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16 pages, 3252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Paeonia lactiflora Root Extract and Its Components Reduce Biomarkers of Early Atherosclerosis via Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects In Vitro and In Vivo

by Min Jeong Kim, Hyun-Hee Kang, Yeung Jin Seo, Kyung-Min Kim, Young-Jun Kim and Sung Keun Jung

Antioxidants 2021, 10(10), 1507; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10101507 - 23 Sep 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3555

Abstract

Although various physiological activities of compounds obtained from Paeonia lactiflora have been reported, the effects of P. lactiflora extract (PLE) on early atherosclerosis remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo antiatherosclerosis and in vitro antioxidant effects [...] Read more.

Although various physiological activities of compounds obtained from Paeonia lactiflora have been reported, the effects of P. lactiflora extract (PLE) on early atherosclerosis remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo antiatherosclerosis and in vitro antioxidant effects of PLE and its compounds. PLE suppresses the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced capacity of THP-1 cells to adhere to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 expression, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling in HUVECs. PLE also suppresses TNF-α-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 from cytosol as well as the enhanced TNFA and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) mRNA expression in HUVECs. We identified and quantified the following PLE compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection: methyl gallate, oxypaeoniflorin, catechin, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, benzoic acid, benzoylpaeoniflorin, and paeonol. Among these, methyl gallate had the strongest inhibitory effect on monocyte adherence to TNF-α-induced HUVECs and the VCAM-1 expression. Reverse transcriptase real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that PLE compounds had a dissimilar inhibition effect on TNF-α-induced mRNA expression levels of CCL2, TNFA, and IL6 in HUVECs. Except for paeonol, the compounds inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced reactive oxygen species production in RAW264.7 cells. In vivo, oral administration of PLE improved TNF-α-induced macrophage infiltration to the vascular endothelium and expression of VCAM-1, as well as IL6 and TNFA gene expression in the main artery of mice. PLE could be useful as a nutraceutical material against early atherosclerosis via the combined effects of its components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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11 pages, 3121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Baicalin Enhances Chemosensitivity to Doxorubicin in Breast Cancer Cells via Upregulation of Oxidative Stress-Mediated Mitochondria-Dependent Apoptosis

by Mei-Yi Lin, Wan-Ting Cheng, Hui-Ching Cheng, Wan-Ching Chou, Hsiu-I Chen, Hsiu-Chung Ou and Kun-Ling Tsai

Antioxidants 2021, 10(10), 1506; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10101506 - 23 Sep 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2704

Abstract

Doxorubicin (Dox) is an effective anthracycline anticancer drug. However, recent studies have revealed that Dox resistance is a highly critical issue, and a significant reason for treatment failure. Baicalin is a flavonoid component in the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi; however, whether baicalin [...] Read more.

Doxorubicin (Dox) is an effective anthracycline anticancer drug. However, recent studies have revealed that Dox resistance is a highly critical issue, and a significant reason for treatment failure. Baicalin is a flavonoid component in the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi; however, whether baicalin can increase chemosensitivity in breast cancers is still unclear. In this study, we found that cellular apoptosis occurs when excessive intracellular ROS is generated, triggered by the dual intervention of baicalin and doxorubicin, which increases intracellular calcium [Ca²⁺]_i concentrations. Increased [Ca²⁺]_i concentrations decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential (△Ψ_m), thereby causing cellular apoptosis. Pretreatment with NAC (ROS inhibitor) or BATBA (Ca²⁺ chelator) reduces baicalin-induced chemosensitivity. The findings of this study demonstrate that the effect of baicalin on Dox treatment could enhance cytotoxicity toward breast cancer cells via the ROS/[Ca²⁺]_i-mediated intrinsic apoptosis pathway—thus potentially lessening the required dosage of doxorubicin, and further exploring associated mechanisms in combined treatments for breast cancer clinical interventions in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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20 pages, 7494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ergosta-7,9(11),22-trien-3β-ol Attenuates Inflammatory Responses via Inhibiting MAPK/AP-1 Induced IL-6/JAK/STAT Pathways and Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling in LPS-Stimulated Macrophage-like Cells

by Yi-Ping Huang, Dar-Ren Chen, Wen-Jen Lin, Yu-Hsien Lin, Jiann-Yeu Chen, Yueh-Hsiung Kuo, Jing-Gung Chung, Te-Chun Hsia and Wen-Tsong Hsieh

Antioxidants 2021, 10(9), 1430; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10091430 - 08 Sep 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3455

Abstract

Chronic inflammation induces autoimmune disorders and chronic diseases. Several natural products activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling, attenuating inflammatory responses. Ergosta-7,9(11),22-trien-3β-ol (EK100) isolated from Cordyceps militaris showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity, but those mechanisms are still unclear. This study is [...] Read more.

Chronic inflammation induces autoimmune disorders and chronic diseases. Several natural products activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling, attenuating inflammatory responses. Ergosta-7,9(11),22-trien-3β-ol (EK100) isolated from Cordyceps militaris showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity, but those mechanisms are still unclear. This study is the first to investigate EK100 on antioxidant Nrf2 relative genes expression in LPS-stimulated macrophage-like cell lines. The results showed that EK100 reduced IL-6 (interleukin-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α production. EK100 also attenuated a mitogen-activated protein kinase/activator protein-1 (MAPK/AP-1) pathway and interleukin-6/Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (IL-6/JAK/STAT) pathway in LPS-stimulated cells. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor CLI-095 and MAPK inhibitors can synergize the anti-inflammatory response of EK100 in LPS-stimulated cells. Moreover, EK100 activated Nrf2/HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) signaling in LPS-stimulated murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells, murine microglial BV2 cells, and human monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells. However, Nrf2 small interfering RNA (Nrf2 siRNA) reversed EK100-induced antioxidative proteins expressions. In conclusion, EK100 showed anti-inflammatory responses via activating the antioxidative Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and inhibiting TLR4 related MAPK/AP-1 induced IL-6/JAK/STAT pathways in the LPS-stimulated cells in vitro. The results suggest EK100 acts as a novel antioxidant with multiple therapeutic targets that can potentially be developed to treat chronic inflammation-related diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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17 pages, 11341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Induces Mitochondrial Activation and Non-Shivering Thermogenesis through Regulation of PPARγ

by Woo Yong Park, Gahee Song, Ja Yeon Park, Kwan-Il Kim, Kwang Seok Ahn, Hyun Jeong Kwak, Jungtae Leem, Jae-Young Um and Jinbong Park

Antioxidants 2021, 10(9), 1418; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10091418 - 05 Sep 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2995

Abstract

The extract of the Gardenia jasminoides fruit (GJFE) can been consumed as an herbal tea or used as a yellow dye. Recently, studies report that GFJE exerts inhibitory effects on lipid accumulation and adipogenesis in white adipocytes. We evaluated the thermogenic actions of [...] Read more.

The extract of the Gardenia jasminoides fruit (GJFE) can been consumed as an herbal tea or used as a yellow dye. Recently, studies report that GFJE exerts inhibitory effects on lipid accumulation and adipogenesis in white adipocytes. We evaluated the thermogenic actions of GJFE by focusing on mitochondrial activation and studying the underlying mechanisms. To investigate the role of GJFE on thermogenesis in mice, we used an acute cold exposure model. After 2 weeks of feeding, the cold tolerance of GJFE-fed mice was notably increased compared to PBS-fed mice. This was due to an increase in thermogenic proteins in the inguinal white adipose tissue of the cold-exposed mice. Moreover, GJFE significantly increased thermogenic factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), and PPARγ coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) in vitro as well. Factors related to mitochondrial abundance and functions were also induced by GJFE in white and beige adipocytes. However, the treatment of PPARγ inhibitor abolished the GJFE-induced changes, indicating that activation of PPARγ is critical for the thermogenic effect of GJFE. In conclusion, GJFE induces thermogenic action by activating mitochondrial function via PPARγ activation. Through these findings, we suggest GJFE as a potential anti-obesity agent with a novel mechanism involving thermogenic action in white adipocytes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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16 pages, 8560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nepenthes Ethyl Acetate Extract Provides Oxidative Stress-Dependent Anti-Leukemia Effects

by Wangta Liu, Li-Ching Lin, Pei-Ju Wang, Yan-Ning Chen, Sheng-Chieh Wang, Ya-Ting Chuang, I-Hsuan Tsai, Szu-Yin Yu, Fang-Rong Chang, Yuan-Bin Cheng, Li-Chen Huang, Ming-Yii Huang and Hsueh-Wei Chang

Antioxidants 2021, 10(9), 1410; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10091410 - 02 Sep 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2110

Abstract

Several kinds of solvents have been applied to Nepenthes extractions exhibiting antioxidant and anticancer effects. However, they were rarely investigated for Nepenthes ethyl acetate extract (EANT), especially leukemia cells. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties and explore [...] Read more.

Several kinds of solvents have been applied to Nepenthes extractions exhibiting antioxidant and anticancer effects. However, they were rarely investigated for Nepenthes ethyl acetate extract (EANT), especially leukemia cells. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties and explore the antiproliferation impact and mechanism of EANT in leukemia cells. Five standard assays demonstrated that EANT exhibits antioxidant capability. In the cell line model, EANT dose-responsively inhibited cell viabilities of three leukemia cell lines (HL-60, K-562, and MOLT-4) based on 24 h MTS assays, which were reverted by pretreating oxidative stress and apoptosis inhibitors (N-acetylcysteine and Z-VAD-FMK). Due to similar sensitivities among the three cell lines, leukemia HL-60 cells were chosen for exploring antiproliferation mechanisms. EANT caused subG1 and G1 cumulations, triggered annexin V-detected apoptosis, activated apoptotic caspase 3/7 activity, and induced poly ADP-ribose polymerase expression. Moreover, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial superoxide, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization were generated by EANT, which was reverted by N-acetylcysteine. The antioxidant response to oxidative stress showed that EANT upregulated mRNA expressions for nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2), catalase (CAT), thioredoxin (TXN), heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) genes. Moreover, these oxidative stresses led to DNA damage (γH2AX and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine) and were alleviated by N-acetylcysteine. Taken together, EANT demonstrated oxidative stress-dependent anti-leukemia ability to HL-60 cells associated with apoptosis and DNA damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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22 pages, 2360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant and Mitochondria-Targeted Activity of Caffeoylquinic-Acid-Rich Fractions of Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) and Silver Wormwood (Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.)

by Justina Kamarauskaite, Rasa Baniene, Lina Raudone, Gabriele Vilkickyte, Rimanta Vainoriene, Vida Motiekaityte and Sonata Trumbeckaite

Antioxidants 2021, 10(9), 1405; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10091405 - 01 Sep 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3415

Abstract

Caffeoylquinic acids are some of the chemophenetically significant specialized metabolites found in plants of the family Asteraceae Dumort., possessing a broad spectrum of biological activities. As they might be potential mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, effective preparation methods—including extraction, isolation, and purification of caffeoylquinic acids from [...] Read more.

