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Total Antioxidant Capacity in Health and Disease

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A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2021) | Viewed by 47915

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Esther Molina-Montes

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Guest Editor

1. Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
2. Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA) ‘José Mataix’, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
3. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
4. CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
Interests: nutrition; molecular epidemiology; chronic diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Angela Hernández-Ruiz

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Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Granada, Spain
Interests: dietary indexes; dietary antioxidants; nutritional epidemiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), also known as non-enzymatic total antioxidant capacity (NEAC), encompasses the synergistic interaction effects of all antioxidants in a given matrix (diet-foods or body fluids). NEAC is therefore regarded as a global measure of non-enzymatic antioxidant efficiency. Various assays are available to measure it: oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total radical-trapping antioxidant parameters (TRAP), and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC-ABTS). Published values of NEAC in food allow for the quantification of dietary NEAC. The potential beneficial effects that antioxidants have in the prevention of chronic diseases have been studied in depth over the last few decades, but less attention has been devoted to the study of NEAC in the diet and in health and disease. The antioxidant´s mechanisms of action involve the neutralizing effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when there is an imbalance because the endogenous antioxidant system cannot respond to the oxidant load in cells. Due to the resulting unfavorable antioxidant status that causes damage at different molecular levels, the risk of developing diseases is exacerbated. Some risk groups include smokers, some forms of stress and diseases, and inflammation. This Special Issue examines the health effects of dietary antioxidants and overall antioxidant capacity on human health, considering antioxidant functions, effects on oxidative stress and inflammation, anti and pro-oxidant factors in the diet and interactions thereof, the antioxidant potential of dietary patters, nutrient antioxidants, and the contribution of dietary patterns and lifestyle factors to the body´s oxidative balance.

Dr. Esther Molina-Montes
Dr. Angela Hernández-Ruiz
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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11 pages, 1638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mouthwash Formulation Co-Delivering Quercetin and Mint Oil in Liposomes Improved with Glycol and Ethanol and Tailored for Protecting and Tackling Oral Cavity

by Ines Castangia, Maria Manconi, Mohamad Allaw, Matteo Perra, Germano Orrù, Sara Fais, Alessandra Scano, Elvira Escribano-Ferrer, Mansureh Ghavam, Maryam Rezvani and Maria Letizia Manca

Antioxidants 2022, 11(2), 367; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11020367 - 11 Feb 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2486

Abstract

The aim of this work was the simultaneous loading of quercetin and mint essential oil (mint oil) in phospholipid vesicles specifically tailored to obtain an antibacterial and antioxidant mouthwash. The vesicles were prepared using soy lecithin and Tween 80 as bilayer components, and a mixture of phosphate buffer solution (33%), propylene glycol (33%) and ethanol (33%) as dispersing phase. The formation of regularly shaped, spherical and unilamellar vesicles was confirmed by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy analyses. Similarly, light scattering results disclosed that the size of the vesicles increased by increasing the concentration of mint oil, but at the same time the high amount of mint oil ensured high stability, as the size of these vesicles remained unchanged during 12 months of storage. All tested formulations were highly biocompatible towards epithelial cells and capable of counteracting oxidative cell damages caused by hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, the vesicles prepared with the highest concentration of mint oil inhibited the proliferation of the cariogenic Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Total Antioxidant Capacity in Health and Disease)

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27 pages, 2664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oxidative Balance Scores (OBSs) Integrating Nutrient, Food and Lifestyle Dimensions: Development of the NutrientL-OBS and FoodL-OBS

by Ángela Hernández-Ruiz, Belén García-Villanova, Eduardo J. Guerra-Hernández, Cayetano Javier Carrión-García, Pilar Amiano, María-José Sánchez and Esther Molina-Montes

Antioxidants 2022, 11(2), 300; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11020300 - 31 Jan 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3555

Abstract

Oxidative Balance Scores (OBS) are tools that allow us to assess the individual’s antioxidant state by ranking both antioxidant and pro-oxidant components of dietary and lifestyle factors. Our aim was to develop novel OBSs accounting for either the global supply of nutrient antioxidants in the diet, or the intake of antioxidant-rich foods, in combination with lifestyle factors. Pro-oxidant factors were also considered. Within two centers of the Spanish European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study, EPIC-Granada and EPIC-Gipuzkoa (N = 14,756 participants), we developed the Nurient, Food and Lifestyle OBS (NutrientL-OBS and FoodL-OBS), and their simplified versions (solely with dietary or lifestyle factors, the Nutrient-OBS, Food-OBS and L-OBS). Their antioxidant potential was evaluated considering their relationship with: (i) 20 scores of adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD); and, (ii) 25 biomarkers of antioxidant nutrients (ascorbic acid, β-carotene, etc.), inflammation (CRP, TNF-alpha, etc.) and oxidative stress (uric acid), among 210 participants. Spearman correlation and multivariate linear regression analyses were applied to analyze these associations. Some statistically significant relationships were encountered between the NutrientL-OBS and the FoodL-OBS with the MD scores, and with ascorbic acid (per one-unit increase in OBS: β = 0.012 and 0.015; p = 0.022 and 0.008, respectively) and CRP (per one-unit increase in both OBS: β = −0.02; p = 0.02); the latter appeared to be restricted to the OBS´s lifestyle components. In conclusion, the NutrientL- and FoodL-OBSs and their sub-versions are related to antioxidant-rich dietary patterns and to biomarkers of antioxidant nutrient intake and inflammation, supporting that these tools are valid to assess the individual´s oxidative/antioxidant status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Total Antioxidant Capacity in Health and Disease)

