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Antibiotics
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Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital
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Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital

A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382). This special issue belongs to the section "Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Stewardship".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2020) | Viewed by 76809

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Italo Francesco Angelillo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
Interests: antibiotic use; antibiotic resistance; observational studies; qualitative research

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Unnecessary or inappropriate antibiotics are frequently prescribed in hospitals and pose a major challenge to public health as one of the leading causes of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), with its associated impact on morbidity, mortality, and costs. Hence, optimizing the use of antibiotics in hospital settings is crucial in reducing the burden of AMR. This Special Issue of Antibiotics aims to provide a forum to disseminate scientific contributions in order to improve our understanding of antibiotic use in hospital settings and of the complex relationship between healthcare professionals, patients, and contextual factors. Moreover, evidence on the impact of hospital-based antimicrobial stewardship programs as a way to improve the use of antibiotics and to prevent the development of AMR will be appreciate. I welcome contributions based on both qualitative and/or quantitative methods, and manuscripts from a broad spectrum of geographical, cultural, and clinical settings are especially encouraged. I would like to invite you to submit primary research articles as well as reviews of state-of-the-art research. All articles will be peer-reviewed to ensure that high-quality contributions are included in this Special Issue.

Prof. Italo Francesco Angelillo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antibiotics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Antimicrobial resistance
  • Antibiotic use
  • Stewardship
  • Hospital Care

Published Papers (19 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 289 KiB  
Article
Prior Antibiotic Therapy and the Onset of Healthcare-Associated Infections Sustained by Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Nested Case–Control Study
by Giuseppe Migliara, Valentina Baccolini, Claudia Isonne, Sara Cianfanelli, Carolina Di Paolo, Annamaria Mele, Lorenza Lia, Angelo Nardi, Carla Salerno, Susanna Caminada, Vittoria Cammalleri, Francesco Alessandri, Guglielmo Tellan, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Mario Venditti, Francesco Pugliese, Carolina Marzuillo, Corrado De Vito, Maria De Giusti and Paolo Villari
Antibiotics 2021, 10(3), 302; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics10030302 - 15 Mar 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1980
Abstract
Epidemiological research has demonstrated direct relationships between antibiotic consumption and the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. In this nested case–control study, we assessed whether prior exposure to antibiotic therapy and its duration affect the onset of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) sustained by MDR Klebsiella [...] Read more.
Epidemiological research has demonstrated direct relationships between antibiotic consumption and the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. In this nested case–control study, we assessed whether prior exposure to antibiotic therapy and its duration affect the onset of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) sustained by MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae (MDR-Kp) in intensive care unit patients. Cases were defined as patients who developed an MDR-Kp HAI. Controls matched on sex and the length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay were randomly selected from the at-risk population. Any antibiotic agent received in systemic administration before the onset of infection was considered as antibiotic exposure. Multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the effect of prior exposure to each antibiotic class (Model 1) or its duration (Model 2) on the onset of HAIs sustained by MDR-Kp. Overall, 87 cases and 261 gender-matched controls were compared. In Model 1, aminoglycosides and linezolid independently increased the likelihood of developing an MDR-Kp HAI, whereas exposure to both linezolid and penicillins reduced the effect of linezolid alone. In Model 2, cumulative exposure to aminoglycosides increased the likelihood of the outcome, as well as cumulative exposures to penicillins and colistin, while a previous exposure to both penicillins and colistin reduced the influence of the two antibiotic classes alone. Our study confirms that aminoglycosides, penicillins, linezolid, and colistin may play a role in favoring the infections sustained by MDR-Kp. However, several double exposures in the time window before HAI onset seemed to hinder the selective pressure exerted by individual agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital)
9 pages, 265 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns and Antibiotic Use during Hospital Conversion in the COVID-19 Pandemic
by Bernardo A. Martinez-Guerra, Maria F. Gonzalez-Lara, Nereyda A. de-Leon-Cividanes, Karla M. Tamez-Torres, Carla M. Roman-Montes, Sandra Rajme-Lopez, G. Ivonne Villalobos-Zapata, Norma I. Lopez-Garcia, Areli Martínez-Gamboa, Jose Sifuentes-Osornio, Edgar Ortiz-Brizuela, Eric Ochoa-Hein, Arturo Galindo-Fraga, Miriam Bobadilla-del-Valle and Alfredo Ponce-de-León
Antibiotics 2021, 10(2), 182; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics10020182 - 11 Feb 2021
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5151
Abstract
Objective: To describe empirical antimicrobial prescription on admission in patients with severe COVID-19, the prevalence of Hospital-Acquired Infections, and the susceptibility patterns of the causing organisms. Methods: In this prospective cohort study in a tertiary care center in Mexico City, we included consecutive [...] Read more.