Caffeoylquinic acids are some of the chemophenetically significant specialized metabolites found in plants of the family Asteraceae Dumort., possessing a broad spectrum of biological activities. As they might be potential mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, effective preparation methods—including extraction, isolation, and purification of caffeoylquinic acids from plant sources—are in great demand. The aim of this study was to fractionate the caffeoylquinic acids from cultivated wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) and silver wormwood (Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.) herb acetone extracts and evaluate their phytochemical profiles, antioxidant activity (radical scavenging and reducing activities), effects on kidney mitochondrial functions, and cytochrome-c-reducing properties. The main findings of our study are as follows: (1) Aqueous fractions purified from wormwood and silver wormwood herb acetone extracts are rich in monocaffeoylquinic acids (chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid), while methanolic fractions purified from wormwood and silver wormwood herb acetone extracts are rich in dicaffeoylquinic acids (4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid). Aqueous fractions purified from wormwood and silver wormwood herb acetone extracts were solely composed of monocaffeoylquinic acids. Methanolic fractions purified from wormwood and silver wormwood herb acetone extracts contained only dicaffeoylquinic acids. (2) Fractions purified from silver wormwood herb acetone extracts stood out as having the greatest content of caffeoylquinic acids. (3) The greatest radical scavenging activity was determined in the dicaffeoylquinic-acid-rich fraction purified from silver wormwood herb acetone extract; the greatest reducing activity was determined in the dicaffeoylquinic-acid-rich fraction purified from wormwood herb acetone extract. (4) The effect of both fractions on mitochondrial functions was dose-dependent; lower concentrations of caffeoylquinic-acid-rich fractions had no effect on mitochondrial functions, whereas higher concentrations of caffeoylquinic-acid-rich fractions reduced the state 3 respiration rate (with the complex-I-dependent substrate glutamate/malate). (5) Both monocaffeoylquinic- and dicaffeoylquinic-acid-rich fractions possessed cytochrome-c-reducing properties; the greatest cytochrome c reduction properties were determined in the dicaffeoylquinic-acid-rich fraction purified from wormwood herb acetone extract. In summary, these findings show that caffeoylquinic acids might be beneficial as promising antioxidant and cytochrome-c-reducing agents for the modulation of mitochondria and treatment of various mitochondrial-pathway-associated pathologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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30 pages, 10232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition and Protective Effect of Young Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Dietary Supplements Extracts on UV-Treated Human Skin Fibroblasts in In Vitro Studies

by Krystyna Joanna Gromkowska-Kępka, Renata Markiewicz-Żukowska, Patryk Nowakowski, Sylwia Katarzyna Naliwajko, Justyna Moskwa, Anna Puścion-Jakubik, Joanna Bielecka, Monika Grabia, Konrad Mielcarek, Jolanta Soroczyńska and Katarzyna Socha

Antioxidants 2021, 10(9), 1402; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10091402 - 31 Aug 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2909

Abstract

Young barley seems to be a promising material for use as nutricosmetic due to the presence of many biologically active compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Hordeum vulgare L. extracts on human skin fibroblasts exposed to ultraviolet [...] Read more.

Young barley seems to be a promising material for use as nutricosmetic due to the presence of many biologically active compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Hordeum vulgare L. extracts on human skin fibroblasts exposed to ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) radiation. Analysis of the chemical composition showed a predominance of 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid. The quality assessment showed that young barley preparations have high total polyphenolic content (TPC) and favourable total antioxidant status (TAS). They also contain antioxidant elements such as zinc, copper, and selenium. Furthermore, the analyzed products were found to be safe in terms of toxic elements (lead, cadmium and mercury) and lack of cytotoxic effect of young barley extracts on cells. In vitro bioactivity assays showed that young barley extract increased the survival rate and accelerated the migration of fibroblasts in research models with UVB radiation. The application of both extracts caused an increase in DNA biosynthesis, and in the number of cells arrested in S phase. Moreover, an inhibitory effect of the tested extracts on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) was observed. The results indicate that young barley extracts, due to protective as well as restorative effect, could potentially be used in the production of nutricosmetics and skin care products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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22 pages, 2546 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shedding Light into the Connection between Chemical Components and Biological Effects of Extracts from Epilobium hirsutum: Is It a Potent Source of Bioactive Agents from Natural Treasure?

by Gunes Ak, Gokhan Zengin, Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally, Eulogio Llorent-Martínez, Giustino Orlando, Annalisa Chiavaroli, Luigi Brunetti, Lucia Recinella, Sheila Leone, Simonetta Cristina Di Simone, Luigi Menghini and Claudio Ferrante

Antioxidants 2021, 10(9), 1389; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10091389 - 30 Aug 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2418

Abstract

Epilobium hirsutum is extensively used as a traditional remedy in folk medicine, especially against prostate inflammation. Therefore, we evaluated the chemical profiles and biopharmaceutical potentials of different extracts of E. hirsutum aerial parts and roots. Metabolomic, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory profiles were investigated. [...] Read more.

Epilobium hirsutum is extensively used as a traditional remedy in folk medicine, especially against prostate inflammation. Therefore, we evaluated the chemical profiles and biopharmaceutical potentials of different extracts of E. hirsutum aerial parts and roots. Metabolomic, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory profiles were investigated. Human prostate cancer PC3 cells were exposed to the extracts to evaluate antiproliferative effects. Gene expression and bioinformatics analyses were performed to investigate anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Oenothein B and myricetin were prominent compounds in the extracts. In scavenging/reducing assays, the methanol, infusion, and methanol/water extracts exhibited similar activities. We also observed the reduction of PC3 viability occurring following exposure to methanol and methanol/water extracts. According to bioinformatics analysis, myricetin was predicted to interact with COX-2 and TNFα. The interaction between TNFα and oxo-dihydroxy-octadecenoic acid was predicted as well. Intriguingly, the gene expression of COX-2 and TNFα was reduced in PC3 cells after exposure to methanol and methanol/water extracts. These effects were paralleled by the decreased gene expression of IL-8 and NFkB and the inhibition of PGE2 release. Therefore, the present findings suggest the potential use of E. hirsutum for the management of the burden of inflammation and oxidative stress occurring in lower urinary tract diseases, including prostatitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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16 pages, 1876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Aging Potential of a Kalmia angustifolia Extract and Identification of Some Major Compounds

by Alexe Grenier, Jean Legault, André Pichette, Lorry Jean, Audrey Bélanger and Roxane Pouliot

Antioxidants 2021, 10(9), 1373; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10091373 - 28 Aug 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3156

Abstract

Skin aging is the most visible element of the aging process, giving rise to a major concern for many people. Plants from the Ericaceae family generally have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making them potential anti-aging active ingredients. This study aimed to evaluate the [...] Read more.

Skin aging is the most visible element of the aging process, giving rise to a major concern for many people. Plants from the Ericaceae family generally have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making them potential anti-aging active ingredients. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and anti-aging efficacy of a Kalmia angustifolia extract using reconstructed skin substitutes. The safety evaluation was performed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, while the efficacy was determined by assessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and analyzing skin substitutes reconstructed according to the self-assembly method by histology and immunofluorescence staining (elastin, collagen-1, collagen-3, aquaporin-3). The cell viability assay established the safety of the extract at a concentration up to 200 μg/mL. The Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assay and a cell-based assay using 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA) revealed a strong antioxidant activity with an ORAC value of 16 µmol Trolox Equivalent/mg and a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 0.37 ± 0.02 μg/mL, while an interesting anti-inflammatory activity was found in the inhibition of NO production, with an inhibition percentage of NO production of 49 ± 2% at 80 µg/mL. The isolation and characterization of the extract allowed the identification of compounds that could be responsible for these biological activities, with two of them being identified for the first time in K. angustifolia: avicularin and epicatechin-(2β-O-7, 4β-6)-ent-epicatechin. Histological analyses of skin substitutes treated with the extract showed an increase in dermal thickness compared with the controls. K. angustifolia extract enhanced the expression of elastin and collagen-1, which are usually decreased with skin aging. These results suggest that K. angustifolia has promising antioxidant efficacy and anti-aging potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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23 pages, 5884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro and In Silico Toxicological Properties of Natural Antioxidant Therapeutic Agent Azima tetracantha. LAM

by Palanisamy Prakash, Nisha Kumari, Ekambaram Gayathiri, Kuppusamy Selvam, Manikavali Gurunadhan Ragunathan, Murugesan Chandrasekaran, Munirah Abdullah Al-Dosary, Ashraf Atef Hatamleh, Ashok Kumar Nadda and Manu Kumar

Antioxidants 2021, 10(8), 1307; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10081307 - 18 Aug 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3554

Abstract

Plant-derived antioxidants are a large group of natural products with the capacity to reduce radical-scavenging. Due to their potent therapeutic and preventive actions, these compounds receive a lot of attention from scientists, particularly pharmacologists. The pharmacological activities of the Azima tetracantha Lam. ( [...] Read more.

Plant-derived antioxidants are a large group of natural products with the capacity to reduce radical-scavenging. Due to their potent therapeutic and preventive actions, these compounds receive a lot of attention from scientists, particularly pharmacologists. The pharmacological activities of the Azima tetracantha Lam. (AT) plant, belonging to the Salvadoraceae family, reported here justifies its traditional use in treating several diseases or disorders. This study aims to look at the propensity of certain plant compounds found in natural AT plant extracts that might play a critical role as a secondary metabolite in cervical cancer treatment. There is a shortage of information on the plant’s phytochemical and biological characteristics. Methanol (MeOH) solvent extracts of the dried AT plant were screened phytochemically. Its aqueous extract was tested for antioxidant, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancerous properties. Absorption Distribution Metabolism and Excretion (ADME/T), Docking, and HPLC were also performed. In clinical treatment, the plant shown no adverse effects. The antioxidant activity was evaluated and showed the highest concentration at 150 µg/mL (63.50%). MeOH leaf extract of AT exhibited the highest and best inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus (15.3 mm/1000) and displayed a high antiseptic potential. At a 200 µg/mL concentration, MeOH leaves-extract inhibited red blood cells (RBC) hemolysis by 66.56 ± 0.40, compared with 62.33 ± 0.40 from the standard. Albumin’s ability to suppress protein denaturation ranged from 16.75 ± 0.65 to 62.35 ± 0.20 inhibitions in this test, providing even more support for its favorable anti-inflammatory properties. The ADME/T studies were considered for a potential cancer drug molecule, and one of our compounds from MeOH extract fills the ADME and toxicity parameters. The forms of compound 4 showed a strong hydrogen-bonding interaction with the vital amino acids (ASN923, THR410, LEU840TRY927, PHE921, and GLY922). A total of 90% of cell inhibition was observed when HeLa cell lines were treated with 300 µg/mL of compound 4 (7-acetyl-3a¹-methyl- 4,14-dioxo-1,2,3a,3a¹,4,5,5a,6,8a,9b,10,11,11a-tetradecahydro-2,5a epoxy5,6a (methanooxymethano)phenaleno[1′,9′:5,6,7]indeno[1,7a-b]oxiren-2-yl acetate). The polyphenol compounds demonstrated significant advances in anticancer drug properties, and it could lead to activation of cancer cell apoptosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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19 pages, 2370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Bischofia javanica (Blume) Leaf Methanol Extracts through the Regulation of Nrf2 and TAK1

by Sewoong Lee, Jain Ha, Jiyoung Park, Eunjeong Kang, Sung-Hyun Jeon, Sang Beom Han, Sri Ningsih, Jin Hyub Paik and Sayeon Cho

Antioxidants 2021, 10(8), 1295; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10081295 - 16 Aug 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3075

Abstract

Bischofia javanica (Blume) has been traditionally used to treat inflammatory diseases such as tonsillitis and ulcers throughout Asia, including China, Indonesia, and the Philippines: however, the molecular mechanisms by which B. javanica exerts its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties remain largely unknown. In this [...] Read more.

Bischofia javanica (Blume) has been traditionally used to treat inflammatory diseases such as tonsillitis and ulcers throughout Asia, including China, Indonesia, and the Philippines: however, the molecular mechanisms by which B. javanica exerts its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties remain largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of methanol extracts of B. javanica leaves (MBJ) in vitro and in vivo. MBJ decreased nitric oxide (NO) production and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. The observed suppression of inflammatory responses by MBJ was correlated with an inhibition of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Additionally, MBJ induced nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor that upregulates the expression of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant genes. Furthermore, MBJ exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in an acute hepatitis mouse model. In conclusion, our results confirm the medicinal properties of B. javanica, and therefore MBJ could be applied to improve inflammatory and redox imbalances in different types of pathologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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25 pages, 2993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Discovering the Protective Effects of Resveratrol on Aflatoxin B1-Induced Toxicity: A Whole Transcriptomic Study in a Bovine Hepatocyte Cell Line

by Marianna Pauletto, Mery Giantin, Roberta Tolosi, Irene Bassan, Andrea Barbarossa, Anna Zaghini and Mauro Dacasto

Antioxidants 2021, 10(8), 1225; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10081225 - 29 Jul 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3007

Abstract

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a natural feed and food contaminant classified as a group I carcinogen for humans. In the dairy industry, AFB1 and its derivative, AFM1, are of concern for the related economic losses and their possible presence in milk and dairy [...] Read more.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a natural feed and food contaminant classified as a group I carcinogen for humans. In the dairy industry, AFB1 and its derivative, AFM1, are of concern for the related economic losses and their possible presence in milk and dairy food products. Among its toxic effects, AFB1 can cause oxidative stress. Thus, dietary supplementation with natural antioxidants has been considered among the strategies to mitigate AFB1 presence and its toxicity. Here, the protective role of resveratrol (R) has been investigated in a foetal bovine hepatocyte cell line (BFH12) exposed to AFB1, by measuring cytotoxicity, transcriptional changes (RNA sequencing), and targeted post-transcriptional modifications (lipid peroxidation, NQO1 and CYP3A enzymatic activity). Resveratrol reversed the AFB1-dependent cytotoxicity. As for gene expression, when administered alone, R induced neglectable changes in BFH12 cells. Conversely, when comparing AFB1-exposed cells with those co-incubated with R+AFB1, greater transcriptional variations were observed (i.e., 840 DEGs). Functional analyses revealed that several significant genes were involved in lipid biosynthesis, response to external stimulus, drug metabolism, and inflammatory response. As for NQO1 and CYP3A activities and lipid peroxidation, R significantly reverted variations induced by AFB1, mostly corroborating and/or completing transcriptional data. Outcomes of the present study provide new knowledge about key molecular mechanisms involved in R antioxidant-mediated protection against AFB1 toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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13 pages, 15279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effects of Maclurin against Benzo[a]pyrene via Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Targeting

by Jangsoon Kim, See-Hyoung Park, Seyoung Yang, Sae Woong Oh, Kitae Kwon, Se Jung Park, Eunbi Yu, Hyeyoun Kim, Jung Yoen Park, Seoyoung Choi, Seoyeon Yang, Minkyung Song, Jae Youl Cho and Jongsung Lee

Antioxidants 2021, 10(8), 1189; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10081189 - 26 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2644

Abstract

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formed during the incomplete combustion of organic matter, has harmful effects. Therefore, much research is ongoing to develop agents that can mitigate the effects of B[a]P. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of [...] Read more.