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18 pages, 2755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant and Functional Activities of MRPs Derived from Different Sugar–Amino Acid Combinations and Reaction Conditions

by David D. Kitts

Antioxidants 2021, 10(11), 1840; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10111840 - 19 Nov 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2380

Abstract

The Maillard reaction (MR), or non-enzymatic browning, involves reducing sugars reacting with amino acids, peptides, or proteins when heated to produce an abundance of products that contribute to sensory, nutritional, and functional qualities of the food system. One example of an important functional quality of MR relates to antioxidant capacity, which has relevance to preserve food quality and also to extend a potential role that may promote gastrointestinal health. The addition of Alphacel (10%), a non-reactive polysaccharide, to MR reactants produced small significant (p < 0.05) reductions in yield of soluble Maillard reaction products (MRPs), sugar loss, and color change of products formed respectively, for reducing sugars. A similar effect was also noticed for different free-radical scavenging capacity (p < 0.05), using chemical (e.g., 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. An inflamed Caco-2 cell model revealed nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity for Glu-amino acid MRPs, which contrasted the NO stimulatory activity obtained with Fru-amino acid MRPs, especially when glycine was used as the amino acid. Pre-treating Caco-2 cells with Fru-glycine MRPs protected against loss in trans-epithelial resistance (TEER) (p < 0.05) and reduced (p < 0.05) disruption of Caco-2 intestinal epithelial tight-junction (TJ) protein cells when exposed to 7.5% ethanol. A low molecular weight Fru-glycine (e.g., <1 kDa) fraction contributed to the protective effect, not observed with the corresponding high molecular weight MRP fraction. The presence of Alphacel had minimal effect on generating MRPs with relative modified protection against intestinal dysfunction in cultured Caco-2 cells. Rather, different types of sugar–amino acid combinations used to generate MRPs contributed more to mitigate injury in stress-induced Caco-2 cells. With the growing evidence that MRPs have a wide range of bioactive activities, this study concludes that specificity of substrate precursors that produce MRPs in heated foods is a critical factor for antioxidant and related cellular functions that represent a healthy gut. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Total Antioxidant Capacity in Health and Disease)

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10 pages, 615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plasma Concentrations and Maternal-Umbilical Cord Plasma Ratios of the Six Most Prevalent Carotenoids across Five Groups of Birth Gestational Age

by Chelsey McConnell, Melissa Thoene, Matthew Van Ormer, Jeremy D. Furtado, Zeljka Korade, Thiago C. Genaro-Mattos, Corrine Hanson and Ann Anderson-Berry

Antioxidants 2021, 10(9), 1409; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10091409 - 02 Sep 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1674

Abstract

Carotenoids are antioxidant nutrients with the potential to provide protection against oxidative stress. Plasma carotenoid concentrations are lower in newborn infants compared to their mothers; however, limited information is available regarding how concentrations differ by gestational age. The objective of this research is to assess maternal and umbilical cord plasma carotenoid concentrations and maternal-umbilical cord plasma ratios across five groups of birth gestational age. Mother-infant dyads were enrolled at delivery for collection of maternal and umbilical cord blood. Plasma carotenoids were analyzed by HPLC and LC-MS/MS. Birth gestational age was categorized into five groups, and the Kruskal–Wallis test compared carotenoid concentrations and maternal-umbilical cord plasma ratios between these groups. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. 370 mother-infant dyads were included, with most infants delivered at early term (20.3%) or term (64.6%). Though maternal plasma concentrations increased with birth gestational age, we observed less variability in umbilical cord plasma concentrations, thus the maternal-umbilical cord plasma ratio also increased with birth CGA groups for lutein + zeaxanthin (p = 0.008), β-cryptoxanthin (p = 0.027), α-carotene (p = 0.030); β-carotene approached significance (p = 0.056). Additional research is needed to determine if carotenoid concentrations were physiologic to varying gestational ages or if they were impacted by factors associated with preterm birth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Total Antioxidant Capacity in Health and Disease)