Objective: To describe empirical antimicrobial prescription on admission in patients with severe COVID-19, the prevalence of Hospital-Acquired Infections, and the susceptibility patterns of the causing organisms. Methods: In this prospective cohort study in a tertiary care center in Mexico City, we included consecutive patients admitted with severe COVID-19 between March 20th and June 10th and evaluated empirical antimicrobial prescription and the occurrence of HAI. Results: 794 patients with severe COVID-19 were admitted during the study period. Empiric antibiotic treatment was started in 92% of patients (731/794); the most frequent regimes were amoxicillin-clavulanate plus atypical coverage in 341 (46.6%) and ceftriaxone plus atypical coverage in 213 (29.1%). We identified 110 HAI episodes in 74/656 patients (11.3%). Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) was the most frequent HAI, in 56/110 (50.9%), followed by bloodstream infections (BSI), in 32/110 (29.1%). The most frequent cause of VAP were Enterobacteriaceae in 48/69 (69.6%), followed by non-fermenter gram-negative bacilli in 18/69 (26.1%). The most frequent cause of BSI was coagulase negative staphylococci, in 14/35 (40.0%), followed by Enterobacter complex in 7/35 (20%). Death occurred in 30/74 (40.5%) patients with one or more HAI episodes and in 193/584 (33.0%) patients without any HAI episode (p < 0.05). Conclusion: A high frequency of empiric antibiotic treatment in patients admitted with COVID-19 was seen. VAP and BSI were the most frequent hospital-acquired infections, due to Enterobacteriaceae and coagulase negative staphylococci, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital)
11 pages, 820 KiB  
Article
Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections in Geriatric Hospitalized Patients before and after the COVID-19 Outbreak: Results from a Retrospective Observational Study in Two Geriatric Wards
by Beatrice Gasperini, Antonio Cherubini, Moira Lucarelli, Emma Espinosa and Emilia Prospero
Antibiotics 2021, 10(1), 95; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics10010095 - 19 Jan 2021
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4058
Abstract
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess prevalence, etiology, and association with mortality of MDR bacteria in older adult patients before and after the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic [...] Read more.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess prevalence, etiology, and association with mortality of MDR bacteria in older adult patients before and after the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. An observational retrospective study was conducted in two geriatric wards of the Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Fano, and of the INRCA, IRCCS, Ancona, in the Marche Region, Italy, from December 2019 to February 2020 and from May to July 2020. A total of 73 patients (mean age 87.4 ± 5.9, 27.4% men) and 83 cultures (36 pre-COVID-19 and 47 post-COVID-19) were considered. Overall, 46 cultures (55.4%) reported MDR bacteria (50% in pre- and 59.6% in post-COVID-19 period, p = 0.384). MDR bacteria in bloodstream significantly increased in post-COVID-19 period (68.8% vs. 40.0% p = 0.038) and MDR bacteria in urine did not change (51.6 vs. 54.8%, p = 0.799). Escherichia coli was the main MDR bacterium in pre-COVID-19, p = 0.082 and post-COVID-19, p = 0.026. Among patients with MDR infection, in-hospital mortality was 37.5% and 68.8% in pre- and post-COVID-19, respectively (p = 0.104), and mortality at 30 days was higher in post-COVID-19 period (78.9% vs. 27.3%, p = 0.012). An increased number of MDR bacteria in bloodstream and mortality after MDR infection have been observed in the post-COVID-19 period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital)
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13 pages, 1333 KiB  
Article
Long-Term Carbapenems Antimicrobial Stewardship Program
by José Francisco García-Rodríguez, Belén Bardán-García, Pedro Miguel Juiz-González, Laura Vilariño-Maneiro, Hortensia Álvarez-Díaz and Ana Mariño-Callejo
Antibiotics 2021, 10(1), 15; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics10010015 - 26 Dec 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2894
Abstract
Objective. To evaluate clinical and antibiotic resistance impact of carbapenems stewardship programs. Methods: descriptive study, pre-post-intervention, between January 2012 and December 2019; 350-bed teaching hospital. Prospective audit and feedback to prescribers was carried out between January 2015 and December 2019. We evaluate adequacy [...] Read more.
Objective. To evaluate clinical and antibiotic resistance impact of carbapenems stewardship programs. Methods: descriptive study, pre-post-intervention, between January 2012 and December 2019; 350-bed teaching hospital. Prospective audit and feedback to prescribers was carried out between January 2015 and December 2019. We evaluate adequacy of carbapenems prescription to local guidelines and compare results between cases with accepted or rejected intervention. Analysis of antibiotic-consumption and hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant (MDR) bloodstream infections (BSIs) was performed. Results: 1432 patients were followed. Adequacy of carbapenems prescription improved from 49.7% in 2015 to 80.9% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Interventions on prescription were performed in 448 (31.3%) patients without carbapenem-justified treatment, in 371 intervention was accepted, in 77 it was not. Intervention acceptance was associated with shorter duration of all antibiotic treatment and inpatient days (p < 0.05), without differences in outcome. During the period 2015–2019, compared with 2012–2014, decreased meropenem consumption (Rate Ratio 0.58; 95%CI: 0.55–0.63), candidemia and hospital-acquired MDR BSIs rate (RR 0.62; 95%CI: 0.41–0.92, p = 0.02), and increased cefepime (RR 2; 95%CI: 1.77–2.26) and piperacillin-tazobactam consumption (RR 1.17; 95%CI: 1.11–1.24), p < 0.001. Conclusions: the decrease and better use of carbapenems achieved could have clinical and ecological impact over five years, reduce inpatient days, hospital-acquired MDR BSIs, and candidemia, despite the increase in other antibiotic-consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital)
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13 pages, 248 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial Resistance in Pathogens Isolated from Blood Cultures: A Two-Year Multicenter Hospital Surveillance Study in Italy
by Francesca Licata, Angela Quirino, Davide Pepe, Giovanni Matera, Aida Bianco and Collaborative Group
Antibiotics 2021, 10(1), 10; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics10010010 - 24 Dec 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2580
Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most concerning issues in medicine today. The objectives of this study were to investigate the AMR distribution of the blood-borne pathogens isolated over a two-year period in an Italian region. Methods: A retrospective electronic record [...] Read more.