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formed during the incomplete combustion of organic matter, has harmful effects. Therefore, much research is ongoing to develop agents that can mitigate the effects of B[a]P. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of maclurin, one component of the branches of Morus alba L., on the B[a]P-induced effects in HaCaT cells, a human keratinocyte cell line. Maclurin treatment inhibited aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling as evidenced by reduced xenobiotic response element (XRE) reporter activity, decreased expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), and reduced nuclear translocation of AHR. The B[a]P-induced dissociation of AHR from AHR-interacting protein (AIP) was suppressed by maclurin. Maclurin also inhibited the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by B[a]P. In addition, the antioxidant property of maclurin itself was demonstrated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Furthermore, maclurin activated antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling through enhancement of ARE luciferase reporter activity and the expression of ARE-dependent genes including nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Nrf2 activation and its nuclear translocation were promoted by maclurin through p38 MAPK activation. These data indicate that maclurin had antagonistic activity against B[a]P effects through activation of Nrf2-mediated signaling and inhibition of AHR signaling and, suggesting its potential in protecting from harmful B[a]P-containing pollutants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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29 pages, 2551 KiB

Open AccessArticle

UHPLC-MS Characterization and Biological Insights of Different Solvent Extracts of Two Achillea Species (A. aleppica and A. santolinoides) from Turkey

by Reneta Gevrenova, Gokhan Zengin, Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan, Evren Yıldıztugay, Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova, Carene Picot-Allain, Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally, Muhammad Imran and Stefano Dall’Acqua

Antioxidants 2021, 10(8), 1180; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10081180 - 24 Jul 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2477

Abstract

In the current study, Achillea santolinoides and Achillea aleppica aeral parts and root were extracted with ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. Detailed phytochemical profiles were obtained using UHPLC-MS, yielding the identification of hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, phenolic acid glycosides and sugar esters, acylquinic [...] Read more.

In the current study, Achillea santolinoides and Achillea aleppica aeral parts and root were extracted with ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. Detailed phytochemical profiles were obtained using UHPLC-MS, yielding the identification of hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, phenolic acid glycosides and sugar esters, acylquinic acids, O-glycosyl flavones and flavonols, and flavonoid aglycons, among others. The antioxidant properties and enzyme inhibitory activities of the extracts were assayed with in vitro tests. The phenolic content of the water extracts was significantly higher as compared to the ethyl acetate and methanol ones. A. aleppica aerial parts methanol extract possessed highest flavonoid content (49.18 mg rutin equivalent/g). Antioxidant properties assessment revealed that the methanol extract of A. santolinoides roots actively scavenged DPPH (54.11 mg TE/g) and ABTS radicals (112.53 mg TE/g) and possessed highest reducing potential (183.55 and 129.92 mg TE/g, for CUPRAC and FRAP, respectively). The ethyl acetate extracts of aerial parts and roots of both species showed highest inhibition against BuCHE (6.07–6.76 mg GALAE/g). The ethyl acetate extract of A.santolinoides aerial part showed highest inhibition against tyrosinase (73.00 mg KAE/g). These results showed that the tested Achillea species might represent novel phytotherapeutic avenues for the management of Alzheimer’s disease and epidermal hyperpigmentation conditions, which are both associated with oxidative stress. This paper could shed light into future potential industrial applications using the tested Achillea species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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10 pages, 1548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Cooking Methods on Bioactivity of Polyphenols in Purple Potatoes

by Qi Sun, Min Du, Duroy A. Navarre and Meijun Zhu

Antioxidants 2021, 10(8), 1176; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10081176 - 24 Jul 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3441

Abstract

Purple-fleshed potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a good dietary source of anthocyanins, flavonols, and polyphenolic acids, mostly chlorogenic acid. The objective of this study was to examine the impacts of cooking methods including boiling, steaming, and the newly developed vacuum-sealed boiling (VSBoil) [...] Read more.

Purple-fleshed potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a good dietary source of anthocyanins, flavonols, and polyphenolic acids, mostly chlorogenic acid. The objective of this study was to examine the impacts of cooking methods including boiling, steaming, and the newly developed vacuum-sealed boiling (VSBoil) on extractability and bioactivity of polyphenolic compounds in a purple potato (PP) cultivar, Purple Pelisse. Data showed that boiling and steaming reduced the total polyphenolic content in PP. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that steaming slightly reduced the extractable chlorogenic acid content, while VSBoil increased it. For DPPH free radical scavenging activities, VSBoil and steaming effectively preserved the antioxidant activity of a polyphenol-rich extract of PP, while boiling resulted in a significant reduction compared to raw potato extract. All extracts effectively suppressed bursts of intracellular reactive oxygen species in human colonic epithelial cells upon hydrogen peroxide induction, of which the extract from the VSBoil group showed the highest antioxidant potential. In addition, all extracts showed anti-inflammatory effects in Caco-2 cells induced with tumor necrosis factor-α. In conclusion, the content and bioactivity of extractable polyphenols were largely retained in PP subjected to different cooking processes. VSBoil resulted in the highest content of extractable polyphenolic compounds and bioactivity among tested cooking methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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23 pages, 2676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

UHPLC-HRMS Analysis of Fagus sylvatica (Fagaceae) Leaves: A Renewable Source of Antioxidant Polyphenols

by Marialuisa Formato, Simona Piccolella, Christian Zidorn and Severina Pacifico

Antioxidants 2021, 10(7), 1140; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10071140 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3123

Abstract

European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is a deciduous tree, widely distributed in Europe and largely appreciated for its wood and nutritive nuts. Beech leaf also enjoys food use as salad, but an understanding of its nutraceutical value is still far from being [...] Read more.

European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is a deciduous tree, widely distributed in Europe and largely appreciated for its wood and nutritive nuts. Beech leaf also enjoys food use as salad, but an understanding of its nutraceutical value is still far from being achieved. Indeed, and also taking into account beech leaf as a consistent biomass residue available beechwood production and use, it needs to be explored as a valuable renewable specialized source of bioactive molecules. In this context, an untargeted ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated with high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) approach was favorably applied to a beech leaf alcoholic extract, which also was evaluated for its antiradical capability (by means of assays based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and [2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid)] (ABTS) radical cation) and its ferric ion reducing power. Redox mitochondrial activity towards Caco-2 cells paved the way to explore the extract’s capability to inhibit intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) using 2’,7’dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay. Hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives, mainly belonging to the chlorogenic acid class, and flavonoids were the main constituents. Uncommon flavanone C-glycosides were also found, together with a plentiful flavonol diversity. Cell-free and cell-based assays highlight its dose-dependent antioxidant efficacy, providing a foundation for further investigation of beech leaf constituents and its valorization and use as a reservoir of bioactive natural products with potential nutraceutical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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26 pages, 5187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Sambucus nigra L. and Sambucus nigra Haschberg during Growth Phases: From Buds to Ripening

by Georgiana Smaranda Marțiș (Petruț), Vlad Mureșan, Romina Maria Marc (Vlaic), Crina Carmen Mureșan, Carmen Rodica Pop, Giorgiana Buzgău, Andruța Elena Mureșan, Rodica Ana Ungur and Sevastița Muste

Antioxidants 2021, 10(7), 1093; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10071093 - 07 Jul 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3848

Abstract

Elderberry growth phases represent an irreversible process involving a series of biochemical changes that have an extremely important impact on nutritional characteristics. The aim was to assess the impact of genotype and maturity stage on phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and mineral profile in [...] Read more.

Elderberry growth phases represent an irreversible process involving a series of biochemical changes that have an extremely important impact on nutritional characteristics. The aim was to assess the impact of genotype and maturity stage on phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and mineral profile in Sambucus plants harvested during different growth phases, from green elder flower buds to purple-black elderberries, including pollen, peduncles and seeds. Growth phases proved to have a greater influence compared to varieties. The green buds and flowers of both varieties had a high concentration of quercetin 3-rutinoside, also termed the key compound of the study. It was found that antioxidant activity varied in the following order: blooming elder flower pollen > white elder flower buds > blooming elder flowers. Based on these findings, several novel food ingredients and supplements could be obtained in order to develop innovative health-promoting products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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14 pages, 1275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Chemical, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Pink Pepper (Schinus molle L.)

by Min Jeong Kim, Dae Won Kim, Ju Gyeong Kim, Youngjae Shin, Sung Keun Jung and Young-Jun Kim

Antioxidants 2021, 10(7), 1062; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10071062 - 30 Jun 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3261

Abstract

Here, we compared the chemical properties and antioxidant effects of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and pink pepper (Schinus molle L.). Additionally, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of pink pepper were measured to determine nutraceutical potential. Pink peppers from Brazil (PPB), [...] Read more.

Here, we compared the chemical properties and antioxidant effects of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and pink pepper (Schinus molle L.). Additionally, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of pink pepper were measured to determine nutraceutical potential. Pink peppers from Brazil (PPB), India (PPI), and Sri Lanka (PPS) had higher Hunter a* (redness) values and lower L* (lightness) and b* (yellowness) values than black pepper from Vietnam (BPV). Fructose and glucose were detected in PPB, PPI, and PPS, but not in BPV. PPB, PPI, and PPS had greater 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical scavenging stabilities and higher total phenolic contents than BPV. BPV had higher levels of piperine than the pink peppers. Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, epicatechin, and p-coumaric acid were detected only in the three pink peppers. PPB significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced reactive oxygen species production with increased Nrf2 translocation from cytosol to nucleus and heme oxygenase-1 expression. PPB and PPS significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced nitrite production and nitric oxide synthase expression by suppressing phosphorylation of p38 without affecting cell viability. Additionally, PPB and PPS significantly suppressed ultraviolet B-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression by affecting the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 without cell cytotoxicity. These results suggest that pink pepper is a potential nutraceutical against oxidative and inflammatory stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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17 pages, 4886 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tanshinone IIA Stimulates Cystathionine γ-Lyase Expression and Protects Endothelial Cells from Oxidative Injury

by Qiaojing Yan, Zhimin Mao, Jingru Hong, Kun Gao, Manabu Niimi, Takahiko Mitsui and Jian Yao

Antioxidants 2021, 10(7), 1007; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10071007 - 23 Jun 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2249

Abstract

Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), an active ingredient of Danshen, is a well-used drug to treat cardiovascular diseases. Currently, the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Given that many actions of Tan IIA could be similarly achieved by hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), we speculated [...] Read more.

Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), an active ingredient of Danshen, is a well-used drug to treat cardiovascular diseases. Currently, the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Given that many actions of Tan IIA could be similarly achieved by hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), we speculated that Tan IIA might work through the induction of endogenous H₂S. This study was to test this hypothesis. Exposure to endothelial cells to Tan IIA elevated H₂S-synthesizing enzyme cystathionine γ-Lyase (CSE), associated with an increased level of endogenous H₂S and free thiol activity. Further analysis revealed that this effect of Tan IIA was mediated by an estrogen receptor (ER) and cAMP signaling pathway. It stimulated VASP and CREB phosphorylation. Inhibition of ER or PKA abolished the CSE-elevating effect, whereas activation of ER or PKA mimicked the effect of Tan IIA. In an oxidative endothelial cell injury model, Tan IIA potently attenuated oxidative stress and inhibited cell death. In support of a role of endogenous H₂S, inhibition of CSE aggerated oxidative cell injury. On the contrary, supplement of H₂S attenuated cell injury. Collectively, our study characterized endogenous H₂S as a novel mediator underlying the pharmacological actions of Tan IIA. Given the multifaceted functions of H₂S, the H₂S-stimulating property of Tan IIA could be exploited for treating many diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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14 pages, 2213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential Activity Mechanisms of Aesculus hippocastanum Bark: Antioxidant Effects in Chemical and Biological In Vitro Models

by Aleksandra Owczarek, Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, Joanna Woźniak-Serwata, Anna Magiera, Natalia Kobiela, Katarzyna Wąsowicz and Monika Anna Olszewska

Antioxidants 2021, 10(7), 995; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10070995 - 22 Jun 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3404

Abstract

The bark of Aesculus hippocastanum is an herbal remedy used in conditions connected with vascular insufficiency; however, there is a lack of data concerning its mechanisms of action. The present work is a preliminary investigation into some of the potential directions of the [...] Read more.

The bark of Aesculus hippocastanum is an herbal remedy used in conditions connected with vascular insufficiency; however, there is a lack of data concerning its mechanisms of action. The present work is a preliminary investigation into some of the potential directions of the bark activity. The phytochemically (qualitative UHPLC-PDA-MS/MS and quantitative UHPLC-PDA assays) characterized extract and its four main constituents (esculin, fraxin, (‒)-epicatechin and procyanidin A2) were first evaluated in terms of their antioxidant capacity. All analytes demonstrated dose-dependent scavenging potential towards the most common in vivo oxidants, with particularly advantageous capacity of the extract and its flavan-3-ol constituents against peroxynitrite (3.37–13.26 mmol AA/g), hydroxyl radical (5.03–8.91 mmol AA/g) and superoxide radical (3.50–5.50 mmol AA/g). Moreover, even at low concentrations (1–5 µg/mL), they protected components of human plasma against oxidative damage inflicted by peroxynitrite, preventing oxidation of plasma protein thiols and diminishing the tyrosine nitration and lipid peroxidation. High efficiency of the analytes was also demonstrated in preventing the peroxynitrite-induced nitrative changes of fibrinogen (up to 80% inhibition for (‒)-epicatechin at 50 µg/mL), an important protein of coagulation cascade. Additionally, the extract and its constituents had, at most, moderate inhibitory activity towards platelet aggregation induced by ADP and only negligible influence on clotting times. The results show that, among the investigated properties, the antioxidant activity might, to the highest extent, be responsible for the bark efficacy in vascular disorders, thus supporting its application in those conditions; they also indicate the directions for future research that would allow for better understanding of the bark activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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12 pages, 1400 KiB

Open AccessArticle

GABA Regulates Phenolics Accumulation in Soybean Sprouts under NaCl Stress

by Yunyun Zhao, Chong Xie, Pei Wang, Zhenxin Gu and Runqiang Yang

Antioxidants 2021, 10(6), 990; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10060990 - 21 Jun 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2906

Abstract

NaCl stress causes oxidative stress in plants; γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) could alleviate such abiotic stress by enhancing the synthesis of phenolics, but the underlying mechanism is not clear. We investigated the effects of GABA on phenolics accumulation in soybean sprouts under NaCl stress [...] Read more.

NaCl stress causes oxidative stress in plants; γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) could alleviate such abiotic stress by enhancing the synthesis of phenolics, but the underlying mechanism is not clear. We investigated the effects of GABA on phenolics accumulation in soybean sprouts under NaCl stress by measuring changes in the content of physiological biochemicals and phenolic substances, in the activity and gene expression of key enzymes, and in antioxidant capacity. GABA reduced the oxidative damage in soybean sprouts caused by NaCl stress and enhanced the content of total phenolics, phenolic acids, and isoflavones by 16.58%, 22.47%, and 3.75%, respectively. It also increased the activities and expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, and 4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase. Furthermore, GABA increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the antioxidant capacity. These events were inhibited by 3-mercaptopropionate (an inhibitor for GABA synthesis), indicating that GABA mediated phenolics accumulation and antioxidant system enhancement in soybean sprouts under NaCl stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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13 pages, 1273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Tea Extract Enhances the Oxidative Stability of DHA-Rich Oil

by Caroline Waingeh Nain, Gwennaëlle Berdal, Phan Thi Phuong Thao, Eric Mignolet, Marine Buchet, Melissa Page and Yvan Larondelle

Antioxidants 2021, 10(6), 982; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10060982 - 19 Jun 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3721

Abstract

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is one of the most important omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, with proven health-promoting properties. However, oils with a very high content in DHA (DHAO) are extremely susceptible to oxidation, which affects shelf stability and limits incorporation in food products. Green [...] Read more.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is one of the most important omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, with proven health-promoting properties. However, oils with a very high content in DHA (DHAO) are extremely susceptible to oxidation, which affects shelf stability and limits incorporation in food products. Green tea extracts (GTE) are potential candidates for the protection of these oils, but their use in such oils has not been previously reported. This study investigated the effect of GTE (160 ppm, 400 ppm, 1000 ppm) and α-tocopherol (80 ppm, 200 ppm, 500 ppm) on the oxidative stability of a DHAO over a 9-week storage at 30 °C. The oxidative status was monitored during storage by the measurement of peroxide value (PV) and p-anisidine value (p-AV). Changes in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA content, as well as in catechins and tocopherol contents, were also evaluated. The addition of GTE enhanced the oxidative stability of DHAO by reducing the formation of peroxides and secondary oxidation products, whereas α-tocopherol had no significant effect on the PV of oil during storage but led to a significantly higher p-AV. The EPA and DHA content of DHAO was stable in GTE-supplemented samples whereas a decrease was observed in the control and α-tocopherol-supplemented samples. GTE also delayed the degradation of tocopherols initially present in the oil, while catechins resulting from the addition of GTE decreased progressively during the storage period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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17 pages, 1175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pre-Treatment with Grape Seed Extract Reduces Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress Induced by Helicobacter pylori Infection in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells

by Jose Manuel Silvan, Alba Gutierrez-Docio, Esperanza Guerrero-Hurtado, Lucia Domingo-Serrano, Ana Blanco-Suarez, Marin Prodanov, Teresa Alarcon-Cavero and Adolfo J. Martinez-Rodriguez

Antioxidants 2021, 10(6), 943; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10060943 - 11 Jun 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4909

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a pathogenic bacteria identified as a potential risk factor for gastritis, gastric ulcers and gastric cancer. During the stomach colonization, H. pylori triggers a strong inflammatory response and subsequent oxidative stress, which are associated with tissue [...] Read more.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a pathogenic bacteria identified as a potential risk factor for gastritis, gastric ulcers and gastric cancer. During the stomach colonization, H. pylori triggers a strong inflammatory response and subsequent oxidative stress, which are associated with tissue damage. For this reason, it is of particular interest to develop alternative natural tools that enable modulation of the associated damaging immune response. With this purpose, we obtained grape seed extract (GSE) from sweet (not fermented) food grade seeds. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of GSE and its two enriched procyanidins fractions (OPC and PPC) on the inflammatory process and oxidative stress produced by different H. pylori strains in human gastric epithelial cells (AGS). Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring the level of interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion. IL-8 production was significantly reduced in H. pylori-infected human gastric epithelial cells pre-treated with GSE or its enriched fractions when compared with non-pre-treated infected cells (from 21.6% to 87.8%). Pre-treatment with GSE or its fractions significantly decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in AGS cells after infection, depending on the H. pylori strain. Our results also showed that GSE and its fractions demonstrate antibacterial activity against all strains of H. pylori used in the study. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of GSE enriched in procyanidins against the main events associated with H. pylori infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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18 pages, 20343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant Activity of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Seed Oil in Drosophila melanogaster Larvae under Non-Stress and H₂O₂-Induced Oxidative Stress Conditions

by Jelena Vitorović, Nataša Joković, Niko Radulović, Tatjana Mihajilov-Krstev, Vladimir J. Cvetković, Nikola Jovanović, Tatjana Mitrović, Ana Aleksić, Nemanja Stanković and Nirit Bernstein

Antioxidants 2021, 10(6), 830; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10060830 - 22 May 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5485

Abstract

The oil extracted from hemp seeds has significant nutritional and biological properties due to the unique composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids and various antioxidant compounds. The potential of this oil for the prevention of oxidative stress and for the treatment of oxidative-stress-induced ailments [...] Read more.

The oil extracted from hemp seeds has significant nutritional and biological properties due to the unique composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids and various antioxidant compounds. The potential of this oil for the prevention of oxidative stress and for the treatment of oxidative-stress-induced ailments is of increasing interest. Most studies of hemp seed oil were conducted in-vitro, meaning we lack information about effects and activity in vivo. In the present study, we evaluated the hypothesis that hemp seed oil at different concentrations improves the oxidative state of D. melanogaster, under non-stress as well as hydrogen-peroxide-induced stress. We analyzed the effects of hemp seed oil on oxidative stress markers and on the life cycle of D.melanogaster under non-stress and hydrogen-peroxide-induced stress conditions. D.melanogaster larvae were exposed to hemp seed oil concentrations ranging from 12.5 to 125 μL/mL. The results revealed that under non-stress conditions, oil concentrations up to 62.5 µL/mL did not induce negative effects on the life cycle of D. melanogaster and maintained the redox status of the larval cells at similar levels to the control level. Under oxidative stress conditions, biochemical parameters were significantly affected and only two oil concentrations, 18.7 and 31.2 µL/mL, provided protection against hydrogen peroxide stress effects. A higher oil concentration (125 μL/mL) exerted negative effects on the oxidative status and increased larval mortality. The tested oil was characterized chemically by NMR, transesterification, and silylation, followed by GC-MS analyses, and was shown to contain polyunsaturated fatty acid triglycerides and low levels of tocopherols. The high levels of linoleic and linolenic acids in the oil are suggested to be responsible for the observed in vivo antioxidant effects. Taken together, the results show that hemp seed oil is effective for reducing oxidative stress at the cellular level, thus supporting the hypothesis. The obtained results point to the potential of hemp seed oil for the prevention and treatment of conditions caused by the action of reactive oxygen species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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21 pages, 7963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of Two Jatropha Species: Different Parts and Different Extraction Methods

by Gokhan Zengin, Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally, Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan, Gunes Ak, Ouattara Katinan Etienne, Jugreet B. Sharmeen, Luigi Brunetti, Sheila Leone, Simonetta Cristina Di Simone, Lucia Recinella, Annalisa Chiavaroli, Luigi Menghini, Giustino Orlando, József Jekő, Zoltán Cziáky and Claudio Ferrante

Antioxidants 2021, 10(5), 792; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10050792 - 17 May 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4386

Abstract

Jatropha L. species, in particular, J. curcas and J. gossypiifolia, are well known medicinal plants used for treating various diseases. In the present study, leaf and stem bark extracts of J. curcas and J. gossypiifolia obtained by maceration or homogenizer assisted extraction, [...] Read more.

