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Antibiotic Resistance in Terrestrial and Aquatic Farmed Animals: An Urgent One Health Issue for Sustainability

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A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382). This special issue belongs to the section "Antibiotics in Animal Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 37188

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Antony T. Vincent

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Guest Editor

Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
Interests: pathogen adaptation; microbial network; microbiome; mobile genetic elements; antibiotic resistance; alternative treatments; swine; poultry; fish
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The growing human population and the acceleration of climate change make it increasingly urgent to optimize agri-food resources. Farmed animals—both terrestrial and aquatic—are susceptible to infectious diseases, and antibiotic resistance is an increasingly troubling phenomenon in animal husbandry. It is now widely recognized that antibiotic resistance must be investigated from a One Health perspective, acknowledging the intrinsic and inescapable relationships of human, animal, environmental, and microbial factors that promote resistance to antimicrobial compounds. It is more important than ever to understand, in detail, the mechanisms of propagation of antibiotic resistance genes within microbial communities, and to develop alternatives to antibiotic treatment.

This Special Issue will center on One Health connections, and aims to bring together articles that deal with antibiotic resistance in the context of animal husbandry interacting with other spheres of activity. It will focus on, but is not limited to, the horizontal transfer of antibiotic-resistance genes, interactions between animal microbiota and pathogens, and on the impact of human activity on the spread of antibiotic resistance in farmed animals. Articles dealing with alternative treatments (phages, probiotics, etc.) for animals, or on improved husbandry practices to help reduce the risk of spreading pathogens and antibiotic resistance, are also welcome.

Prof. Antony T. Vincent

Guest Editor

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Antibiotic resistance
Farmed animals
One Health
Microbial networks
Horizontal gene transfer
Antibiotic alternatives

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 1872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Dietary Probiotic Bacteria and Processed Yeast (GroPro-Aqua) as the Alternative of Antibiotics in Juvenile Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

by Wonsuk Choi, Mohammad Moniruzzaman, Jinho Bae, Ali Hamidoghli, Seunghan Lee, Youn-Hee Choi, Taesun Min and Sungchul C. Bai

Antibiotics 2022, 11(2), 129; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics11020129 - 19 Jan 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3016

Abstract

We investigated the three probiotic bacteria and a processed yeast (GroPro-Aqua) as the replacers of antibiotics in juvenile olive flounder. A total of seven diets were used, that is, one basal or control (CON) diet; and six other diets, of which, three diets were prepared by supplementing probiotic bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis WB60 (BSWB60) at 1 × 10⁸ CFU/g diet, Bacillus subtilis SJ10 (BSSJ10) at 1 × 10⁸ CFU/g diet, and Enterococcus faecium SH30 (EFSH30) at 1 × 10⁷ CFU/g diet; one diet with processed yeast (GRO) at 0.35% diet; and two other diets were supplemented with oxytetracycline (OTC) and amoxicillin (AMO) at 4 g/kg of each. Triplicate groups of fish (average 12.1 g) were fed one of the diets for eight weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, the fish that were fed the probiotic bacteria-supplemented diets had a significantly higher final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate compared to the CON, OTC, and AMO diets. Fish that were fed the GRO diet had significantly higher feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratios than those of the fish that were fed the CON diet. Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glucose, and total protein were not affected by the diets. Lysozyme activity in fish that were fed the BSSJ10, BSWB60, and EFSH30 diets were significantly higher compared to the CON and OTC diets, whereas myeloperoxidase activity of fish fed the BSWB60 and EFSH30 diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed the CON and AMO diets. Flounder growth hormone gene expressions of fish that were fed BSWB60 and GRO diets were significantly higher compared to the CON, OTC, and AMO diets. The interleukin-1β gene expression of fish that were fed the BSSJ10, BSWB60, EFSH30, OTC, and GRO diets was significantly higher than those of fish fed the CON diet. The interleukin-10 gene expression of fish that were fed the BSSJ10, EFSH30, and GRO diets was significantly higher than those of fish fed the CON and AMO diets. Posterior intestinal histology of fish showed significantly higher villi length in fish that were fed the BSSJ10, BSWB60, EFSH30, and GRO diets compared to the CON diet. After 15 days of challenge test with pathogenic bacteria Edwardsiella tarda, the cumulative survival rate of fish that were fed the BSSJ10, BSWB60, EFSH30, and GRO diets were significantly higher than those of fish that were fed the CON diet. Overall, the results indicate that dietary supplementation of B. subtilis (10⁸ CFU/g diet), E. faecium (10⁷ CFU/g diet), and processed yeast (GroPro-Aqua at 0.35% diet) could replace the antibiotics in terms of improving growth, immunity, gut health, and disease resistance in juvenile olive flounder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance in Terrestrial and Aquatic Farmed Animals: An Urgent One Health Issue for Sustainability)