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most concerning issues in medicine today. The objectives of this study were to investigate the AMR distribution of the blood-borne pathogens isolated over a two-year period in an Italian region. Methods: A retrospective electronic record review of laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infections (BSIs) was done, and data from three major diagnostic laboratories were used. Twelve invasive clinically important bacteria species were included in the sample. Results: During the study period, 1228 positive BSIs were collected. The most common pathogens were Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (29.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (19.1%) and Escherichia coli (15.9%). With regard to the AMR pattern, 31.7% of CoNS and 28.1% of Staphylococcus aureus were oxacillin-resistant, and almost half of the Enterococci showed resistance to high-level gentamicin. Among Gram-negative species, 11.7% of Escherichia coli and 39.5% of Klebsiella pneumoniae were carbapenem-resistant. Among the non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria, the most frequently combined AMR pattern was aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones (48.4% in A. baumannii and 14.6% in P. aeruginosa). Conclusion: The results display an alarming prevalence of AMR among hospital isolated pathogens, consistently higher than the European average. Information from surveillance systems to better characterize the trend in the incidence of AMR at local and national levels is needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital)
12 pages, 864 KiB  
Article
Effects of a Paediatric Antimicrobial Stewardship Program on Antimicrobial Use and Quality of Prescriptions in Patients with Appendix-Related Intraabdominal Infections
by Sílvia Simó, Eneritz Velasco-Arnaiz, María Ríos-Barnés, María Goretti López-Ramos, Manuel Monsonís, Mireia Urrea-Ayala, Iolanda Jordan, Ricard Casadevall-Llandrich, Daniel Ormazábal-Kirchner, Daniel Cuadras-Pallejà, Xavier Tarrado, Jordi Prat, Emília Sánchez, Antoni Noguera-Julian and Clàudia Fortuny
Antibiotics 2021, 10(1), 5; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics10010005 - 23 Dec 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2316
Abstract
The effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP) in reducing antimicrobial use (AU) in children has been proved. Many interventions have been described suitable for different institution sizes, priorities, and patients, with surgical wards being one of the areas that may benefit the most. [...] Read more.
The effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP) in reducing antimicrobial use (AU) in children has been proved. Many interventions have been described suitable for different institution sizes, priorities, and patients, with surgical wards being one of the areas that may benefit the most. We aimed to describe the results on AU and length of stay (LOS) in a pre-post study during the three years before (2014–2016) and the three years after (2017–2019) implementation of an ASP based on postprescription review with feedback in children and adolescents admitted for appendix-related intraabdominal infections (AR-IAI) in a European Referral Paediatric University Hospital. In the postintervention period, the quality of prescriptions (QP) was also evaluated. Overall, 2021 AR-IAIs admissions were included. Global AU, measured both as days of therapy/100 patient days (DOT/100PD) and length of therapy (LOT), and global LOS remained unchanged in the postintervention period. Phlegmonous appendicitis LOS (p = 0.003) and LOT (p < 0.001) significantly decreased, but not those of other AR-IAI diagnoses. The use of piperacillin–tazobactam decreased by 96% (p = 0.044), with no rebound in the use of other Gram-negative broad-spectrum antimicrobials. A quasisignificant (p = 0.052) increase in QP was observed upon ASP implementation. Readmission and case fatality rates remained stable. ASP interventions were safe, and they reduced LOS and LOT of phlegmonous appendicitis and the use of selected broad-spectrum antimicrobials, while increasing QP in children with AR-IAI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital)
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11 pages, 2193 KiB  
Article
Three-Year Trends of Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antibiotic Use in Acute Care Hospitals: Findings from 2016–2018 Point Prevalence Surveys in Sicily, Italy
by Martina Barchitta, Andrea Maugeri, Maria Clara La Rosa, Claudia La Mastra, Giuseppe Murolo and Antonella Agodi
Antibiotics 2021, 10(1), 1; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics10010001 - 22 Dec 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2285
Abstract
Repeated point prevalence surveys (PPSs) of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and antibiotic use are crucial to monitor trends over years at regional level, especially in countries with decentralized healthcare systems. Here, we reported the results of three PPSs conducted in Sicilian acute care hospitals [...] Read more.