Jatropha L. species, in particular, J. curcas and J. gossypiifolia, are well known medicinal plants used for treating various diseases. In the present study, leaf and stem bark extracts of J. curcas and J. gossypiifolia obtained by maceration or homogenizer assisted extraction, were investigated for their phytochemical contents and biological potential as antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors and neuromodulators. In this regard, the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was investigated in hypothalamic HypoE22 cells. Finally, a bioinformatics analysis was carried out with the aim to unravel the putative mechanisms consistent with both metabolomic fingerprints and pharmacological effects. The leaf extracts of J. curcas showed higher total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) than the stem bark extracts (range: 5.79–48.95 mg GAE/g and 1.64–13.99 mg RE/g, respectively), while J. gossypiifolia possessed TPC and TFC in the range of 42.62–62.83 mg GAE/g and 6.97–17.63 mg RE/g, respectively. HPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the leaf extracts of both species obtained by homogenizer assisted extraction are richer in phytochemical compounds compared to the stem bark extracts obtained by the same extraction method. In vitro antioxidant potentials were also demonstrated in different assays (DPPH: 6.89–193.93 mg TE/g, ABTS: 20.20–255.39 mg TE/g, CUPRAC: 21.07–333.30 mg TE/g, FRAP: 14.02–168.93 mg TE/g, metal chelating activity: 3.21–17.51 mg EDTAE/g and phosphomolybdenum assay: 1.76–3.55 mmol TE/g). In particular, the leaf extract of J. curcas and the stem bark extract of J. gossypiifolia, both obtained by homogenizer assisted extraction, showed the most potent antioxidant capacity in terms of free radical scavenging and reducing activity, which could be related to their higher TPC and TFC. Furthermore, anti-neurodegenerative (acetylcholinesterase inhibition: 1.12–2.36 mg GALAE/g; butyrylcholinetserase inhibition: 0.50–3.68 mg GALAE/g), anti-hyperpigmentation (tyrosinase inhibition: 38.14–57.59 mg KAE/g) and antidiabetic (amylase inhibition: 0.28–0.62 mmol ACAE/g; glucosidase inhibition: 0.65–0.81 mmol ACAE/g) properties were displayed differentially by the different extracts. Additionally, the extracts were effective in reducing the gene expression of both TNFα and BDNF, which could be partially mediated by phenolic compounds such as naringenin, apigenin and quercetin. Indeed, the scientific data obtained from the present study complement the several other reports highlighting the pharmacological potentials of these two species, thus supporting their uses as therapeutically active plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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16 pages, 1016 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Herbal Additives Substantially Modify Antioxidant Properties and Tocopherol Content of Cold-Pressed Oils

by Kamila Laskoś, Elżbieta Pisulewska, Piotr Waligórski, Franciszek Janowiak, Anna Janeczko, Iwona Sadura, Szymon Polaszczyk and Ilona Mieczysława Czyczyło-Mysza

Antioxidants 2021, 10(5), 781; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10050781 - 14 May 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3426

Abstract

The aim of the study was to examine combinations of base oils and herbal additives with a view to obtaining macerates with improved health benefits. Base oils were cold-pressed from the seeds of black cumin, borage, evening primrose, safflower, walnut, common hazel, and [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to examine combinations of base oils and herbal additives with a view to obtaining macerates with improved health benefits. Base oils were cold-pressed from the seeds of black cumin, borage, evening primrose, safflower, walnut, common hazel, and oilseed rape, as well as the flesh of sea-buckthorn fruits. They were then supplemented with herbs, including basil, thyme, and sage, in order to create macerates. Total antioxidant activity and tocopherol level were analyzed in oils, macerates, and oil cakes. Additionally, chemical properties of oil cakes—such as the level of fibre, vitamin C, β-carotene, and lutein—were also examined. Supplementation with herbs caused diversified effects on antioxidant activity and tocopherol level in macerates depending on the base oil, herb, and supplementation method. The obtained results indicate that tocopherol level does not play a decisive role in determining the antioxidant properties of oils, macerates, and oil cakes, suggesting significant involvement of other antioxidants. Among the tested macerates, the most promising one seems to be oilseed rape oil enriched with sage or basil to maximize its health benefits. The study can serve as a starting point for the development and implementation of functional macerates and oil cakes in healthy nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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17 pages, 14527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effect of Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. Extract against Ethanol-Induced Gastritis in Rats

by Naila Boby, Muhammad Aleem Abbas, Eon-Bee Lee, Zi-Eum Im, Walter H. Hsu and Seung-Chun Park

Antioxidants 2021, 10(3), 439; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10030439 - 12 Mar 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3423

Abstract

Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim (Korean pear) has been used for hundreds of years as a traditional herbal medicine for asthma, cough, and atopic dermatitis in Korea and China. Although it was originally shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiatopic properties, its gastroprotective effects have [...] Read more.

Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim (Korean pear) has been used for hundreds of years as a traditional herbal medicine for asthma, cough, and atopic dermatitis in Korea and China. Although it was originally shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiatopic properties, its gastroprotective effects have not been investigated. In the present study, we evaluated the protective effects of Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim extract (PUE) against ethanol-induced gastritis in rats. The bioactive compound profile of PUE was determined by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The gastroprotection of PUE at different doses (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) prior to ethanol ingestion was evaluated using an in vivo gastritis rat model. Several endpoints were evaluated, including gastric mucosal lesions, cellular degeneration, intracellular damage, and immunohistochemical localization of leucocyte common antigen. The gastric mucosal injury and ulcer score were determined by evaluating the inflamed gastric mucosa and by histological examination. To identify the mechanisms of gastroprotection by PUE, antisecretory action and plasma prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), gastric mucosal cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and histamine levels were measured. PUE exhibited significant antioxidant effects with IC₅₀ values of 56.18 and 22.49 µg/mL for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′- azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) inhibition (%), respectively. In addition, GC/MS and HPLC analyses revealed several bioactive compounds of PUE. Pretreatment with PUE significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the ulcer index by preventing gastric mucosal lesions, erosion, and cellular degeneration. An immunohistochemical analysis revealed that PUE markedly attenuated leucocyte infiltration in a dose-dependent manner. The enhancement of PGE₂ levels and attenuation of cAMP levels along with the inhibition of histamine release following PUE pretreatment was associated with the cytoprotective and healing effects of PUE. In contrast, the downregulation of the H⁺/K⁺ ATPase pathway as well as muscarinic receptor (M₃R) and histamine receptor (H₂R) inhibition was also involved in the gastroprotective effects of PUE; however, the expression of cholecystokinin-2 receptors (CCK₂R) was unchanged. Finally, no signs of toxicity were observed following PUE treatment. Based on our results, we conclude that PUE represents an effective therapeutic option to reduce the risk of gastritis and warrants further study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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17 pages, 3739 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flavonoids’ Effects on Caenorhabditis elegans’ Longevity, Fat Accumulation, Stress Resistance and Gene Modulation Involve mTOR, SKN-1 and DAF-16

by María Alejandra Guerrero-Rubio, Samanta Hernández-García, Francisco García-Carmona and Fernando Gandía-Herrero

Antioxidants 2021, 10(3), 438; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10030438 - 12 Mar 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3259

Abstract

Flavonoids are potential nutraceutical compounds present in diary food. They are considered health-promoting compounds and promising drugs for different diseases, such as neurological and inflammatory diseases, diabetes and cancer. Therefore, toxicological and mechanistic studies should be done to assert the biological effects and [...] Read more.

Flavonoids are potential nutraceutical compounds present in diary food. They are considered health-promoting compounds and promising drugs for different diseases, such as neurological and inflammatory diseases, diabetes and cancer. Therefore, toxicological and mechanistic studies should be done to assert the biological effects and identify the molecular targets of these compounds. In this work we describe the effects of six structurally-related flavonoids—baicalein, chrysin, scutellarein, 6-hydroxyflavone, 6,7-dihydroxyflavone and 7,8-dihydroxyflavone—on Caenorhabditis elegans’ lifespan and stress resistance. The results showed that chrysin, 6-hydroxyflavone and baicalein prolonged C. elegans’ lifespan by up to 8.5%, 11.8% and 18.6%, respectively. The lifespan extensions caused by these flavonoids are dependent on different signaling pathways. The results suggested that chrysin’s effects are dependent on the insulin signaling pathway via DAF-16/FOXO. Baicalein and 6-hydroxyflavone’s effects are dependent on the SKN-1/Nfr2 pathway. In addition, microarray analysis showed that baicalein downregulates important age-related genes, such as mTOR and PARP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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21 pages, 20699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neurotherapeutic Effect of Inula britannica var. Chinensis against H₂O₂-Induced Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cortical Neurons

by Jin Young Hong, Hyunseong Kim, Junseon Lee, Wan-Jin Jeon, Seung Ho Baek and In-Hyuk Ha

Antioxidants 2021, 10(3), 375; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10030375 - 03 Mar 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2919

Abstract

Inula britannica var. chinensis (IBC) has been used as a traditional medicinal herb to treat inflammatory diseases. Although its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects have been reported, whether IBC exerts neuroprotective effects and the related mechanisms in cortical neurons remain unknown. In this study, [...] Read more.

Inula britannica var. chinensis (IBC) has been used as a traditional medicinal herb to treat inflammatory diseases. Although its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects have been reported, whether IBC exerts neuroprotective effects and the related mechanisms in cortical neurons remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of IBC extract (5, 10, and 20 µg/mL) on cortical neurons using a hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced injury model. Our results demonstrate that IBC can effectively enhance neuronal viability under in vitro-modeled reaction oxygen species (ROS)-generating conditions by inhibiting mitochondrial ROS production and increasing adenosine triphosphate level in H₂O₂-treated neurons. Additionally, we confirmed that neuronal death was attenuated by improving the mitochondrial membrane potential status and regulating the expression of cytochrome c, a protein related to cell death. Furthermore, IBC increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor. Furthermore, IBC inhibited the loss and induced the production of synaptophysin, a major synaptic vesicle protein. This study is the first to demonstrate that IBC exerts its neuroprotective effect by reducing mitochondria-associated oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial dysfunction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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19 pages, 1613 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Lignanamides with Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities Screened Out and Identified from Warburgia ugandensis Combining Affinity Ultrafiltration LC-MS with SOD and XOD Enzymes

by Xiao-Cui Zhuang, Gui-Lin Chen, Ye Liu, Yong-Li Zhang and Ming-Quan Guo

Antioxidants 2021, 10(3), 370; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10030370 - 01 Mar 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3109

Abstract

Warburgia ugandensis, also known as “green heart,” is widely used for the treatment of various diseases as a traditional ethnomedicinal plant in local communities in Africa. In this work, 9 and 12 potential superoxide dismutase (SOD) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) ligands from [...] Read more.

Warburgia ugandensis, also known as “green heart,” is widely used for the treatment of various diseases as a traditional ethnomedicinal plant in local communities in Africa. In this work, 9 and 12 potential superoxide dismutase (SOD) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) ligands from W. ugandensis were quickly screened out by combining SOD and XOD affinity ultrafiltration with LC-MS, respectively. In this way, four new lignanamides (compounds 11–14) and one new macrocyclic glycoside (compound 5), along with three known compounds (compounds 1, 3, and 7), were isolated and identified firstly in this species. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, including NMR and UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Among these compounds, compound 14 showed the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, and total ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) with IC₅₀ values of 6.405 ± 0.362 µM, 5.381 ± 0.092 µM, and 17.488 ± 1.625 mmol TE/g, respectively. Moreover, compound 14 displayed the highest inhibitory activity on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) with IC₅₀ value of 0.123 ± 0.004 µM, and the ranking order of other compounds’ IC₅₀ values was 13 > 11 > 7 > 1 > 12. The present study suggested that lignanamides might represent interesting new characteristic functional components of W. ugandensis to exert remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Moreover, compound 14, a new arylnaphthalene lignanamide, would be a highly potential natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent from W. ugandensis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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14 pages, 1029 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study Regarding the Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Pine (Pinus nigra and P. sylvestris) Bark Extracts

by Adrian Nisca, Ruxandra Ștefănescu, Diana Ionela Stegăruș, Anca Delia Mare, Lenard Farczadi and Corneliu Tanase

Antioxidants 2021, 10(2), 327; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10020327 - 22 Feb 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3803

Abstract

The bark resulted after the industrial processing of wood represents a byproduct of the forestry industry, used in many suboptimal ways, being considered a natural waste. Currently, it has been highlighted that the bark of different woody plants may be an important source [...] Read more.

The bark resulted after the industrial processing of wood represents a byproduct of the forestry industry, used in many suboptimal ways, being considered a natural waste. Currently, it has been highlighted that the bark of different woody plants may be an important source of several bioactive compounds, with various beneficial biological functions. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the chemical composition and biological activities of two different pine species (Pinus nigra and Pinus sylvestris) bark extracts. Ultrasound (UAE) and microwave (MAE) assisted extractions were performed in order to obtain the extracts. The total polyphenol (TPC) and total tannin (TTC) contents of the extracts were assessed via the Folin–Ciocâlteu method. The volatile and polyphenolic compounds were identified and quantified via a GC/MS analysis and an UPLC-PDA analysis, respectively. The antioxidant activity (AOA) was evaluated using the DPPH and ABTS assays, while the antibacterial activity was assessed using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) protocol. The results showed that the Pinus sylvestris bark extracts obtained by UAE had a higher TPC, TTC and AOA, while the Pinus nigra bark extracts obtained by MAE had higher volatile compounds content (mainly α-pinene and β-pinene). Moreover, the inhibition of the bacterial growth was more efficient in the case of Pinus sylvestris extracts, Gram-positive bacteria being the most affected, while Gram-negative strains presented a relative resistance to the tested extract concentrations. These results may indicate the potential use of the pine bark extracts as antioxidant or antibacterial agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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17 pages, 1957 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Inhibitory Effect of a Rosmarinic Acid-Enriched Fraction Prepared from Nga-Mon (Perilla frutescens) Seed Meal on Osteoclastogenesis through the RANK Signaling Pathway

by Kanokkarn Phromnoi, Maitree Suttajit, Chalermpong Saenjum and Pornngarm Limtrakul (Dejkriengkraikul)

Antioxidants 2021, 10(2), 307; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10020307 - 17 Feb 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3338

Abstract

The aim of this study is to determine antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities relating to the antiosteoporosis effects of various perilla seed meal (PSM) fractions. The remaining waste of perilla seed obtained from cold oil compression was extracted with 70% ethanol and sequentially fractionated [...] Read more.

