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Deslorelin Implant: An Ethical and Medical Option in Small Animal...
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Deslorelin Implant: An Ethical and Medical Option in Small Animal Medicine

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Clinical Studies".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (5 December 2022) | Viewed by 20714

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Salvatore Alonge

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Società Veterinaria "il Melograno" Srl, Sesto Calende, Varese, Italy
Interests: animal reproduction and obstetrics; male and female fertility; canine prostatic disorders; ultrasound of the male and female genital tract; reproductive surgery
Dr. Monica Melandri

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Società Veterinaria "il Melograno" Srl, Sesto Calende, Varese, Italy
Interests: animal reproduction and obstetrics; internal medicine; neonatology; anaesthesia for reproductive surgery

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The use of deslorelin, a GnRH agonist, in the form of slow-release implants, represents a pivotal interest in small animal theriogenology. Many ongoing studies seek to deepen its use in reproductive control while developing new applications in several fields of veterinary medicine.

The topic of contraception and controlling unwanted reproduction has been widely discussed in the last decades. For a long time, surgical castration was considered the only alternative to achieve contraception in small animals, but many concerns about the risks and benefits of this procedure progressively arose. The ethical approach to castration became of foundational importance. The scientific community actively looked for alternative contraceptive medications. For these reasons, the first and main use of deslorelin in clinical practice was the control of male fertility and reproductive potential.

Progressively, further applications were discovered.

Nowadays, deslorelin is used in several fields of small animal medicine with different indications: medical contraception and delay of puberty in male dogs; part of medical protocols to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia in male dogs; control of testosterone-linked unwanted behaviors in male dogs and tomcats; medical castration of tomcats; estrous induction and delay of puberty in bitches; treatment of post-spaying urinary incontinence and spay-induced coat changes in bitches; treatment of some cutaneous disorders, such as alopecia X, in dogs; estrous suppression and delay of puberty in queens; contraception and treatment of adrenal disorders in ferrets; management of reproduction in wild carnivores such as lions and cheetahs; and control of reproduction, hormonal-related diseases and behaviors in exotic species, such as avian species, small mammals and reptiles. Moreover, studies on the molecular mode of action of surgical and medical castration, especially the differences regarding LH secretions and their consequences, are ongoing.

High-quality original research papers and reviews concerning the wide variety of applications and uses of deslorelin in dogs, cats and exotic species are very welcome in this Special Issue that aims to share recent findings related to animal reproduction as well as any other branch of veterinary medicine

Dr. Salvatore Alonge
Dr. Monica Melandri
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • benign prostatic hyperplasia
  • castration
  • cat
  • deslorelin
  • dog
  • exotics
  • ferret
  • FSH
  • GnRH-agonists
  • LH
  • puberty
  • tomcat