Repeated point prevalence surveys (PPSs) of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and antibiotic use are crucial to monitor trends over years at regional level, especially in countries with decentralized healthcare systems. Here, we reported the results of three PPSs conducted in Sicilian acute care hospitals (Italy) from 2016 to 2018, according to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control protocol. Overall, prevalence of patients with at least one HAI was 5.1% in 2016, 4.7% in 2017, and 5.1% in 2018, without a significant trend over years (p = 0.434). At the patient level, the most important factor associated with HAIs was antibiotic use, since patients receiving at least one antimicrobial were more likely to be infected than those who did not receive antimicrobials (OR = 18.87; 95%CI = 13.08–27.22). The analysis of the prevalence of antibiotic use indicated a significant trend across years of the PPSs: 50.5% of patients received at least one antimicrobial agent in 2016, 55.2% in 2017, and 53.7% in 2018 (p < 0.001). The most common indication for antimicrobial prescription was medical prophylaxis, while third-generation cephalosporins represented the most frequently used class of antimicrobial agents, followed by fluoroquinolones and combinations of penicillins. Our study confirms that HAIs still remain a major public health issue, which could be intensified by antibiotic abuse. This raises the need for infection prevention and control and antibiotic stewardship programs aimed to improve knowledge about appropriate antibiotic prescription and to reduce the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital)
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11 pages, 2278 KiB  
Article
Sepsis—A Retrospective Cohort Study of Bloodstream Infections
by Biagio Santella, Veronica Folliero, Gerarda Maria Pirofalo, Enrica Serretiello, Carla Zannella, Giuseppina Moccia, Emanuela Santoro, Giuseppina Sanna, Oriana Motta, Francesco De Caro, Pasquale Pagliano, Mario Capunzo, Massimiliano Galdiero, Giovanni Boccia and Gianluigi Franci
Antibiotics 2020, 9(12), 851; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics9120851 - 28 Nov 2020
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 3524
Abstract
Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, among infectious diseases. Local knowledge of the main bacteria involved in BSIs and their associated antibiotic susceptibility patterns is essential to rationalize the empiric antimicrobial therapy. The aim of this [...] Read more.
Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, among infectious diseases. Local knowledge of the main bacteria involved in BSIs and their associated antibiotic susceptibility patterns is essential to rationalize the empiric antimicrobial therapy. The aim of this study was to define the incidence of infection and evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profile of the main pathogens involved in BSIs. This study enrolled patients of all ages and both sexes admitted to the University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, Salerno, Italy between January 2015 to December 2019. Bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed with Vitek 2. A number of 3.949 positive blood cultures were included out of 24,694 total blood cultures from 2015 to 2019. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were identified as the main bacteria that caused BSI (17.4%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (12.3%), Escherichia coli (10.9%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.4%). Gram-positive bacteria were highly resistant to Penicillin G and Oxacillin, while Gram-negative strains to Ciprofloxacin, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, and Amoxicillin-clavulanate. High susceptibility to Vancomycin, Linezolid, and Daptomycin was observed among Gram-positive strains. Fosfomycin showed the best performance to treatment Gram-negative BSIs. Our study found an increase in resistance to the latest generation of antibiotics over the years. This suggests an urgent need to improve antimicrobial management programs to optimize empirical therapy in BSI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital)
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11 pages, 1079 KiB  
Article
Safety of Nurse- and Self-Administered Paediatric Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy
by Shanthy Sriskandarajah, Brett Ritchie, Janet K. Sluggett and Jodie G. Hobbs and Karen J. Reynolds
Antibiotics 2020, 9(11), 761; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics9110761 - 30 Oct 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2041
Abstract
This study aimed to compare and contrast the safety and efficacy of nurse- and self-administered paediatric outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) models of care and to identify clinical factors associated with documented adverse events (AEs). A total of 100 OPAT episodes among children [...] Read more.
This study aimed to compare and contrast the safety and efficacy of nurse- and self-administered paediatric outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) models of care and to identify clinical factors associated with documented adverse events (AEs). A total of 100 OPAT episodes among children aged between 1 month and 18 years who were discharged from hospital and who received continuous 24 h intravenous antimicrobial therapy at home via an elastomeric infusion device were included. All documented AEs from the case notes were reviewed by a paediatrician and classified as either major or minor. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine associations between clinical factors and any AE. A total of 86 patients received 100 treatment OPAT episodes (49 self-administered, 51 nurse administered). The most commonly prescribed antimicrobial via continuous infusion was ceftazidime (25 episodes). Overall, an AE was recorded for 27 (27%) OPAT episodes. Major AEs was recorded for 15 episodes and minor AEs were reported in 14 episodes. The odds of an AE was increased in episodes with self-administration (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 6.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.44–27.15) and where the duration of vascular access was >14 days (aOR 1.08, 95%CI 1.01–1.15). Our findings suggest minor AEs may be more frequently reported when intravenous antimicrobials are self-administered via 24 h continuous infusions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital)
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11 pages, 266 KiB  
Article
Preoperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Elective Minor Surgical Procedures among Adults in Southern Italy
by Giorgia Della Polla, Aida Bianco, Silvia Mazzea, Francesco Napolitano and Italo Francesco Angelillo
Antibiotics 2020, 9(10), 713; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics9100713 - 18 Oct 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2455
Abstract
Little is known regarding the factors associated with surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) compliance in elective minor surgery. The purposes of this cross-sectional study were to identify the frequency of inappropriate SAP administration and to understand the characteristics associated with such inappropriateness in a [...] Read more.
