aquifers. Prediction maps provide a worthwhile tool that can be used for better planning and managing of groundwater monitoring programmes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience in Soils and Land Use)
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16 pages, 1680 KiB  
Article
Soil Chemical Properties and Trace Elements after Wildfire in Mediterranean Croatia: Effect of Severity, Vegetation Type and Time-Since-Fire
by Iva Hrelja, Ivana Šestak, Domina Delač, Paulo Pereira and Igor Bogunović
Agronomy 2022, 12(7), 1515; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy12071515 - 24 Jun 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2044
Abstract
Natural landscapes in the Mediterranean ecosystem have experienced extensive changes over the last two centuries due to wildfire activity. Resulting interactions between climatic warming, vegetation species, soil natural, and meteorological condition before and after a wildfire create substantial abrupt landscape alterations. This study [...] Read more.
Natural landscapes in the Mediterranean ecosystem have experienced extensive changes over the last two centuries due to wildfire activity. Resulting interactions between climatic warming, vegetation species, soil natural, and meteorological condition before and after a wildfire create substantial abrupt landscape alterations. This study investigates the evolution (2 days, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after a fire) of topsoil (0–5 cm) chemical properties in burned Cambisols (Zadar County, Croatia) with respect to different wildfire severities (HS—high severity, MS—medium severity, C—unburned) and vegetation species (Quercus pubescens Willd. and Juniperus communis L.). Soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), calcium carbonates (CaCO3), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total sulphur (TS), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were significantly higher in HS than in MS and C. Total soil potassium (TK), Fe and Ni were significantly higher in C than in HS. The increase of TOC and TN was more pronounced in Quercus p. than Juniperus c., especially in the first three months. Soil pH, EC, CaCO3, TOC, TN, and TS were most affected by wildfire severity. The distinction between C, MS and HS categories was less visible 9 and 12 months post-fire, indicating the start of the recovery of the soil system. Post-fire management and temporal recovery of the soil system should consider the obvious difference in soil disturbance under HS and MS between vegetation species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience in Soils and Land Use)
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17 pages, 11592 KiB  
Article
A Flood Mapping Method for Land Use Management in Small-Size Water Bodies: Validation of Spectral Indexes and a Machine Learning Technique
by Lorena Lombana and Antonio Martínez-Graña
Agronomy 2022, 12(6), 1280; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy12061280 - 26 May 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1629
Abstract
The assessment of flood disasters is considered an essential factor in land use management, being necessary to understand and define the magnitude of past events. In this regard, several flood diagnoses have been developed using Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery, especially in large water bodies. [...] Read more.
The assessment of flood disasters is considered an essential factor in land use management, being necessary to understand and define the magnitude of past events. In this regard, several flood diagnoses have been developed using Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery, especially in large water bodies. However, one of the main challenges is still related to floods, where water surfaces have sizes similar to the spatial resolution of the analyzed satellite images, being difficult to detect and map. Therefore, the present study developed a combined methodology for flood mapping in small-sized water bodies using Sentinel-2 MSI imagery. The method consisted of evaluating the effectiveness of the application and combination of (a) a super-resolution algorithm to improve image resolution, (b) a set of seven spectral indices for highlighting water-covered areas, such as AWE indices, and (c) two methods for flood mapping, including a machine learning method based on unsupervised classification (EM cluster) and 14 thresholding methods for automatic determination. The processes were evaluated in the Carrión River, Palencia, Spain. It was determined that the approach with the best results in flood mapping was the one that combined AWE spectral indices with methods such as Huang and Wang, Li and Tam, Otsu, moment preservation, and EM cluster classification, showing global accuracy and Kappa coefficient values higher than 0.88 and 0.75, respectively, when applying the quantitative accuracy index. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience in Soils and Land Use)
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17 pages, 1321 KiB  
Article
Food and Medicinal Uses of Ancestral Andean Grains in the Districts of Quinua and Acos Vinchos (Ayacucho-Peru)
by Roberta Brita Anaya, Eusebio De La Cruz, Luz María Muñoz-Centeno, Reynán Cóndor, Roxana León and Roxana Carhuaz
Agronomy 2022, 12(5), 1014; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy12051014 - 23 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1954
Abstract
Andean grains are key elements in the construction of family production systems. These seeds speak of the history of a people, their customs and ancestral knowledge. The general objective of the work was to evaluate the food use, crop management and traditional knowledge [...] Read more.