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1160 KiB  
Article
Efficacy and Safety of 4.7 mg Deslorelin Acetate Implants as a Neutering Option in Male Cats: A Large-Scale Multicentre Randomised Controlled Study
by Joana Amaral, Philippe Briantais, Christelle Fontaine and Delphine Rigaut
Animals 2023, 13(3), 379; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani13030379 - 22 Jan 2023
Viewed by 3236
Abstract
This multicenter-controlled, double-masked randomized European study was conduc-ted to confirm both the efficacy and safety of a deslorelin implant in controlling fertility and sexual behavior in a large population of tom cats over a 12-month period. Among the 225 screened individuals, a total [...] Read more.
This multicenter-controlled, double-masked randomized European study was conduc-ted to confirm both the efficacy and safety of a deslorelin implant in controlling fertility and sexual behavior in a large population of tom cats over a 12-month period. Among the 225 screened individuals, a total of 205 privately owned indoor intact male cats, aged 3 months of age or older, were randomly allocated to a deslorelin implant (n = 154) or to a negative control group (n = 51). After the screening visit performed between day (D)-14 and D-7, six additional visits were sche-duled on D0, D45, D93, D186, D279 and D372. Effects on testosterone, sexual behaviors, penile spines, testicular volume and intact male cat urine odor were assessed at every visit under masked conditions as regards to the treatment group. In addition, phone calls from the investigators to the owners were scheduled on D7 and then on a monthly basis whenever no visit was scheduled. Success was defined as an individual serum testosterone concentration below or equal to 0.10 ng/mL and was 77.9% at D45, 83.1% at D93, 84.4% at D186 and D279, and 61.7% at D372 in the deslorelin group, and 3.9% at D45, 5.9% at D93, 3.9% at D186, 7.8% at D279 and 3.9% at D372 in the negative control group. Testing for superiority was made stepwise from D45 to D372 upwards; the difference in success rates was significant from D45 to D372 (p < 0.001 for each time point). The mean testosterone concentration dropped from baseline in the deslorelin group, remaining below the set threshold of 0.1 ng/mL until D372. From D7 onwards, the mean sum score for sexual behaviors (including vocalization, urine marking, aggression and intact male cat urine odor) was significantly lower at each observation time point in the deslorelin group compared to the control group, where no decrease in scores was observed. The mean percent change to baseline of the testicular volume and the percentage of cats with a decreased visibility and adult appearance of penile spines were significantly lower in the deslorelin group as soon as D45. No relevant safety concerns were reported during the course of the study. The deslorelin implant Suprelorin® 4.7 mg (Virbac, Carros, France) is a safe and effective neutering option, inducing infertility over a 12-month period when administered to intact male cats aged between 3 months of age and 11 years of age. The implants also successfully reduced sexual behaviors (i.e., vocalization, urine marking, aggression), intact male cat urine odor, testicular volume and penile spine score for 1 year (372 ± 5 days). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deslorelin Implant: An Ethical and Medical Option in Small Animal Medicine)
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11 pages, 6751 KiB  
Article
Serum Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels and Estrous Monitoring of GnRH Agonist Deslorelin-Induced Estrus in Bitches: A Pilot Study
by Sroisuda Chotimanukul, Sandra Goericke-Pesch, Junpen Suwimonteerabutr, Jinda Singlor, Ekkaphot Sangkrachang, Padet Tummaruk and Suppawiwat Ponglowhapan
Animals 2023, 13(2), 258; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani13020258 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1710
Abstract
This study was performed to monitor estrous patterns and, more importantly, changes in anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations during the peri-ovulatory period in deslorelin-induced estrous bitches. Healthy anestrous bitches (n = 4) were used. Estrus and ovulation were monitored after deslorelin implantation. Blood [...] Read more.
This study was performed to monitor estrous patterns and, more importantly, changes in anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations during the peri-ovulatory period in deslorelin-induced estrous bitches. Healthy anestrous bitches (n = 4) were used. Estrus and ovulation were monitored after deslorelin implantation. Blood samples were collected for analysis of progesterone, estradiol-17ß and AMH concentrations before implantation (day 0) and on days 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 22 after implantation. Six days following treatment, all bitches showed estrus signs. Ovulation took place between days 12 and 15. Circulating AMH concentrations varied among bitches from 0.12 to 3.08 ng/mL. However, no significant differences in AMH levels (mean ± SD) were observed between day 0 and days following post-implantation (p > 0.05). There were no significant correlations between AMH and estradiol or AMH and progesterone (p > 0.05). Ultrasonographically, the number of clearly identifiable ovarian follicles was higher before ovulation and the area of ovaries increased after ovulation (p < 0.05). Except for AMH, changes in vaginal cytology, estradiol-17ß and progesterone levels observed in our study were similar to naturally occurring estrus. Large intra- and inter-individual variation in AMH were observed suggesting that AMH is currently not suitable as a canine fertility marker to monitor ovarian response to deslorelin treatment for estrus induction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deslorelin Implant: An Ethical and Medical Option in Small Animal Medicine)
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12 pages, 439 KiB  
Article
Efficacy and Safety of 4.7 mg Deslorelin Acetate Implants in Suppressing Oestrus Cycle in Prepubertal Female Dogs
by Aymeric Gontier, Myriam Youala, Christelle Fontaine, Elsa Raibon, Sandrine Fournel, Philippe Briantais and Delphine Rigaut
Animals 2022, 12(24), 3504; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani12243504 - 12 Dec 2022
Viewed by 2331
Abstract
Our multicentric, masked, controlled and randomised study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of Suprelorin® 4.7 mg (Virbac, Carros, France) regarding oestrus prevention in prepubertal intact bitches. Twelve- to eighteen-week-old females (n = 83) were allocated either a deslorelin implant (n [...] Read more.
Our multicentric, masked, controlled and randomised study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of Suprelorin® 4.7 mg (Virbac, Carros, France) regarding oestrus prevention in prepubertal intact bitches. Twelve- to eighteen-week-old females (n = 83) were allocated either a deslorelin implant (n = 62) or 0.9% sodium chloride (n = 21) group. Clinical assessment (heat signs), 17β oestradiol and progesterone assays, and vaginal cytology were performed at day (D)0, D7, D21, month (M)3 and M6 after product administration, and were then performed every other month until reaching puberty. Trained owners assessed heat signs between each veterinary visit. All bitches (n = 83) reached puberty before M30. Deslorelin significantly extended the median time to sexual maturity when compared to the control group (377 days versus 217 days after D0, p < 0.0001). Three females, implanted between 16 and 18 weeks of age, expressed an induced oestrus. Additional descriptive data, collected over a 24 month-period, showed functional reproductive abilities in both deslorelin (n = 52) and control (n = 21) groups once puberty was achieved. In conclusion, Suprelorin® 4.7 mg seems to be an effective and safe option for postponing the onset of oestrus when administered to prepubertal female dogs aged from 12 to 16 weeks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deslorelin Implant: An Ethical and Medical Option in Small Animal Medicine)
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19 pages, 7223 KiB  
Article
What Happens in Male Dogs after Treatment with a 4.7 mg Deslorelin Implant? II. Recovery of Testicular Function after Implant Removal
by Sabrina Stempel, Hanna Körber, Larena Reifarth, Gerhard Schuler and Sandra Goericke-Pesch
Animals 2022, 12(19), 2545; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani12192545 - 23 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2021
Abstract
Although deslorelin slow-release implants are widely used in the clinic, detailed published information about the recovery of testosterone concentrations (T), semen quality, and testicular and prostatic volume (TV, PV) after treatment is still missing. This article aims to characterize changes during restart after [...] Read more.
Although deslorelin slow-release implants are widely used in the clinic, detailed published information about the recovery of testosterone concentrations (T), semen quality, and testicular and prostatic volume (TV, PV) after treatment is still missing. This article aims to characterize changes during restart after a five-months treatment and subsequent implant removal. Seven male Beagle dogs were treated with deslorelin (treatment group, TG), and three saline-treated dogs served as controls (CG). Deslorelin implants were removed after five months (D ex), followed by detailed andrological examinations for TV, PV, semen collection, and blood sampling for T-analysis with/without GnRH/hCG stimulation tests. TV, PV, and T increased rapidly after D ex in TG, not differing from CG from D91 (TV), D49 (PV), and D14 (T). The first sperm-containing ejaculates were collected between D49 and 70, whereas the samples were normospermic between D84 and 133. A T increase (>0.1 ng/mL) subsequent to the GnRH/hCG stimulation test was observed from D28/29 onwards, respectively. Histological assessment of testicular tissue at the end of the observational period (D149 after implant removal) revealed normal spermatogenesis. Our data confirm that the restart of endocrine and germinative testicular function is highly variable, but nevertheless, all of the effects induced were reversible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deslorelin Implant: An Ethical and Medical Option in Small Animal Medicine)
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26 pages, 5408 KiB  
Article
What Happens in Male Dogs after Treatment with a 4.7 mg Deslorelin Implant? I. Flare up and Downregulation
by Sabrina Stempel, Hanna Körber, Larena Reifarth, Gerhard Schuler and Sandra Goericke-Pesch
Animals 2022, 12(18), 2379; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani12182379 - 12 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2766
Abstract
Although registered since 2007, knowledge about changes in testosterone concentrations (T), testicular and prostatic volumes (TV, PV) and semen quality, as well as the time point of infertility following treatment with a 4.7 mg deslorelin (DES) slow-release implant, is limited. Therefore, seven sexually [...] Read more.
Although registered since 2007, knowledge about changes in testosterone concentrations (T), testicular and prostatic volumes (TV, PV) and semen quality, as well as the time point of infertility following treatment with a 4.7 mg deslorelin (DES) slow-release implant, is limited. Therefore, seven sexually mature male dogs were treated with DES (TG); three male dogs treated with saline served as controls (CG). The study assessed local tolerance, TV, PV, semen parameters and T subsequent to GnRH/hCG stimulation in regular intervals. Local tolerance was good. In TG, T was increased right after treatment, but decreased four hours afterwards. Subsequently, TV, PV, semen quality and T decreased over time in TG, but not CG. T was basal (≤0.1 ng/mL) from D28 onwards. Response to GnRH/hCG stimulation was variable, with two TG dogs having increased T post-stimulation on all study days independent of pre-treatment concentrations. A(zoo)spermia in TG was observed from D35–D77 in all seven dogs. Whereas treatment was still effective in six TG dogs five months after implant insertion, it was fully reversed in one dog in terms of T and spermatozoa on the last examination. These results indicate high variation in individual dogs, necessary to consider when advising dog owners. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deslorelin Implant: An Ethical and Medical Option in Small Animal Medicine)
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Review