The aim of this study is to determine antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities relating to the antiosteoporosis effects of various perilla seed meal (PSM) fractions. The remaining waste of perilla seed obtained from cold oil compression was extracted with 70% ethanol and sequentially fractionated according to solvent polarity with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and water. The results indicated that the seed-meal ethyl acetate fraction (SMEF) exhibited the highest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and rosmarinic acid (RA) content. The signaling pathways induced by the receptor activator of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) that trigger reactive oxygen species (ROS) and several transcription factors, leading to the induction of osteoclastogenesis, were also investigated. The SMEF clearly showed attenuated RANKL-induced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated osteoclasts and TRAP activity. A Western blot analysis showed that the SMEF significantly downregulated RANKL-induced NF-κB, AP-1 activation, and the nuclear factor of activated T-cell 1 (NFATc1) expression. SMEF also suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclast-specific marker gene-like MMP-9 using zymography. Furthermore, the SMEF showed inhibition of RANKL-induced ROS production in RAW 264.7 cells. The results suggest that the SMEF, which contained high quantities of RA, could be developed as a natural active pharmaceutical ingredient for osteoclastogenic protection and health promotion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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22 pages, 9014 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant and In Vitro Preliminary Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Castanea sativa (Italian Cultivar “Marrone di Roccadaspide” PGI) Burs, Leaves, and Chestnuts Extracts and Their Metabolite Profiles by LC-ESI/LTQOrbitrap/MS/MS

by Antonietta Cerulli, Assunta Napolitano, Jan Hošek, Milena Masullo, Cosimo Pizza and Sonia Piacente

Antioxidants 2021, 10(2), 278; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10020278 - 11 Feb 2021

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 2854

Abstract

The Italian “Marrone di Roccadaspide” (Castanea sativa), a labeled Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) product, represents an important economic resource for the Italian market. With the aim to give an interesting opportunity to use chestnuts by-products for the development of nutraceutical and/or [...] Read more.

The Italian “Marrone di Roccadaspide” (Castanea sativa), a labeled Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) product, represents an important economic resource for the Italian market. With the aim to give an interesting opportunity to use chestnuts by-products for the development of nutraceutical and/or cosmetic formulations, the investigation of burs and leaves along with chestnuts of C. sativa, cultivar “Marrone di Roccadaspide”, has been performed. The phenolic, tannin, and flavonoid content of the MeOH extracts of “Marrone di Roccadaspide” burs, leaves, and chestnuts as well as their antioxidant activity by spectrophotometric methods (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC), and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) have been evaluated. Furthermore, a cell-based antioxidant in vitro test along with in vitro assays for the evaluation of the ability to reduce nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation and nitric oxide (NO) production have been carried out. In order to identify the secondary metabolites responsible for the high phenolic content and the strong antioxidant activity shown by leaves and burs extracts, and to highlight the differences between their chemical composition, the analysis of the metabolite profile of the MeOH extracts obtained from both by-products and chestnuts by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization and multiple-stage linear ion-trap and Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-(-)ESI/LTQOrbitrap/MS/MS) has been performed. LC-MS analysis allowed the identification of different classes of specialized metabolites including hydrolyzable tannins, flavonoids, ellagic acid and phenol glucoside derivatives, and triterpenoids as well as polar lipids. Our results show how the antioxidant activity of the extracts can be correlated to their high tannins and flavonoids content while polar lipids occurring in the MeOH extract of the leaves could contribute to determining its higher anti-inflammatory activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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13 pages, 1188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant, Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory, and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities of Extracts of the Invasive Plant Spartina anglica (Cord-Grass)

by Geum Jin Kim, Songhee Park, Eonmi Kim, Hyukbean Kwon, Hae-Jin Park, Joo-Won Nam, Seong-Soo Roh and Hyukjae Choi

Antioxidants 2021, 10(2), 242; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10020242 - 04 Feb 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2197

Abstract

Since 2016, the invasive halophyte Spartina anglica has been colonizing mudflats along the western coast of South Korea. In order to minimize costs on S. anglica expansion management and waste-treatment of collected biomass, the potential application of the collected biomass of S. anglica [...] Read more.

Since 2016, the invasive halophyte Spartina anglica has been colonizing mudflats along the western coast of South Korea. In order to minimize costs on S. anglica expansion management and waste-treatment of collected biomass, the potential application of the collected biomass of S. anglica was investigated. Ethanolic extracts and subfractions thereof (hexanes, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, 1-butanol, and water-soluble) of the aerial and belowground parts of S. anglica showed free radical-scavenging [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS)], tyrosinase inhibitory, and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities. An ethyl acetate fraction derived from aerial parts (EA-a) showed the most potent radical-scavenging and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities, whereas tyrosinase inhibition was mainly observed in the methylene chloride soluble fractions (MC-bg) and other lipophilic fractions (ethyl acetate and hexanes layers) obtained from belowground parts. The major EA-a compound isolated and identified was 1,3-di-O-trans-feruloyl quinic acid (1) based on spectroscopic analysis, whereas the two major MC-bg compounds were identified as p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2) and N-trans-feruloyltyramine (3). Compounds 1 and 3 scavenged both DPPH and ABTS radicals, whereas 1 and 2 inhibited pancreatic lipase activity. These results indicate that extracts and fractions of S. anglica have antioxidant, anti-obesity, and whitening properties with potential pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and functional food applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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17 pages, 2701 KiB

Open AccessArticle

UHPLC-ESI-OT-MS Phenolics Profiling, Free Radical Scavenging, Antibacterial and Nematicidal Activities of “Yellow-Brown Resins” from Larrea spp.

by Jessica Gómez, Mario J. Simirgiotis, Sofía Manrique, Mauricio Piñeiro, Beatriz Lima, Jorge Bórquez, Gabriela E. Feresin and Alejandro Tapia

Antioxidants 2021, 10(2), 185; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10020185 - 28 Jan 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2260

Abstract

This research was designed to investigate the metabolite profiling, phenolics and flavonoids content and the potential antioxidant, antibacterial and nematicidal activities of “yellow-brown resins” from Larrea divaricata Cav (LdRe) and L. nitida Cav (LnRe). Metabolite profiling was obtained using an ultrahigh resolution liquid [...] Read more.

This research was designed to investigate the metabolite profiling, phenolics and flavonoids content and the potential antioxidant, antibacterial and nematicidal activities of “yellow-brown resins” from Larrea divaricata Cav (LdRe) and L. nitida Cav (LnRe). Metabolite profiling was obtained using an ultrahigh resolution liquid chromatography orbitrap MS analysis (UHPLC-ESI-OT-MS). The antioxidant properties were screened by four methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH), trolox equivalent antioxidant activity assay (TEAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes (LP). The antibacterial activity was evaluated according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. In addition, the potential combinatory effect was analyzed with the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values using the checkerboard design. The nematicidal activity was carried out according to a standardized protocol. LdRe and LnRe showed a strong capture of the DPPH radical withvalues around 8.4 µg resin/mL; FRAP (1.69–1.94 mgTE/ g resin), TEAC (1.08–1.09 mgTE/g resin) and LP (81–82% at 100 µg of resin/mL) assays. A strong antimicrobial activity was displayed by both resins against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923(MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus ATCC 43300(MRSA) (MICs = 16–32 µg resin/mL). Additionally, the combination of LdRe or LnRe with the antibiotic cefotaxime showed an indifferent effect (FICI values = 1–1.25), however, this combinationcould be a potential strategy to reduce the drug doses, and in this way can be a potential alternative to reduce bacterial resistance. On the other hand, the resins showed a scarce nematicidal potential toward J2 Meloidogyne incognita; an important nematode infecting horticultural crops. Phenolics compounds were identified by UHPLC-PDA-OT-MS analysis, updating the knowledge on the chemical profile of these species. These results, together with the high content of quantified phenolics and flavonoids, allow the phenolics-enriched resins of these two Larrea species to be considered as a promising sustainable source of compounds of pharmacological interest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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14 pages, 2754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant Effects of Turmeric Leaf Extract against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress In Vitro in Vero Cells and In Vivo in Zebrafish

by Sera Kim, Mingyeong Kim, Min-Cheol Kang, Hyun Hee L. Lee, Chi Heung Cho, Inwook Choi, Yongkon Park and Sang-Hoon Lee

Antioxidants 2021, 10(1), 112; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10010112 - 14 Jan 2021

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 6274

Abstract

Oxidative stress, caused by the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), results in cellular damage. Therefore, functional materials with antioxidant properties are necessary to maintain redox balance. Turmeric leaves (Curcuma longa L. leaves; TL) are known to have antioxidant properties, including [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress, caused by the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), results in cellular damage. Therefore, functional materials with antioxidant properties are necessary to maintain redox balance. Turmeric leaves (Curcuma longa L. leaves; TL) are known to have antioxidant properties, including 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-Azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) radical scavenging activity in several studies. The antioxidant effects of TL come from distinct bioactive compounds, such as curcumin, total phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. Therefore, in this study, the antioxidant effects of a water extract of TL (TLE) against H₂O₂ treatment were assessed in vitro Vero cells and in vivo zebrafish models. The intracellular ROS generation and the proportion of sub-G1 phase cells were evaluated in H₂O₂- or/and TLE-treated Vero cells to measure the antioxidant activity of TLE. TLE showed outstanding intracellular ROS scavenging activity and significantly decreased the proportion of cells in the sub-G1 phase in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, cell death, ROS generation, and lipid peroxidation in the H₂O₂-treated zebrafish model were attenuated as a consequence of TLE treatment. Collectively, the results from this study suggested that TLE may be an alternative material to relieve ROS generation through its antioxidant properties or a suitable material for the application in a functional food industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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20 pages, 5174 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Helianthus tuberosus L. Induces Anti-Diabetic, and Wound-Healing Activities in Insulin-Resistant Human Liver Cancer and Mouse Fibroblast Cells

by Arokia Vijaya Anand Mariadoss, SeonJu Park, Kandasamy Saravanakumar, Anbazhagan Sathiyaseelan and Myeong-Hyeon Wang

Antioxidants 2021, 10(1), 99; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10010099 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3650

Abstract

Traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine are globally accepted alternative methods for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). However, the mechanism of anti-diabetic effects of Helianthus tuberosus L. remains unproven. In the present study, antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of the tubers of H. tuberosus [...] Read more.

Traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine are globally accepted alternative methods for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). However, the mechanism of anti-diabetic effects of Helianthus tuberosus L. remains unproven. In the present study, antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of the tubers of H. tuberosus were studied in detail. Methanolic extracts of H. tuberosus tubers were subjected to solvent fractionation method by increasing the polarity of the solvent using n-hexane, and ethyl acetate. The obtained methanol extracts and its fractions were subjected to free radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS assay) and in vitro enzyme (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) inhibition assay. Moreover, glucose uptake in insulin-resistant HepG2 cell line was analyzed. The preliminary phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the active fraction. The radical scavenging and in vitro diabetic related enzyme inhibitory activities were found to be dose dependent. The maximum ABTS⁺ and DPPH scavenging activity was documented in ethyl acetate fraction of the H. tuberosus followed by methanol extract, hexane fraction, and methanol fraction. We also found that H. tuberosus showed a less toxicity in mouse fibroblast cells and enhance the glucose uptake in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Besides, the ethyl acetate fraction of the H. tuberosus analyzed by UPLC-QTOF-MS-MS and GC/MS revealed the presence of phenolic compounds such as neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, 5-O-(4-coumaroyl)-quinic acid, feruloylquinic acid, caffeoylquinic acid, isoxazolidine, salicylic acid β-D-glucoside, dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers, salvianolic acid derivative isomers, and 1,4 dicaffeoylquinic acid etc. Among the identified phytochemicals, six were chosen for molecular docking study to explore their its inhibitory interactions with α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Taken together, the findings of the present study suggested that phytocompounds of EAF were responsible for the significant in vitro antioxidant, wound-healing, and anti-diabetic activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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27 pages, 11471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Profiling, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic Activities and Molecular Docking Simulation of Carrichtera annua DC. (Cruciferae)

by Enas E. Eltamany, Sameh S. Elhady, Haidy A. Ahmed, Jihan M. Badr, Ahmad O. Noor, Safwat A. Ahmed and Mohamed S. Nafie

Antioxidants 2020, 9(12), 1286; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox9121286 - 16 Dec 2020

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 3946

Abstract

Our investigation intended to analyze the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of Carrichtera annua and to evaluate the antiproliferative effect of C. annua crude and phenolics extracts by MTT assay on a panel of cancerous and non-cancerous breast and liver cell lines. [...] Read more.