Little is known regarding the factors associated with surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) compliance in elective minor surgery. The purposes of this cross-sectional study were to identify the frequency of inappropriate SAP administration and to understand the characteristics associated with such inappropriateness in a sample of elective minor surgical procedures. The study was performed between May and July 2019 among a random sample of patients aged 18 years and older in seven public hospitals randomly selected in the Campania and Calabria Regions of Italy. Globally, only 45% of SAP approaches were deemed completely in accordance with the evidence-based guidelines. Patients with an ordinary admission, those who underwent local anesthesia, those receiving plastic and reconstructive and ophthalmology surgery, and those who had not received a prosthetic implant were more likely to receive an appropriate SAP approach; those receiving obstetrics, gynecological, and urological surgical procedures were less likely than those who underwent abdominal, vascular, and breast surgery. The course of antibiotic prophylaxis was not consistent with the guidelines in 48.5% procedures with one or more reasons for inappropriateness. Appropriate time of the SAP administration was more frequently observed in patients who were older, those with a Charlson comorbidity index of 0, those who did not receive a prosthetic implant, and those receiving plastic and reconstructive surgery; it was less likely in patients receiving obstetrics, gynecological, and urological surgeries compared with those who underwent abdominal, vascular, and breast surgery. Aspects of SAP that need to be improved are molecule choice, time of administration, and specific surgical procedures. Hospital managers should involve surgeons and anesthesiologists in initiatives tailored to optimize SAP prescribing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital)
9 pages, 640 KiB  
Article
Risk Factors for Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacterales Infection or Colonization in a Korean Intensive Care Unit: A Case–Control Study
by Young Ah Kim, Se Ju Lee, Yoon Soo Park, Yeo Jin Lee, Jeong Hwa Yeon, Young Hee Seo and Kyungwon Lee
Antibiotics 2020, 9(10), 680; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics9100680 - 08 Oct 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2729
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to identify the factors related to the infection and/or colonization of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) based on clinical and microbiological data for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). All patients admitted to medical ICU were screened for [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study is to identify the factors related to the infection and/or colonization of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) based on clinical and microbiological data for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). All patients admitted to medical ICU were screened for CPE on admission and weekly, and this 1:2 case–control study included patients with CPE identified by screening or clinical cultures from 2017 to 2018. The clonal relatedness was evaluated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). A total of 45 CPE patients were identified with a prevalence of 3.8%. The most frequent organism was Klebsiella pneumoniae (69%) and the carbapenemases belonged to the class A Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase (KPC-2) (87%), class B New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) (11%), and Imipenemase (IMP-1) (2%) strains. The PFGE profiles showed two large clustered groups of KPC-2-producing K. pneumoniae. In the multivariate analysis, pneumonia/chronic pulmonary disease, previous fluoroquinolone use, and previous use of nasogastric tube were the significant risk factors for CPE infection or colonization in ICU-admitted patients. Critical illness and underlying medical conditions such as pneumonia/chronic pulmonary disease, antimicrobial selective pressure, and the use of a medical device are identified as risk factors for CPE infection or colonization in ICU. Person to person transmission also contributed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital)
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11 pages, 790 KiB  
Article
Current Antibiotic Resistance Trends of Uropathogens in Central Europe: Survey from a Tertiary Hospital Urology Department 2011–2019
by Jan Hrbacek, Pavel Cermak and Roman Zachoval
Antibiotics 2020, 9(9), 630; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics9090630 - 22 Sep 2020
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 3966
Abstract
Monitoring of pathogen resistance profiles is necessary to guide empirical antibiotic therapy before culture and sensitivity results become available. The aim of this study was to describe current antibiotic resistance patterns of five most frequent causative uropathogens in a Department of Urology of [...] Read more.