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20 pages, 2026 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Innovative Perspectives on Biofilm Interactions in Poultry Drinking Water Systems and Veterinary Antibiotics Used Worldwide

by Friederike Hahne, Simon Jensch, Gerd Hamscher, Jessica Meißner, Manfred Kietzmann, Nicole Kemper, Jochen Schulz and Rafael H. Mateus-Vargas

Antibiotics 2022, 11(1), 77; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics11010077 - 09 Jan 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1920

Abstract

Prudent use of antibiotics in livestock is widely considered to be important to prevent antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the interactions between biofilms and veterinary antibiotics in therapeutic concentrations administrated via drinking water through a standardized experimental setup. In this context, two biofilms formed by pseudomonads (Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa or P. fluorescens) and a susceptible Escherichia (E.) coli strain were developed in a nutrient-poor medium on the inner surface of polyvinyl chloride pipe pieces. Subsequently, developing biofilms were exposed to sulfadiazine/trimethoprim (SDZ/TMP) or tylosin A (TYL A) in dosages recommended for application in drinking water for 5 or 7 days, respectively. Various interactions were detected between biofilms and antibiotics. Microbiological examinations revealed that only TYL A reduced the number of bacteria on the surface of the pipes. Additionally, susceptible E. coli survived both antibiotic treatments without observable changes in the minimum inhibitory concentration to 13 relevant antibiotics. Furthermore, as demonstrated by HPLC-UV, the dynamics of SDZ/TMP and TYL A in liquid media differed between the biofilms of both pseudomonads over the exposure period. We conclude that this approach represents an innovative step toward the effective evaluation of safe veterinary antibiotic use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance in Terrestrial and Aquatic Farmed Animals: An Urgent One Health Issue for Sustainability)

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15 pages, 319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multidrug Resistant Coagulase-Positive Staphylococcus aureus and Their Enterotoxins Detection in Traditional Cheeses Marketed in Banat Region, Romania

by Adriana Morar, Alexandra Ban-Cucerzan, Viorel Herman, Emil Tîrziu, Khalid Ibrahim Sallam, Samir Mohammed Abd-Elghany and Kálmán Imre

Antibiotics 2021, 10(12), 1458; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics10121458 - 26 Nov 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2098