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15 pages, 306 KiB  
Review
Prepubertal Use of Long-Term GnRH Agonists in Dogs: Current Knowledge and Recommendations
by Sabine Schäfer-Somi, Duygu Kaya and Selim Aslan
Animals 2022, 12(17), 2267; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani12172267 - 01 Sep 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2953
Abstract
The search for an alternative approach of estrus control (induction or suppression) in dogs is an important issue and the use of slow GnRH agonist-releasing implants has been the subject of frequent research in recent years. Studies to date demonstrate that the short- [...] Read more.
The search for an alternative approach of estrus control (induction or suppression) in dogs is an important issue and the use of slow GnRH agonist-releasing implants has been the subject of frequent research in recent years. Studies to date demonstrate that the short- and long-term effects of deslorelin implants applicated at different time points of the prepubertal period are similar to those of adult dogs; however, there are important differences. The age of the prepubertal bitch and the dosage appear to be the main determinants of the response to deslorelin, as well as the individual metabolism of the bitch. Recent studies reported that the deslorelin-mediated long-term delay of puberty does not have negative carry-over effects on subsequent ovarian functionality, serum steroid hormone concentrations, uterine health, and fertility; however, more molecular studies are needed to determine the effects of application time of GnRH agonists on hormone concentrations and peripheral receptor expression. Furthermore, the long-term effects of delay of puberty with deslorelin on joint health, tumor development, the immune system, and social behavior deserve further investigations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deslorelin Implant: An Ethical and Medical Option in Small Animal Medicine)