Andean grains are key elements in the construction of family production systems. These seeds speak of the history of a people, their customs and ancestral knowledge. The general objective of the work was to evaluate the food use, crop management and traditional knowledge about the medicinal use of ancestral Andean grains among the inhabitants of the districts of Quinua and Acos Vinchos (Ayacucho-Peru). Basic descriptive research, carried out by means of convenience sampling, the sample size determined by the Law of Diminishing Returns, after signing an informed consent form. Semi-structured individual interviews were applied to 96 informants. A total of 96.9% of the informants reported that they obtained quinoa grain from their own crops, and 24.0% obtained achita grain that they sowed directly on their land; no cañihua was cultivated. A total of 58.3% use quinoa and achita in their diet. The variability of the food use of ancestral grains, specifically quinoa and achita, constitute a natural source of vegetable protein of high nutritional value, which represents one of the main foods of the inhabitants of Quinua and Acos Vinchos. Traditional medicine derived from the ancestral knowledge of Andean grains is barely preserved, but this is not the case for other medicinal plants in the area, as this knowledge is still preserved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience in Soils and Land Use)
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20 pages, 6147 KiB  
Article
Assessing Soil Organic Carbon, Soil Nutrients and Soil Erodibility under Terraced Paddy Fields and Upland Rice in Northern Thailand
by Noppol Arunrat, Sukanya Sereenonchai, Praeploy Kongsurakan and Ryusuke Hatano
Agronomy 2022, 12(2), 537; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy12020537 - 21 Feb 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2871
Abstract
Terracing is the oldest technique for water and soil conservation on natural hilly slopes. In Northern Thailand, terraced paddy fields were constructed long ago, but scientific questions remain on how terraced paddy fields and upland rice (non-terraced) differ for soil organic carbon (SOC) [...] Read more.
Terracing is the oldest technique for water and soil conservation on natural hilly slopes. In Northern Thailand, terraced paddy fields were constructed long ago, but scientific questions remain on how terraced paddy fields and upland rice (non-terraced) differ for soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, soil nutrients and soil erodibility. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate and compare SOC stocks, soil nutrients and soil erodibility between terraced paddy fields and upland rice at Ban Pa Bong Piang, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Topsoil (0–10 cm) was collected from terraced paddies and upland rice fields after harvest. Results showed that SOC stocks were 21.84 and 21.61 Mg·C·ha−1 in terraced paddy and upland rice fields, respectively. There was no significant difference in soil erodibility between terraced paddies (range 0.2261–0.2893 t·h·MJ−1·mm−1) and upland rice (range 0.2238–0.2681 t·h·MJ−1·mm−1). Most soil nutrients (NH4-N, NO3-N, available K, available Ca and available Mg) in the terraced paddy field were lower than those in the upland rice field. It was hypothesized that the continuous water flows from plot-to-plot until lowermost plot caused dissolved nutrients to be washed and removed from the flat surface, leading to a short period for accumulating nutrients into the soil. An increase in soil erodibility was associated with decreasing SOC stock at lower toposequence points. This study suggested that increasing SOC stock is the best strategy to minimize soil erodibility of both cropping systems, while proper water management is crucial for maintaining soil nutrients in the terraced paddy field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience in Soils and Land Use)
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19 pages, 3018 KiB  
Article
Considerations on Field Methodology for Macrofungi Studies in Fragmented Forests of Mediterranean Agricultural Landscapes
by Abel Fernández Ruiz, David Rodríguez de la Cruz, José Luis Vicente Villardón, Sergio Sánchez Durán, Prudencio García Jiménez and José Sánchez Sánchez
Agronomy 2022, 12(2), 528; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy12020528 - 20 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2813
Abstract
The methodology used for the determination of macrofungal diversity in Mediterranean areas differs in the time of sampling and the number of years displayed, making it difficult to compare results. Furthermore, the results could be refuted because the studies are being conducted over [...] Read more.