Abstract

The main objectives of the present study were to determine the occurrence of coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) and to assess the presence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in different raw milk origin (cow and sheep) traditional cheeses marketed in Banat region, Romania. Additionally, the presence of mecA gene in S. aureus isolates and the staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) in cheese samples were evaluated. A total of 81.6% (138/169) of the screened samples were positive for CPS. Furthermore, 35.5% (49/138) of the investigated CPS positive cheese samples were contaminated with S. aureus, with an isolation frequency of 46.6% (14/30) in caș, 33.3% (32/96) in telemea, 25% (2/8) in burduf, and 25% (1/4) in urdă assortments, respectively. From the total number of S. aureus isolates, 6.1% (3/49) harbored the mecA gene. Detectable levels of SEs were identified in 4.3% (4/94) of cheese samples with a CPS contamination level higher than 10⁵ log CFU g⁻¹. The expressed antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the tested cheese-origin S. aureus isolates, with the automated Vitek 2 equipment, showed resistance towards amikacin (90.1%, 10 out from 11 tested), enrofloxacin (86.2%, 25/29), ceftiofur (72.7%, 8/11), neomycin (63.6%, 7/11), benzylpenicillin (53.1%, 26/49), kanamycin (41.4%, 12/29), rifampicin (39.5%, 15/38), tetracycline (38.8%, 19/49), tilmicosin (36.4%, 4/11), clindamycin (30.6%, 15/49), ciprofloxacin (30%, 6/20), erythromycin (22.4%, 11/49), tylosin (18.2%, 2/11), oxacillin (16.3%, 8/49), linezolid (15%, 3/20), teicoplanin (15%, 3/20), fusidic acid (13.1%), imipenem (10.5%, 4/38), vancomycin (7.9%, 3/38), ampicillin (5.5%, 1/18), mupirocin (5.5%, 1/18), fosfomycin (5%, 1/20), and gentamicin (4.1%, 2/49). Twenty-four (49%) S. aureus isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The investigation highlighted a common occurrence of multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains in the monitored cheese assortments, which can constitute a potential risk for consumers’ health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance in Terrestrial and Aquatic Farmed Animals: An Urgent One Health Issue for Sustainability)

9 pages, 544 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

First Global Report of Plasmid-Mediated mcr-1 and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli from Sheep in Portugal

by Josman Dantas Palmeira, Marisa Haenni, Jean-Yves Madec and Helena Maria Neto Ferreira

Antibiotics 2021, 10(11), 1403; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics10111403 - 16 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1941

Abstract

Resistances to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) and colistin are One Health issues since genes encoding these resistances can be transmitted between all sectors of the One Health concept, i.e., human, animal, and the environment. Among food-producing animals, sheep farming has long been overlooked. To fill in this knowledge gap, we looked for ESC- and colistin resistance in 21 faecal samples collected from sheep in one farm in the south of Portugal. ESC-resistant isolates were selected on MacConkey agar plates supplemented with cefotaxime. Susceptibility testing was performed by the disk-diffusion method according to CLSI, while colistin MIC was determined by broth microdilution. ESC- and colistin-resistance genes were identified by PCR, and the clonality of all isolates was assessed by XbaI-PFGE. The replicon content was determined by PCR according to the PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT) scheme. Sixty-two non-duplicate ESC-resistant E. coli isolates were identified, which all presented an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype, mostly due to the presence of CTX-M genes. One CTX-M-1-producing E. coli was concomitantly colistin-resistant and presented the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene. Nearly all isolates showed associated resistances to non-beta-lactam antibiotics, which could act as co-selectors, even in the absence of beta-lactam use. The results showed a high proportion of ESBL-producing E. coli in sheep faeces. Their dissemination was very dynamic, with the spread of successful clones between animals, but also a large diversity of clones and plasmids, sometimes residing in the same animal. This study highlights the need for global surveillance in all food-producing sectors, in order to avoid the dissemination of genes conferring resistance to last-resort antibiotics in human medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance in Terrestrial and Aquatic Farmed Animals: An Urgent One Health Issue for Sustainability)

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18 pages, 2123 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Targeting PirA^vp and PirB^vp Toxins of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with Oilseed Peptides: An In Silico Approach

by Joe-Hui Ong, Wey-Lim Wong, Fai-Chu Wong and Tsun-Thai Chai

Antibiotics 2021, 10(10), 1211; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics10101211 - 05 Oct 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2580