Monitoring of pathogen resistance profiles is necessary to guide empirical antibiotic therapy before culture and sensitivity results become available. The aim of this study was to describe current antibiotic resistance patterns of five most frequent causative uropathogens in a Department of Urology of a tertiary referral centre in Central Europe over a period of nine years. The Hospital Department of Clinical Microbiology database was used to extract data on all positive urine samples from inpatients in the Department of Urology between 2011 and 2019. Numbers of susceptible and resistant isolates per year were calculated for five most frequent uropathogens: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus spp. Antimicrobial agents selected for the survey included: ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillin/tazobactam; cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and cefepime; ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin; gentamicin and amikacin; ertapenem, meropenem and imipenem; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole), nitrofurantoin, colistin, and vancomycin. High resistance rates of Gram-negative uropathogens were demonstrated to most common antimicrobials, with statistically significant increasing or decreasing trends in some cases. No carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were isolated. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. strains were rare in our population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital)
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17 pages, 668 KiB  
Article
Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of ESKAPE Pathogens Isolated in the Emergency Department of a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Hungary: A 5-Year Retrospective Survey
by Ria Benkő, Márió Gajdács, Mária Matuz, Gabriella Bodó, Andrea Lázár, Edit Hajdú, Erika Papfalvi, Peter Hannauer, Péter Erdélyi and Zoltán Pető
Antibiotics 2020, 9(9), 624; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics9090624 - 19 Sep 2020
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 5879
Abstract
Antibiotic treatments initiated on Emergency Departments (ED) are empirical. Therefore, knowledge of local susceptibility patterns is important. Despite this, data on expected pathogens and their resistance profile are scarce from EDs internationally. The study aim was to assess the epidemiology and resistance patterns [...] Read more.
Antibiotic treatments initiated on Emergency Departments (ED) are empirical. Therefore, knowledge of local susceptibility patterns is important. Despite this, data on expected pathogens and their resistance profile are scarce from EDs internationally. The study aim was to assess the epidemiology and resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from a tertiary-care ED over 5 years, focusing on ESKAPE bacteria (including the Enterobacterales group). After removal of duplicates, n = 6887 individual bacterial isolates were recovered, out of which n = 4974 (72.22%) were ESKAPE isolates. E. coli was the most frequent isolate (2193, 44.1%), followed by the Klebsiella genus (664; 13.4%). The third most frequent isolate was S. aureus (561, 11.3%). In total, multi-drug resistance (MDR) was present in 23.8% and was most prevalent in A. baumanii (65.5%), P. mirabilis (42.7%), and K. pneumoniae (32.6%). MRSA was isolated in 19.6%, while ESBL-producing Enterobacterales in 17.7%, and these were associated with remarkably higher resistance to other antibacterials as well. Difficult-to-treat resistance (DTR) was detected in 0.5%. The frequent isolation of some ESKAPE bacteria and the detected considerable acquired resistance among ED patients raise concern. The revealed data identified problematic pathogens and will guide us to set up the optimal empiric antibiotic protocol for clinicians. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital)
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16 pages, 1502 KiB  
Article
Antibiogram, Prevalence of OXA Carbapenemase Encoding Genes, and RAPD-Genotyping of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Incriminated in Hidden Community-Acquired Infections
by Waleed El-Kazzaz, Lobna Metwally, Reham Yahia, Najwa Al-Harbi, Ayat El-Taher and Helal F. Hetta
Antibiotics 2020, 9(9), 603; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics9090603 - 15 Sep 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4302
Abstract
Acinetobacter spp. has gained fame from their ability to resist difficult conditions and their constant development of antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, susceptibility testing, OXA carbapenemase-encoding genes, and RAPD-genotyping of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii incriminated in hidden community-acquired infections [...] Read more.
Acinetobacter spp. has gained fame from their ability to resist difficult conditions and their constant development of antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, susceptibility testing, OXA carbapenemase-encoding genes, and RAPD-genotyping of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii incriminated in hidden community-acquired infections in Egypt. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was assessed phenotypically using Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Also, Modified-Hodge test (MHT) was carried out to detect the carbapenemases production. Multiplex-PCR was used to detect the carbapenemase-encoding genes. Furthermore, the genetic relationship among the isolated strains was investigated using RAPD fingerprinting. The bacteriological examination revealed that, out of 200 Gram-negative non-fermentative isolates, 44 (22%) were identified phenotypically and biochemically as Acinetobacter spp. and 23 (11.5%) were molecularly confirmed as A.baumannii. The retrieved A.baumannii strains were isolated from urine (69%), sputum (22%), and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) (9%). The isolated A. baumannii strains exhibited multidrug resistance and the production rates of carbapenemases were 56.5, 60.9, and 78.3% with meropenem, imipenem, and ertapenem disks, respectively. The blaOXA-24-like genes were the most predominant among the tested strains (65.2%), followed by blaOXA-23 (30.4%) and blaOXA-58 (17.4%), in addition, the examined strains are harbored IMP, VIM, and NDM genes with prevalence of 60.9, 43.5, and 13%, respectively, while KPC and GES genes were not detected. RAPD-PCR revealed that the examined strains are clustered into 11 different genotypes at ≥90% similarity. Briefly, to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report concerning community-associated A. baumannii infections in Egypt. The high prevalence of hidden multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) A.baumannii strains associated with non-hospitalized patients raises an alarm for healthcare authorities to set strict standards to control the spread of such pathogens with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital)
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13 pages, 236 KiB  
Article
Clinical and Economic Burden of Carbapenem-Resistant Infection or Colonization Caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii: A Multicenter Study in China
by Xuemei Zhen, Cecilia Stålsby Lundborg, Xueshan Sun, Shuyan Gu and Hengjin Dong
Antibiotics 2020, 9(8), 514; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics9080514 - 13 Aug 2020
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4356
Abstract
Background: Carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), and Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) pose significant threats to public health. However, the clinical and economic impacts of CRKP, CRPA, and CRAB remain largely uninvestigated in China. This study aimed to examine the clinical and [...] Read more.