Other

Jump to: Research, Review

18 pages, 1612 KiB  
Case Report
Chronic Use of Deslorelin in Dogs: Six Cases (2005–2022)
by Stefano Romagnoli, Alice Diana, Lluis Ferré-Dolcet, Christelle Fontaine and Chiara Milani
Animals 2023, 13(2), 265; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani13020265 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4239
Abstract
Deslorelin is currently registered for the induction of temporary infertility in male dogs, male cats, male ferrets, and also prepubertal female dogs, but research has shown its usefulness for other conditions requiring chronic treatment. This paper presents six cases of dogs chronically treated [...] Read more.
Deslorelin is currently registered for the induction of temporary infertility in male dogs, male cats, male ferrets, and also prepubertal female dogs, but research has shown its usefulness for other conditions requiring chronic treatment. This paper presents six cases of dogs chronically treated with deslorelin for indications such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, control of fertility, abnormal reproductive behavior and urinary incontinence. All animals were in good health during treatment. Treatment duration was 2–9 years. No short-term side effects were observed except for flare-up reactions, which were observed only in 1/4 intact males. Two dogs developed a neoplasia: a spayed bitch treated for urinary incontinence developed a pituitary carcinoma, and an intact male dog implanted for control of fertility developed a bladder carcinoma. While the pituitary carcinoma seems unlikely to be related to deslorelin, the bladder carcinoma could be due to the neutered condition of the dog (which was treated for 9 years) as urinary tract neoplasia is more common in dogs following gonadectomy. Chronic treatment with deslorelin is regarded as safe when an animal is being treated for life. The possibility that a pause in the treatment might be helpful for the animal should be investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deslorelin Implant: An Ethical and Medical Option in Small Animal Medicine)
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