Abstract

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by PirA^vp- and PirB^vp-releasing Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains, has resulted in massive mortality in shrimp aquaculture. Excessive use of antibiotics for AHPND management has led to antibiotic resistance, highlighting the urgency to search for alternatives. Using an in silico approach, we aimed to discover PirA^vp/PirB^vp-binding peptides from oilseed meals as alternatives to antibiotics. To search for peptides that remain intact in the shrimp digestive tract, and therefore would be available for toxin binding, we focused on peptides released from tryptic hydrolysis of 37 major proteins from seeds of hemp, pumpkin, rape, sesame, and sunflower. This yielded 809 peptides. Further screening led to 24 peptides predicted as being non-toxic to shrimp, fish, and humans, with thermal stability and low water solubility. Molecular docking on the 24 peptides revealed six dual-target peptides capable of binding to key regions responsible for complex formation on both PirA^vp and PirB^vp. The peptides (ISYVVQGMGISGR, LTFVVHGHALMGK, QSLGVPPQLGNACNLDNLDVLQPTETIK, ISTINSQTLPILSQLR, PQFLVGASSILR, and VQVVNHMGQK) are 1139–2977 Da in mass and 10–28 residues in length. Such peptides are potential candidates for the future development of peptide-based anti-AHPND agents which potentially mitigate V. parahaemolyticus pathogenesis by intercepting PirA^vp/PirB^vp complex formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance in Terrestrial and Aquatic Farmed Animals: An Urgent One Health Issue for Sustainability)

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14 pages, 2329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Characterization of the Tetracycline-Resistance Gene tet(X) Carried by Two Epilithonimonas Strains Isolated from Farmed Diseased Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss in Chile

by Christopher Concha, Claudio D. Miranda, Javier Santander and Marilyn C. Roberts

Antibiotics 2021, 10(9), 1051; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics10091051 - 29 Aug 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2706

Abstract

The main objective of this study was to characterize the tet(X) genes, which encode a monooxygenase that catalyzes the degradation of tetracycline antibiotics, carried by the resistant strains FP105 and FP233-J200, using whole-genome sequencing analysis. The isolates were recovered from fin lesion and kidney samples of diseased rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, during two Flavobacteriosis outbreaks occurring in freshwater farms located in Southern Chile. The strains were identified as Epilithonimonas spp. by using biochemical tests and by genome comparison analysis using the PATRIC bioinformatics platform and exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oxytetracycline of 128 µg/mL. The tet(X) genes were located on small contigs of the FP105 and FP233-J200 genomes. The sequences obtained for the tet(X) genes and their genetic environment were compared with the genomes available in the GenBank database of strains of the Chryseobacterium clade belonging to the Flavobacterium family, isolated from fish and carrying the tet(X) gene. The Tet(X) proteins synthesized by the Chilean Epilithonimonas strains showed a high amino acid similarity (range from 84% to 100%), with the available sequences found in strains belonging to the genus Chryseobacterium and Flavobacterium isolated from fish. An identical neighborhood of tet(X) genes from both Chilean strains was observed. The genetic environment of tet(X) observed in the two strains of Epilithonimonas studied was characterized by the upstream location of a sequence encoding a hypothetical protein and a downstream located alpha/beta hydrolase-encoding gene, similar to the observed in some of the tet(X) genes carried by Chryseobacterium and Flavobacterium strains isolated from fish, but the produced proteins exhibited a low amino acid identity (25–27%) when compared to these synthesized by the Chilean strains. This study reports for the first time the carriage of the tet(X) gene by the Epilithonimonas genus and their detection in fish pathogenic bacteria isolated from farmed salmonids in Chile, thus limiting the use of therapies based on oxytetracycline, the antimicrobial most widely used in Chilean freshwater salmonid farming. This results suggest that pathogenic strains of the Chryseobacterium clade occurring in Chilean salmonid farms may serve as important reservoirs of tet(X) genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance in Terrestrial and Aquatic Farmed Animals: An Urgent One Health Issue for Sustainability)

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31 pages, 6489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Phagosome–Lysosome Fusion Is the Target of a Purified Quillaja saponin Extract (PQSE) in Reducing Infection of Fish Macrophages by the Bacterial Pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis

by Hernán D. Cortés, Fernando A. Gómez and Sergio H. Marshall

Antibiotics 2021, 10(7), 847; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics10070847 - 12 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2792