Our investigation intended to analyze the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of Carrichtera annua and to evaluate the antiproliferative effect of C. annua crude and phenolics extracts by MTT assay on a panel of cancerous and non-cancerous breast and liver cell lines. The total flavonoid and phenolic contents of C. annua were 47.3 ± 17.9 mg RE/g and 83.8 ± 5.3 mg respectively. C. annua extract exhibited remarkable antioxidant capacity (50.92 ± 5.64 mg GAE/g) in comparison with BHT (74.86 ± 3.92 mg GAE/g). Moreover, the extract exhibited promising reduction ability (1.17 mMol Fe⁺²/g) in comparison to the positive control (ascorbic acid with 2.75 ± 0.91) and it displayed some definite radical scavenging effect on DPPH (IC₅₀ values of 211.9 ± 3.7 µg/mL). Chemical profiling of C. annua extract was achieved by LC-ESI-TOF-MS/MS analysis. Forty-nine hits mainly polyphenols were detected. Flavonoid fraction of C. annua was more active than the crude extract. It demonstrated selective cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 and HepG2 cells (IC₅₀ = 13.04 and 19.3 µg/mL respectively), induced cell cycle arrest at pre-G1 and G2/M-phases and displayed apoptotic effect. Molecular docking studies supported our findings and revealed that kaempferol-3,7-O-bis-α-L-rhamnoside and kaempferol-3-rutinoside were the most active inhibitors of Bcl-2. Therefore, C. annua herb seems to be a promising candidate to further advance anticancer research. In extrapolation, the intake of C. annua phenolics might be adventitious for alleviating breast and liver malignancies and tumoral proliferation in humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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20 pages, 1801 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenolic Fractions from Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. and Their Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities Assessment

by Gabriele Vilkickyte, Lina Raudone and Vilma Petrikaite

Antioxidants 2020, 9(12), 1261; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox9121261 - 11 Dec 2020

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 4003

Abstract

Lingonberry leaves and fruits are associated with a range of potential bioactivities related to their phenolic content and composition, but the identification of major biological activity markers remains limited. The present study aimed at the isolation of lingonberry phenolic fractions and biological activity [...] Read more.

Lingonberry leaves and fruits are associated with a range of potential bioactivities related to their phenolic content and composition, but the identification of major biological activity markers remains limited. The present study aimed at the isolation of lingonberry phenolic fractions and biological activity evaluation of them. Crude dry extracts of lingonberry leaves and fruits were fractionated by chromatography using Sephadex LH-20 and analyzed by validated HPLC-PDA method. For each fraction, the anticancer activity against human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CaKi-1), human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), and human malignant melanoma (IGR39) cell lines was determined using MTT assay, and the radical scavenging, reducing, and chelating activities were investigated using ABTS, FRAP, and FIC assays, respectively. Further, 28 phenolics were identified and quantified in the crude extract of lingonberry leaves and 37 in the extract of fruits. These compounds, during fractionation steps, were selectively eluted into active fractions, enriched with different groups of phenolics—monophenols, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, catechins, flavonols, or proanthocyanidins. Fractions of lingonberry leaves and fruits, obtained by the last fractionation step, proved to be the most active against tested cancer cell lines and possessed the greatest antioxidant activity. In this perspective, the predominant compounds of these fractions—polymeric and mainly A-type dimeric proanthocyanidins—also quercetin can be considered to be anticancer and antioxidant activity markers of lingonberries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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25 pages, 6649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Cytocompatible Salvia officinalis Extracts: A Comparison between Traditional and Soxhlet Extraction

by Sara F. Vieira, Helena Ferreira and Nuno M. Neves

Antioxidants 2020, 9(11), 1157; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox9111157 - 20 Nov 2020

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5700

Abstract

Chronic inflammation is characterized by an overproduction of several inflammatory mediators (e.g., reactive species and interleukins -IL) that play a central role in numerous diseases. The available therapies are often associated with serious side effects and, consequently, the need for safer drugs is [...] Read more.

Chronic inflammation is characterized by an overproduction of several inflammatory mediators (e.g., reactive species and interleukins -IL) that play a central role in numerous diseases. The available therapies are often associated with serious side effects and, consequently, the need for safer drugs is of utmost importance. A plant traditionally used in the treatment of inflammatory conditions is Salvia officinalis. Therefore, conventional maceration and infusion of its leaves were performed to obtain hydroethanolic (HE-T) and aqueous extracts (AE-T), respectively. Their efficacy was compared to soxhlet extracts, namely aqueous (AE-S), hydroethanolic (HE-S), and ethanolic extracts (EE-S). Thin-layer chromatography demonstrated the presence of rosmarinic acid, carnosol, and/or carnosic acid in the different extracts. Generally, soxhlet provided extracts with higher antioxidant activities than traditional extraction. Moreover, under an inflammatory scenario, EE-S were the most effective, followed by HE-S, HE-T, AE-T, and AE-S, in the reduction of IL-6 and TNF-α production. Interestingly, the extracts presented higher or similar anti-inflammatory activity than diclofenac, salicylic acid, and celecoxib. In conclusion, the extraction method and the solvents of extraction influenced the antioxidant activity, but mainly the anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts. Therefore, this natural resource can enable the development of effective treatments for oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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23 pages, 38494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

HR-LCMS-Based Metabolite Profiling, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Properties of Teucrium polium L. Methanolic Extract: Computational and In Vitro Study

by Emira Noumi, Mejdi Snoussi, El Hassane Anouar, Mousa Alreshidi, Vajid N. Veettil, Salem Elkahoui, Mohd Adnan, Mitesh Patel, Adel Kadri, Kaïss Aouadi, Vincenzo De Feo and Riadh Badraoui

Antioxidants 2020, 9(11), 1089; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox9111089 - 05 Nov 2020

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 5030

Abstract

In this study, we investigate the phytochemical profile, anticancer, and antioxidant activities of Teucrium polium methanolic extract using both in vitro and in silico approaches. The results showed the identification of 29 phytochemical compounds belonging to 13 classes of compounds and 20 tripeptides [...] Read more.

In this study, we investigate the phytochemical profile, anticancer, and antioxidant activities of Teucrium polium methanolic extract using both in vitro and in silico approaches. The results showed the identification of 29 phytochemical compounds belonging to 13 classes of compounds and 20 tripeptides using High Resolution-Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (HR-LCMS). 13R-hydroxy-9E,11Z octadecadienoic acid, dihydrosamidin, valtratum, and cepharantine were the main compounds identified. The tested extract showed promising antioxidant activities (ABTS-IC₅₀ = 0.042 mg/mL; 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-IC₅₀ = 0.087 mg/mL, β-carotene-IC₅₀ = 0.101 mg/mL and FRAP-IC₅₀ = 0.292 mg/mL). Using both malignant Walker 256/B and MatLyLu cell lines, T. polium methanolic extract showed a dose/time-dependent antitumor activity. The molecular docking approach revealed that most of the identified molecules were specifically binding with human peroxiredoxin 5, human androgen, and human progesterone receptors with high binding affinity scores. The obtained results confirmed that T. polium is a rich source of bioactive molecules with antioxidant and antitumor potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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33 pages, 2295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) Extracts Comparative Analysis Regarding Their Phytonutrient Profiles, Antioxidant Capacity along with the In Vivo Rescue Effects Tested on a Drosophila melanogaster High-Sugar Diet Model

by Andreea-Adriana Neamtu, Rita Szoke-Kovacs, Emoke Mihok, Cecilia Georgescu, Violeta Turcus, Neli Kinga Olah, Adina Frum, Ovidiu Tita, Carmen Neamtu, Zsombor Szoke-Kovacs, Zoltan Cziaky and Endre Mathe

Antioxidants 2020, 9(11), 1067; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox9111067 - 30 Oct 2020

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5232

Abstract

Bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) have been reported to hold a plentitude of health-promoting properties beyond basic nutrition, mainly attributed to their anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity. In this article, we built the phytochemical profile of three wild bilberry fruit extract formulations (aqueous, [...] Read more.

Bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) have been reported to hold a plentitude of health-promoting properties beyond basic nutrition, mainly attributed to their anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity. In this article, we built the phytochemical profile of three wild bilberry fruit extract formulations (aqueous, methanolic, and hydro-methanolic) using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS putative analysis, identifying 88 individual phytochemicals, mainly flavonoids (total content 8.41 ± 0.11 mg QE/g dw), free amino acids, polyphenols (total content 21.68 ± 0.19 mg GAE/g dw), carboxylic acids, and vitamins. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the extract was assessed, reaching 78.03 ± 0.16% DPPH free radical scavenging activity, comparable to literature values determined for bilberry extracts of other origin. Due to the increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome and based on the reviewed benefits of bilberries, we tested the most potent formulation of our bilberry extracts in this biological context. The in vivo rescue effect of a bilberry extract supplemented diet on Drosophila melanogaster was assessed by monitoring biochemical and genomic markers. Hemolymph trehalose levels were halved upon addition of 3% hydro-methanolic bilberry extract to a high-sugar (1.5 M sucrose) diet, as compared to the non-supplemented high-sugar diet. Noteworthy, the rescue seen for flies kept on the bilberry extract supplemented high-sugar diet appeared to parallel the trehalose levels observed in the case of the control diet (50 mM sucrose) flies. Moreover, next to the trehalose-lowering type of in vivo effects, other gene expression related rescues were also detected for genes such as InR, Akh, AstA, AstC, Irk, Npc2g, and CCHa2 upon supplementation of the high-sugar diet with our hydro-methanolic bilberry fruit extract. Our findings suggest that such a bilberry fruit extract could generate physiological and genomic type of compensatory mechanisms so that further translational approaches would advance the understanding of some human specific pathological conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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22 pages, 3392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Allium subhirsutum L. as a Potential Source of Antioxidant and Anticancer Bioactive Molecules: HR-LCMS Phytochemical Profiling, In Vitro and In Vivo Pharmacological Study

by Riadh Badraoui, Tarek Rebai, Salem Elkahoui, Mousa Alreshidi, Vajid N. Veettil, Emira Noumi, Khaled A. Al-Motair, Kaïss Aouadi, Adel Kadri, Vincenzo De Feo and Mejdi Snoussi

Antioxidants 2020, 9(10), 1003; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox9101003 - 16 Oct 2020

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 3221

Abstract

This study investigated Allium subhirsutum L. (AS) anticancer and antioxidant effects and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis in a murine model of skeletal metastases due to inoculation of Walker 256/B cells. Phytochemical composition of AS extract (ASE) was studied by High Resolution-Liquid Chromatography Mass [...] Read more.