Background: Carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), and Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) pose significant threats to public health. However, the clinical and economic impacts of CRKP, CRPA, and CRAB remain largely uninvestigated in China. This study aimed to examine the clinical and economic burden of CRKP, CRPA, and CRAB compared with carbapenem susceptible cases in China. Method: We conducted a retrospective and multicenter study among inpatients hospitalized at four tertiary hospitals between 2013 and 2015 who had K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii positive clinical samples. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance the impact of potential confounding variables, including age, sex, insurance, number of diagnosis, comorbidities (disease diagnosis, and Charlson comorbidity index), admission to intensive care unit, and surgeries. The main indicators included economic costs, length of stay (LOS), and mortality rate. Results: We included 12,022 inpatients infected or colonized with K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii between 2013 and 2015, including 831 with CRKP and 4328 with carbapenem susceptible K. pneumoniae (CSKP), 1244 with CRPA and 2674 with carbapenem susceptible P. aeruginosa (CSPA), 1665 with CRAB and 1280 with carbapenem susceptible A. baumannii (CSAB). After PSM, 822 pairs, 1155 pairs, and 682 pairs, respectively were generated. Compared with carbapenem-susceptible cases, those with CRKP, CRPA, and CRAB were associated with statistically significantly increased total hospital cost ($14,252, p < 0.0001; $4605, p < 0.0001; $7277, p < 0.0001) and excess LOS (13.2 days, p < 0.0001; 5.4 days, p = 0.0003; 15.8 days, p = 0.0004). In addition, there were statistically significantly differences in hospital mortality rate between CRKP and CSKP, and CRAB and CSAB group (2.94%, p = 0.024; 4.03%, p = 0.03); however, the difference between CRPA and CSPA group was marginal significant (2.03%, p = 0.052). Conclusion: It highlights the clinical and economic impact of CRKP, CRPA, and CRAB to justify more resources for implementing antibiotic stewardship practices to improve clinical outcomes and to reduce economic costs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital)
12 pages, 399 KiB  
Article
Impact of Colistin Dosing on the Incidence of Nephrotoxicity in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Saudi Arabia
by Reem Almutairy, Waad Aljrarri, Afnan Noor, Pansy Elsamadisi, Nour Shamas, Mohammad Qureshi and Sherine Ismail
Antibiotics 2020, 9(8), 485; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics9080485 - 06 Aug 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3394
Abstract
Colistin therapy is associated with the development of nephrotoxicity. We examined the incidence and risk factors of nephrotoxicity associated with colistin dosing. We included adult hospitalized patients who received intravenous (IV) colistin for >72 h between January 2014 and December 2015. The primary [...] Read more.
Colistin therapy is associated with the development of nephrotoxicity. We examined the incidence and risk factors of nephrotoxicity associated with colistin dosing. We included adult hospitalized patients who received intravenous (IV) colistin for >72 h between January 2014 and December 2015. The primary endpoint was the incidence of colistin-associated acute kidney injury (AKI). The secondary analyses were predictors of nephrotoxicity, proportions of patients inappropriately dosed with colistin according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), and Garonzik formula and clinical cure rate. We enrolled 198 patients with a mean age of 55.67 ± 19.35 years, 62% were men, and 60% were infected with multidrug-resistant organisms. AKI occurred in 44.4% (95% CI: 37.4–51.7). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that daily colistin dose per body weight (kg) was associated with AKI (OR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.08–2.30; p = 0.02). Other significant predictors included serum albumin level, body mass index (BMI), and severity of illness. None of the patients received loading doses, however FDA-recommended dosing was achieved in 70.2% and the clinical cure rate was 13%. The incidence of colistin-associated AKI is high. Daily colistin dose, BMI, serum albumin level, and severity of illness are independent predictors of nephrotoxicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital)
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7 pages, 701 KiB  
Communication
Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Clostridioides difficile Strains Isolated from Neonates in Germany
by Friederike K. M. T. Tilkorn, Hagen Frickmann, Isabel S. Simon, Julian Schwanbeck, Sebastian Horn, Ortrud Zimmermann, Uwe Groß, Wolfgang Bohne and Andreas E. Zautner
Antibiotics 2020, 9(8), 481; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics9080481 - 04 Aug 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2547
Abstract
Young children are frequently colonized with Clostridioides (C.) difficile. Depending on their resistance patterns, antibiotic treatment can facilitate gastrointestinal spreading in colonized individuals, potentially leading to transmission to others. C. difficile was isolated from stool samples from infants born in [...] Read more.