Abstract

Piscirickettsia salmonis, the etiological agent of Piscirickettsiosis, is a Gram-negative and facultative intracellular pathogen that has affected the Chilean salmon industry since 1989. The bacterium is highly aggressive and can survive and replicate within fish macrophages using the Dot/Icm secretion system to evade the host’s immune response and spread systemically. To date, no efficient control measures have been developed for this disease; therefore, the producers use large amounts of antibiotics to control this pathogen. In this frame, this work has focused on evaluating the use of saponins from Quillaja saponaria as a new alternative to control the Piscirickettsiosis. It has been previously reported that purified extract of Q. saponaria (PQSE) displays both antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and viruses and adjuvant properties. Our results show that PQSE does not present antimicrobial activity against P. salmonis, although it reduces P. salmonis infection in an in vitro model, promoting the phagosome–lysosome fusion. Additionally, we demonstrate that PQSE modulates the expression of IL-12 and IL-10 in infected cells, promoting the immune response against the pathogen and reducing the expression of pathogen virulence genes. These results together strongly argue for specific anti-invasion and anti-intracellular replication effects induced by the PQSE in macrophages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance in Terrestrial and Aquatic Farmed Animals: An Urgent One Health Issue for Sustainability)

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11 pages, 632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Escherichia coli Antibiotic Resistance Patterns from Co-Grazing and Non-Co-Grazing Livestock and Wildlife Species from Two Farms in the Western Cape, South Africa

by Michaela Sannettha van den Honert, Pieter Andries Gouws and Louwrens Christiaan Hoffman

Antibiotics 2021, 10(6), 618; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics10060618 - 22 May 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2309

Abstract

Although limited, studies have found conflicting results on whether co-grazing results in significant antibiotic resistance transfer between species. This type of farming system can act as a vector in the geographical spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic-resistant patterns between co-grazing and non-co-grazing livestock and wildlife species in South Africa. Escherichia coli was isolated from the faeces of various wildlife and livestock species from two farms in South Africa and was tested for antibiotic resistance using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method against chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphafurazole, and tetracycline. A selection of some common antibiotic-resistant genes (blaCMY, aadA1, sul1, sul2, tetA, and tetB) were detected using PCR. The E. coli isolates from wildlife and livestock that co-grazed showed no significant differences in antibiotic resistance patterns. However, this was not the case for tetracycline resistance as the livestock isolates were significantly more resistant than the co-grazing wildlife isolates. The E. coli isolates from the non-co-grazing livestock and wildlife had significant differences in their antibiotic susceptibility patterns; the wildlife E. coli isolates were significantly more resistant to sulphafurazole and streptomycin than the livestock isolates, whilst those isolated from the cattle were significantly more resistant to ampicillin than the wildlife and sheep isolates. The results of this study suggest that there could be an exchange of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes between livestock and wildlife that co-graze. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance in Terrestrial and Aquatic Farmed Animals: An Urgent One Health Issue for Sustainability)

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16 pages, 3159 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multidrug-Resistant, Including Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamase-Producing and Quinolone-Resistant, Escherichia coli Isolated from Poultry and Domestic Pigs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

by Zuhura I. Kimera, Fauster X. Mgaya, Gerald Misinzo, Stephen E. Mshana, Nyambura Moremi and Mecky I. N. Matee

Antibiotics 2021, 10(4), 406; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics10040406 - 09 Apr 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3790

Abstract

We determined the phenotypic profile of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli isolated from 698 samples (390 and 308 from poultry and domestic pigs, respectively). In total, 562 Enterobacteria were isolated. About 80.5% of the isolates were E. coli. Occurrence of E. coli was significantly higher among domestic pigs (73.1%) than in poultry (60.5%) (p = 0.000). In both poultry and domestic pigs, E. coli isolates were highly resistant to tetracycline (63.5%), nalidixic acid (53.7%), ampicillin (52.3%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (50.9%). About 51.6%, 65.3%, and 53.7% of E. coli were MDR, extended-spectrum beta lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE), and quinolone-resistant, respectively. A total of 68% of the extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producers were also resistant to quinolones. For all tested antibiotics, resistance was significantly higher in ESBL-producing and quinolone-resistant isolates than the non-ESBL producers and non-quinolone-resistant E. coli. Eight isolates were resistant to eight classes of antimicrobials. We compared phenotypic with genotypic results of 20 MDR E. coli isolates, ESBL producers, and quinolone-resistant strains and found 80% harbored blaCTX-M, 15% aac(6)-lb-cr, 10% qnrB, and 5% qepA. None harbored TEM, SHV, qnrA, qnrS, qnrC, or qnrD. The observed pattern and level of resistance render this portfolio of antibiotics ineffective for their intended use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance in Terrestrial and Aquatic Farmed Animals: An Urgent One Health Issue for Sustainability)