The methodology used for the determination of macrofungal diversity in Mediterranean areas differs in the time of sampling and the number of years displayed, making it difficult to compare results. Furthermore, the results could be refuted because the studies are being conducted over an insufficient number of years or without considering the variation of the meteorological conditions from one year to the next and its effects on fruiting time, which might not fit the sampling. In order to optimize field work on fungal fruiting in Mediterranean environments dominated by holm oak (Quercus ilex L.), a weekly field analysis of macrofungal diversity from February 2009 to June 2013 was carried out in a Mediterranean holm oak forest in the middle-west of the Iberian Peninsula. The results revealed that fruiting bodies appeared throughout the year and that there was a delay in autumn fruiting, overlapping with spring. All this seems to indicate that weekly collection throughout the year and for a period of two years could be sufficient to estimate the macrofungal biodiversity of this ecosystem. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience in Soils and Land Use)
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21 pages, 14761 KiB  
Article
Mapping the Risk of Water Soil Erosion in Larrodrigo (Salamanca, Spain) Using the RUSLE Model and A-DInSAR Technique
by Antonio Martínez-Graña, Jerymy Carrillo, Lorena Lombana, Marco Criado and Carlos Palacios
Agronomy 2021, 11(11), 2120; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11112120 - 22 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1872
Abstract
The quantification of soil loss are studies driven by the importance of soil as a resource and are mainly due to risks of laminar and/or runoff water erosion. These problems directly affect the daily life of the population and serve as predictors of [...] Read more.
The quantification of soil loss are studies driven by the importance of soil as a resource and are mainly due to risks of laminar and/or runoff water erosion. These problems directly affect the daily life of the population and serve as predictors of environmental effects. In this work, the quantification and calculation of the sheet water erosion caused mainly by rainfall has been carried out in a study area located in the municipality of Larrodrigo (Salamanca, Spain), based on the simultaneous application of the RUSLE model with GIS techniques. Thematic cartographies have been generated to determine soil loss in Tm/Ha/year and mm/year based on the use of parameters of the physical environment (lithology, rainfall, slopes…) where the erosive risk is quantified and its applicability to the study area by spatio-temporal extrapolation techniques. Simultaneously, the use of the A-DInSAR technique was implemented to calculate average ground deformation velocities in mm/year associated with water erosion. Two sectors with greater vulnerability to water erosion have been detected within the area of interest: one of them called main, which corresponds to the slopes near the Larrodrigo stream, with soil losses showing values of 0.3- > 12 mm/year, and a secondary sector belonging to the tributaries or channels derived from the mainstream with values of 0.3- > 12 mm/year. This type of study makes it possible to manage and organise human support practicesin order to subsequently establish measures that can prevent, mitigate and/or correct those areas with the greatest damage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience in Soils and Land Use)
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15 pages, 4957 KiB  
Article
Multitemporal Analysis of Land Use Changes and Their Effect on the Landscape of the Jerte Valley (Spain) by Remote Sensing
by Yolanda Sánchez Sánchez, Antonio Martínez Graña, Fernando Santos-Francés, Joan Leandro Reyes Ramos and Marco Criado
Agronomy 2021, 11(8), 1470; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11081470 - 24 Jul 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1823
Abstract
In recent years, the interest of institutions in land use has increased, creating the need to determine the changes in use through spatial-temporal and statistical analysis. This study analyzes the changes over the last 40 years, based on a cartography of landscape units [...] Read more.