This study investigated Allium subhirsutum L. (AS) anticancer and antioxidant effects and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis in a murine model of skeletal metastases due to inoculation of Walker 256/B cells. Phytochemical composition of AS extract (ASE) was studied by High Resolution-Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (HR-LCMS). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC) were determined. In vitro, the antioxidant properties were evaluated by reducing power and antiradical activity against DPPH. Cancer cells’ proliferation, apoptosis, metastatic development and angiogenesis were evaluated using Walker 256/B and MatLyLu cells. The p-coumaric acid was the major phenolic acid (1700 µg/g extract). ASE showed high levels of TPC and TFC and proved potent antioxidant effects. ASE inhibited Walker 256/B and MatLyLu cells’ proliferation (Half-maximal inhibitory concentration: IC₅₀ ≃ 150 µg/mL) and induced apoptosis. In silico and in vivo assays confirmed these findings. ASE effectively acts as a chemo-preventive compound, induces apoptosis and attenuates angiogenesis and osteolytic metastases due to Walker 256/B malignant cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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18 pages, 5488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrated Strategy for Nutraceuticals from Haematoccus pluvialis: From Cultivation to Extraction

by Sanjeet Mehariya, Neeta Sharma, Angela Iovine, Patrizia Casella, Tiziana Marino, Vincenzo Larocca, Antonio Molino and Dino Musmarra

Antioxidants 2020, 9(9), 825; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox9090825 - 03 Sep 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2887

Abstract

The aim of this study was to develop an effective integrated cultivation system for Haematococcus pluvialis as a source of bioactive compounds such as astaxanthin, lutein, proteins, and fatty acids (FAs). The Chlorophyta H. pluvialis was cultivated in a vertical bubble column photobioreactor [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to develop an effective integrated cultivation system for Haematococcus pluvialis as a source of bioactive compounds such as astaxanthin, lutein, proteins, and fatty acids (FAs). The Chlorophyta H. pluvialis was cultivated in a vertical bubble column photobioreactor (VBC-PBR) under batch mode, allowing switching from green to red phase for astaxanthin induction. The combined effect of light intensity and nutrients on bioactive compound formation was investigated. Results showed that growth under lower nutrients availability and light intensity led to a higher concentration of biomass. Growth under high light intensity with an appropriate concentration of nitrate, sulfate, phosphate and magnesium led to ~85% and ~58% higher production of total carotenoids and fatty acids, respectively. Under high stress conditions, ~90% nitrate and phosphate consumption were observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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22 pages, 2121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Germination Improves the Polyphenolic Profile and Functional Value of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)

by Garyfallia Kapravelou, Rosario Martínez, Gloria Perazzoli, Cristina Sánchez González, Juan Llopis, Samuel Cantarero, Marie Goua, Giovanna Bermano, Jose Prados, Consolación Melguizo, Pilar Aranda, María López-Jurado and Jesus M. Porres

Antioxidants 2020, 9(8), 746; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox9080746 - 13 Aug 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5029

Abstract

The use of legumes as functional foods has gained increasing attention for the prevention and treatment of the so called non-communicable diseases that are highly prevalent worldwide. In this regard, biotechnological approaches for the enhancement of legumes’ nutritional and functional value have been [...] Read more.

The use of legumes as functional foods has gained increasing attention for the prevention and treatment of the so called non-communicable diseases that are highly prevalent worldwide. In this regard, biotechnological approaches for the enhancement of legumes’ nutritional and functional value have been extensively employed. In the present study, the process of germination increased several parameters of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) functionality, including extract yield, total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant capacity. In addition, 3-day-germinated mung bean proved to be an interesting source of dietary essential minerals and exhibited a greater variety of polyphenolic compounds compared to raw mung bean. These properties resulted in enhanced cytoprotective features of the 3-day mung bean extracts against radical oxygen species in human colorectal (HT29) and monocyte (U937) cell lines. Moreover, the antiproliferative effects were tested in different colon cancer cell lines, T84 and drug-resistant HCT-18, as well as in a non-tumor colon CCD-18 line. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the germination process improves the mung bean’s nutritional value and its potential as a functional food. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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18 pages, 3184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidative Effects of Thymus quinquecostatus CELAK through Mitochondrial Biogenesis Improvement in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

by Jin Young Hong, Hyunseong Kim, Wan-Jin Jeon, Seungho Baek and In-Hyuk Ha

Antioxidants 2020, 9(6), 548; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox9060548 - 23 Jun 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4260

Abstract

Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have reported that mitochondrial dysfunction is a leading cause of the overproduction of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Mitochondrial changes play an important role in [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have reported that mitochondrial dysfunction is a leading cause of the overproduction of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Mitochondrial changes play an important role in preventing oxidative stress. However, there is a lack of experimental evidence supporting this hypothesis. Thymus quinquecostatus CELAK (TQC) extract is a plant from China belonging to the thymus species, which can mediate the inflammatory response and prevent cell damage through its antioxidant activities. This study examines whether TQC can scavenge excess ROS originating from the mitochondria in RAW 264.7 macrophages. We used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation and oxidative stress in RAW 264.7 macrophages and performed an immunocytochemistry dot blot of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and real-time PCR to analyze the expression levels of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism. TQC was found to significantly reduce the intensity of immunostained MitoSOX and 8-OHdG levels in the total genomic DNA within the mitochondria in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The HO-1 and Nrf2 mRNA levels were also significantly increased in the TQC groups. Therefore, we verified that TQC improves mitochondrial function and attenuates oxidative stress induced by LPS. Our results can provide reference for the effect of TQC to develop new therapeutic strategies for various diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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13 pages, 863 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Plants at Various Growth Stages Subjected to Extraction—Comparison of the Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Profile

by Francesco Gai, Magdalena Karamać, Michał A. Janiak, Ryszard Amarowicz and Pier Giorgio Peiretti

Antioxidants 2020, 9(6), 535; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox9060535 - 19 Jun 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6773

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in the antioxidant activity and phenolic profile of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) extracts obtained from the aerial parts of plants harvested at five growth stages. In vitro assays were used to determine [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in the antioxidant activity and phenolic profile of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) extracts obtained from the aerial parts of plants harvested at five growth stages. In vitro assays were used to determine the antioxidant activity, i.e., ABTS^•+ and DPPH^• scavenging activity, the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the ability to inhibit β-carotene–linoleic acid emulsion oxidation. Phenolic compounds, such as mono- and dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers and caffeic acid hexose, were identified using the LC–TOF–MS/MS technique. The predominant compound during the growth cycle of the plant was 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, whose content was the highest at the mid-flowering stage. The total phenolic content was also the highest in sunflowers at the mid-flowering stage. The main phenolic compound contents were closely correlated with ABTS^•+ and DPPH^• scavenging activity and FRAP. No significant correlation was found between the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity in the emulsion system. The highest antiradical activity and FRAP were generally determined in older plants (mid-flowering and late flowering stages). In conclusion, the aerial parts of sunflowers, in particular those harvested at the mid-flowering stage, are a good plant material from which to obtain phenolic compound extracts, albeit mainly of one class (esters of caffeic acid and quinic acid), with high antioxidant activity. Full article

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Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology of Datura Species—A Review

by Meenakshi Sharma, Inderpreet Dhaliwal, Kusum Rana, Anil Kumar Delta and Prashant Kaushik

Antioxidants 2021, 10(8), 1291; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10081291 - 15 Aug 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 12536

Abstract

Datura, a genus of medicinal herb from the Solanaceae family, is credited with toxic as well as medicinal properties. The different plant parts of Datura sp., mainly D. stramonium L., commonly known as Datura or Jimson Weed, exhibit potent analgesic, antiviral, anti-diarrheal, [...] Read more.

Datura, a genus of medicinal herb from the Solanaceae family, is credited with toxic as well as medicinal properties. The different plant parts of Datura sp., mainly D. stramonium L., commonly known as Datura or Jimson Weed, exhibit potent analgesic, antiviral, anti-diarrheal, and anti-inflammatory activities, owing to the wide range of bioactive constituents. With these pharmacological activities, D. stramonium is potentially used to treat numerous human diseases, including ulcers, inflammation, wounds, rheumatism, gout, bruises and swellings, sciatica, fever, toothache, asthma, and bronchitis. The primary phytochemicals investigation on plant extract of Datura showed alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, amino acids, and phenolic compounds. It also contains toxic tropane alkaloids, including atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscamine. Although some studies on D. stramonium have reported potential pharmacological effects, information about the toxicity remains almost uncertain. Moreover, the frequent abuse of D. stramonium for recreational purposes has led to toxic syndromes. Therefore, it becomes necessary to be aware of the toxic aspects and the potential risks accompanying its use. The present review aims to summarize the phytochemical composition and pharmacological and toxicological aspects of the plant Datura. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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23 pages, 2710 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Leaves: Nutritional Composition, Phytochemical Profile, and Health-Promoting Bioactivities

by Manoj Kumar, Vivek Saurabh, Maharishi Tomar, Muzaffar Hasan, Sushil Changan, Minnu Sasi, Chirag Maheshwari, Uma Prajapati, Surinder Singh, Rakesh Kumar Prajapat, Sangram Dhumal, Sneh Punia, Ryszard Amarowicz and Mohamed Mekhemar

Antioxidants 2021, 10(2), 299; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10020299 - 16 Feb 2021

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 19160

Abstract

Mangifera indica L. belongs to the family of Anacardiaceae and is an important fruit from South and Southeast Asia. India, China, Thailand, Indonesia, Pakistan, Mexico, Brazil, Bangladesh, Nigeria, and the Philippines are among the top mango producer countries. Leaves of the mango plant [...] Read more.

Mangifera indica L. belongs to the family of Anacardiaceae and is an important fruit from South and Southeast Asia. India, China, Thailand, Indonesia, Pakistan, Mexico, Brazil, Bangladesh, Nigeria, and the Philippines are among the top mango producer countries. Leaves of the mango plant have been studied for their health benefits, which are attributed to a plethora of phytochemicals such as mangiferin, followed by phenolic acids, benzophenones, and other antioxidants such as flavonoids, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, and tocopherols. The extracts from mango leaves (MLs) have been studied for their biological activities, including anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-obesity, lipid-lowering, hepato-protection, and anti-diarrheal. In the present review, we have elaborated on the nutritional and phytochemical profile of the MLs. Further, various bioactivities of the ML extracts are also critically discussed. Considering the phytochemical profile and beneficial effects of the MLs, they can be used as a potential ingredient for the development of functional foods and pharmaceutical drugs. However, more detailed clinical trials still needed to be conducted for establishing the actual efficacy of the ML extracts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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27 pages, 4640 KiB

Open AccessReview

Emerging Natural-Product-Based Treatments for the Management of Osteoarthritis

by Maria-Luisa Pérez-Lozano, Annabelle Cesaro, Marija Mazor, Eric Esteve, Sabine Berteina-Raboin, Thomas M. Best, Eric Lespessailles and Hechmi Toumi

Antioxidants 2021, 10(2), 265; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10020265 - 09 Feb 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3848

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex degenerative disease in which joint homeostasis is disrupted, leading to synovial inflammation, cartilage degradation, subchondral bone remodeling, and resulting in pain and joint disability. Yet, the development of new treatment strategies to restore the equilibrium of the osteoarthritic [...] Read more.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex degenerative disease in which joint homeostasis is disrupted, leading to synovial inflammation, cartilage degradation, subchondral bone remodeling, and resulting in pain and joint disability. Yet, the development of new treatment strategies to restore the equilibrium of the osteoarthritic joint remains a challenge. Numerous studies have revealed that dietary components and/or natural products have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-bone-resorption, and anabolic potential and have received much attention toward the development of new therapeutic strategies for OA treatment. In the present review, we provide an overview of current and emerging natural-product-based research treatments for OA management by drawing attention to experimental, pre-clinical, and clinical models. Herein, we review current and emerging natural-product-based research treatments for OA management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

24 pages, 1127 KiB

Open AccessReview

Plant Polyphenols-Biofortified Foods as a Novel Tool for the Prevention of Human Gut Diseases

by Aurelia Scarano, Marcello Chieppa and Angelo Santino

Antioxidants 2020, 9(12), 1225; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox9121225 - 03 Dec 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2836

Abstract

Plant food biofortification is recently receiving remarkable attention, as it aims to increase the intake of minerals, vitamins, or antioxidants, crucial for their contribution to the general human health status and disease prevention. In this context, the study of the plant’s secondary metabolites, [...] Read more.

Plant food biofortification is recently receiving remarkable attention, as it aims to increase the intake of minerals, vitamins, or antioxidants, crucial for their contribution to the general human health status and disease prevention. In this context, the study of the plant’s secondary metabolites, such as polyphenols, plays a pivotal role for the development of a new generation of plant crops, compensating, at least in part, the low nutritional quality of Western diets with a higher quality of dietary sources. Due to the prevalent immunomodulatory activity at the intestinal level, polyphenols represent a nutritionally relevant class of plant secondary metabolites. In this review, we focus on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of different classes of polyphenols with a specific attention to their potential in the prevention of intestinal pathological processes. We also discuss the latest biotechnology strategies and new advances of genomic techniques as a helpful tool for polyphenols biofortification and the development of novel, healthy dietary alternatives that can contribute to the prevention of inflammatory bowel diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Plant Extracts)

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