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Review

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20 pages, 696 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Antibiotic Resistance: From Pig to Meat

by Xavier C. Monger, Alex-An Gilbert, Linda Saucier and Antony T. Vincent

Antibiotics 2021, 10(10), 1209; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics10101209 - 05 Oct 2021

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 6654

Abstract

Pork meat is in high demand worldwide and this is expected to increase. Pork is often raised in intensive conditions, which is conducive to the spread of infectious diseases. Vaccines, antibiotics, and other biosafety measures help mitigate the impact of infectious diseases. However, bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics are more and more frequently found in pig farms, animals, and the environment. It is now recognized that a holistic perspective is needed to sustainably fight antibiotic resistance, and that an integrated One Health approach is essential. With this in mind, this review tackles antibiotic resistance throughout the pork raising process, including their microbiome; many factors of their environment (agricultural workers, farms, rivers, etc.); and an overview of the impact of antibiotic resistance on pork meat, which is the end product available to consumers. Antibiotic resistance, while a natural process, is a public health concern. If we react, and act, collectively, it is expected to be, at least partially, reversible with judicious antibiotic usage and the development of innovative strategies and tools to foster animal health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance in Terrestrial and Aquatic Farmed Animals: An Urgent One Health Issue for Sustainability)

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14 pages, 649 KiB

Open AccessReview

Antibiotic Usage and Resistance in Food Animal Production: What Have We Learned from Bangladesh?

by Sukanta Chowdhury, Sumon Ghosh, Mohammad Abdul Aleem, Shahana Parveen, Md. Ariful Islam, Md. Mahbubur Rashid, Zubair Akhtar and Fahmida Chowdhury

Antibiotics 2021, 10(9), 1032; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antibiotics10091032 - 24 Aug 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6001

Abstract

Irrational and inappropriate use of antibiotics in commercial chicken and aquaculture industries can accelerate the antibiotic resistance process in humans and animals. In Bangladesh, the growing commercial chicken and aquaculture industries are playing significantly important roles in the food value chain. It is necessary to know the antibiotic usage practices and antibiotic resistance in food animal production to design rational policies, guidelines, and interventions. We conducted a narrative review to understand the level of antibiotic usage and resistance in food animal production in Bangladesh. Information about antibiotic usage in different food animal production systems, including commercial chickens and aquaculture in Bangladesh is inadequate. Only a few small-scale studies reported that the majority (up to 100%) of the broiler and layer chicken farms used antibiotics for treating and preventing diseases. However, numerous studies reported antibiotic-resistant bacteria of public health importance in commercial chicken, fish, livestock, and animal origin food. The isolates from different pathogenic bacteria were found resistant against multiple antibiotics, including quinolones, the third or fourth generation of cephalosporins, and polymyxins. Veterinary practitioners empirically treat animals with antibiotics based on presumptive diagnosis due to inadequate microbial diagnostic facilities in Bangladesh. Intensive training is helpful to raise awareness among farmers, feed dealers, and drug sellers on good farming practices, standard biosecurity practices, personal hygiene, and the prudent use of antibiotics. Urgently, the Government of Bangladesh should develop and implement necessary guidelines to mitigate irrational use of antibiotics in food animals using a multi-sectoral One Health approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance in Terrestrial and Aquatic Farmed Animals: An Urgent One Health Issue for Sustainability)

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