In recent years, the interest of institutions in land use has increased, creating the need to determine the changes in use through spatial-temporal and statistical analysis. This study analyzes the changes over the last 40 years, based on a cartography of landscape units obtained from the study of geo-environmental parameters in the Jerte Valley (Spain) with satellite images, Landsat 5 and 7. Subsequently, through the analysis of spatial patterns and diversity and fragmentation indices, and with the Fragstat software, the landscape was characterized from 1994 to the present. The results show that wooded areas decreased slightly, crops increased in altitude and major environmental disturbances (mainly forest fires) negatively affected the environmental mosaic. Land uses affect the landscape by developing larger tesserae (+5 ha), which are less fragmented (−0.15), but more isolated (0.12). This study demonstrates that landscape metrics can be used to understand changes in spatial pattern, help in decision making to implement appropriate management measures in the conservation of traditional land uses, and allow the maintenance of connecting areas between fragments to avoid the loss of natural corridors to increase landscape quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience in Soils and Land Use)
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13 pages, 8408 KiB  
Article
Remote Sensing Calculation of the Influence of Wildfire on Erosion in High Mountain Areas
by Yolanda Sánchez Sánchez, Antonio Martínez Graña and Fernando Santos- Francés
Agronomy 2021, 11(8), 1459; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11081459 - 22 Jul 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2015
Abstract
Soil erosion is one of the most important environmental problems of the moment, especially in areas affected by wildfires. In this paper, we study pre-fire and post-fire erosion using remote sensing techniques with Sentinel-2 satellite images and LiDAR. The Normalized Burn Ratio is [...] Read more.
Soil erosion is one of the most important environmental problems of the moment, especially in areas affected by wildfires. In this paper, we study pre-fire and post-fire erosion using remote sensing techniques with Sentinel-2 satellite images and LiDAR. The Normalized Burn Ratio is used to determine the areas affected by the fire that occurred on 18 August 2016 in the Natural Reserve of Garganta de los Infiernos (Cáceres). To calculate the erosion, the multi-criteria analysis is carried out from the RUSLE. Once all calculations were performed, there was a considerable increase in sediment production from 16 June 2016 (pre-fire) with an erosion of 31 T/ha·year to 16 June 2017 of 74 T/ha·year for areas of moderate fire severity, and an increase from 11 T/ha·year in 2016 to 70 T/ha·year for areas with a very high severity. From the NDVI, it was possible to verify that this also affected the recovery of post-fire vegetation, decreasing the NDVI index 0.36 in areas of moderate severity and 0.53 in areas of very high severity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience in Soils and Land Use)
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16 pages, 8285 KiB  
Article
Improving the Management of a Semi-Arid Agricultural Ecosystem through Digital Mapping of Soil Properties: The Case of Salamanca (Spain)
by Marco Criado, Antonio Martínez-Graña, Fernando Santos-Francés and Leticia Merchán
Agronomy 2021, 11(6), 1189; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11061189 - 10 Jun 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2108
Abstract
Soil protection and the increase and intensification of agricultural production require detailed knowledge of soil properties and their variability. On the other hand, the complexity associated with traditional soil mapping processes can lead to the implementation of inappropriate agricultural practices that degrade this [...] Read more.
Soil protection and the increase and intensification of agricultural production require detailed knowledge of soil properties and their variability. On the other hand, the complexity associated with traditional soil mapping processes can lead to the implementation of inappropriate agricultural practices that degrade this resource. Therefore, it is necessary to use mapping techniques to provide more detailed information to farmers and managers. In this study, the geostatistical technique ordinary kriging was used to map the distribution of the most important edaphic properties (texture, nutrients content -N, P, K-, pH, organic carbon, water retention, COLE, carbonate content, and cation exchange capacity) from known sampled points, which allows inferring the value and distribution of the different edaphic parameters studied along the agricultural fields. The results obtained show after validation that the analysis of semivariograms is suitable for evaluating the distribution of the main soil parameters on a large scale, since it faithfully reflects their distribution and makes the ordinary kriging tool a suitable method for optimizing the resources available in soil mapping processes. In addition, the knowledge of these distributions made it possible to establish different recommendations for improving the management of the agricultural ecosystem, which will guarantee a higher agricultural yield as well as a better protection of the analyzed soils. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience in Soils and Land Use)
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