Young children are frequently colonized with Clostridioides (C.) difficile. Depending on their resistance patterns, antibiotic treatment can facilitate gastrointestinal spreading in colonized individuals, potentially leading to transmission to others. C. difficile was isolated from stool samples from infants born in two hospitals in Göttingen and Darmstadt, Germany. All isolates were subjected to phenotypic antimicrobial resistance testing, PCR-based screening for toxin genes and mass spectrometry-based exclusion of ribotypes 027 and 176. Within an initial cohort of 324 neonates with a longitudinal survey of C. difficile, 137 strains were isolated from 48 individuals. Antimicrobial resistance was recorded against metronidazole in one (0.7%), erythromycin in 16 (11.7%) and moxifloxacin in 2 (1.5%) of the strains, whereas no resistance was observed against vancomycin (0.0%) or rifampicin (0.0%). Newly observed resistance against erythromycin in children with detection of previously completely sensitive isolates was reported for C. difficile isolates from 2 out of 48 children. In 20 children (42%), non-toxigenic strains were detected, and from 27 children (56%), toxigenic strains were isolated, while both toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains were recorded for 1 child (2%). Ribotypes 027 or 176 were not observed. In conclusion, the German C. difficile strains isolated from the children showed mild to moderate resistance with predominance of macrolide resistance, a substance class which is frequently applied in children. The observed switches to the dominance of macrolide-resistant isolates suggests likely selection of resistant C. difficile strains already in children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital)
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Review

Jump to: Research

16 pages, 725 KiB  
Review
OXA-48 Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacterales in Spanish Hospitals: An Updated Comprehensive Review on a Rising Antimicrobial Resistance
by Mario Rivera-Izquierdo, Antonio Jesús Láinez-Ramos-Bossini, Carlos Rivera-Izquierdo, Jairo López-Gómez, Nicolás Francisco Fernández-Martínez, Pablo Redruello-Guerrero, Luis Miguel Martín-delosReyes, Virginia Martínez-Ruiz, Elena Moreno-Roldán and Eladio Jiménez-Mejías
Antibiotics 2021, 10(1), 89; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics10010089 - 18 Jan 2021
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6508
Abstract
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) are significant contributors to the global public health threat of antimicrobial resistance. OXA-48-like enzymes and their variants are unique carbapenemases with low or null hydrolytic activity toward carbapenems but no intrinsic activity against expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. CPEs have been classified by [...] Read more.
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) are significant contributors to the global public health threat of antimicrobial resistance. OXA-48-like enzymes and their variants are unique carbapenemases with low or null hydrolytic activity toward carbapenems but no intrinsic activity against expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. CPEs have been classified by the WHO as high-priority pathogens given their association with morbidity and mortality and the scarce number of effective antibiotic treatments. In Spain, the frequency of OXA-48 CPE outbreaks is higher than in other European countries, representing the major resistance mechanism of CPEs. Horizontal transfer of plasmids and poor effective antibiotic treatment are additional threats to the correct prevention and control of these hospital outbreaks. One of the most important risk factors is antibiotic pressure, specifically carbapenem overuse. We explored the use of these antibiotics in Spain and analyzed the frequency, characteristics and prevention of CPE outbreaks. Future antibiotic stewardship programs along with specific preventive measures in hospitalized patients must be reinforced and updated in Spain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital)
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29 pages, 1676 KiB  
Review
It’s Not Easy Being Green: A Narrative Review on the Microbiology, Virulence and Therapeutic Prospects of Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
by Payam Behzadi, Zoltán Baráth and Márió Gajdács
Antibiotics 2021, 10(1), 42; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics10010042 - 04 Jan 2021
Cited by 130 | Viewed by 12559
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most frequent cause of infection among non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria, predominantly affecting immunocompromised patients, but its pathogenic role should not be disregarded in immunocompetent patients. These pathogens present a concerning therapeutic challenge to clinicians, both in community and in hospital [...] Read more.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most frequent cause of infection among non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria, predominantly affecting immunocompromised patients, but its pathogenic role should not be disregarded in immunocompetent patients. These pathogens present a concerning therapeutic challenge to clinicians, both in community and in hospital settings, due to their increasing prevalence of resistance, and this may lead to prolonged therapy, sequelae, and excess mortality in the affected patient population. The resistance mechanisms of P. aeruginosa may be classified into intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms. These mechanisms lead to occurrence of resistant strains against important antibiotics—relevant in the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections—such as β-lactams, quinolones, aminoglycosides, and colistin. The occurrence of a specific resistotype of P. aeruginosa, namely the emergence of carbapenem-resistant but cephalosporin-susceptible (Car-R/Ceph-S) strains, has received substantial attention from clinical microbiologists and infection control specialists; nevertheless, the available literature on this topic is still scarce. The aim of this present review paper is to provide a concise summary on the adaptability, virulence, and antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa to a readership of basic scientists and clinicians. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital)
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