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14 pages, 747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biomolecules Responsible for the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) of Human Plasma in Healthy and Cardiopathic Individuals: A Chemical Speciation Model

by Enrico Prenesti, Silvia Berto, Fabio Gosmaro, Marco Bagnati and Giorgio Bellomo

Antioxidants 2021, 10(5), 656; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10050656 - 23 Apr 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2170

Abstract

(1) Background: Much effort has been expended to investigate the antioxidant capacity of human plasma, attempting to clarify the roles of both metabolic and food substances in determining defenses against oxidative stress. The relationship between the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the concentrations of redox-active biomolecules in the human plasma of healthy and cardiopathic individuals was investigated in the present study to develop a chemical speciation model. (2) Methods: Plasma was collected from 85 blood donors and from 25 cardiovascular surgery patients. The TAC was measured using the CUPRAC-BCS (CUPric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity — Bathocuproinedisulfonic acid) method. Biomolecule concentrations were determined via visible spectrophotometry or HPLC/RP techniques. The relationship between the TAC and the concentrations was defined by applying a multiple regression analysis. The significance of the variables was first tested, and chemical models were proposed for the two datasets. The model equation is β

TAC = \sum_{i} β_{i} \cdot [A_{i}]

, where β_i and [A_i] are the electronic exchange and the molar concentrations of the i^th antioxidant component, respectively. (3) Results: The major contributions to the TAC, ~80%, come from endogenous compounds in both healthy and cardiopathic individuals, whereas the contributions from exogenous compounds were different between the two datasets. In particular, γ-tocopherol showed a different role in the chemical models developed for the two groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Total Antioxidant Capacity in Health and Disease)

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14 pages, 1279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Physical Activity, Oxidative Stress, and Total Plasma Antioxidant Capacity in Spanish Children from the GENOBOX Study

by Francisco Jesús Llorente-Cantarero, Francisco Javier Aguilar-Gómez, Rosaura Leis, Gloria Bueno, Azahara I. Rupérez, Augusto Anguita-Ruiz, Rocío Vázquez-Cobela, María Dolores Mesa, Luis A. Moreno, Ángel Gil, Concepción María Aguilera and Mercedes Gil-Campos

Antioxidants 2021, 10(2), 320; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10020320 - 20 Feb 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2757

Abstract

The World Health Organization has recommended performing at least 60 min a day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and reducing sedentarism in children and adolescents to offer significant health benefits and mitigate health risks. Physical fitness and sports practice seem to improve oxidative stress (OS) status during childhood. However, to our knowledge, there are no data regarding the influence of objectively-measured physical activity (PA) and sedentarism on OS status in children and adolescents. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of moderate and vigorous PA and sedentarism on OS and plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in a selected Spanish population of 216 children and adolescents from the GENOBOX study. PA (light, moderate, and vigorous) and sedentarism (i.e., sedentary time (ST)) were measured by accelerometry. A Physical Activity-Sedentarism Score (PASS) was developed integrating moderate and vigorous PA and ST levels. Urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and isoprostane F2α (F₂-IsoPs), as markers of OS, were determined by ELISA; and TAC was estimated by colorimetry using an antioxidant kit. A higher PASS was associated with lower plasma TAC and urinary 8-OHdG and F₂-IsoPs, showing a better redox profile. Reduced OS markers (8-OHdG and F₂-IsoPs) in children with higher PASS may diminish the need of maintaining high concentrations of antioxidants in plasma during rest to achieve redox homeostasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Total Antioxidant Capacity in Health and Disease)

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10 pages, 903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dysmetabolisms Can Affect Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) of Human Plasma: Determination of Reference Intervals of TAC by Way of CUPRAC-BCS Method

by Enrico Prenesti, Silvia Berto, Fabio Gosmaro, Marco Bagnati and Giorgio Bellomo

Antioxidants 2021, 10(1), 58; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10010058 - 05 Jan 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1738

Abstract

The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of human plasma is an index of the redox buffer capacity of this biological fluid and could be a biomarker for those disorders affecting redox status. Distinguishing physiological from pathological conditions needs a reference. Therefore, this work aims to define the reference intervals for TAC of human plasma of apparently healthy adult individuals. TAC was measured using the CUPRAC-BCS (CUPric reducing antioxidant capacity-bathocuproinedisulfonic acid) method previously optimized and tested in a clinical laboratory. A population of 500 blood donors was selected, plus an additional 222 pathological patients carrying specific defective metabolisms, namely, hyperuricemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and type 2 diabetic mellitus. The reference intervals of TAC were calculated according to international guidelines. Due to the response of a partitioning test, the reference intervals for healthy population were separately defined for male (258) and female (151) groups. The reference intervals (µmol L⁻¹) resulted: 727–1248 for the male subgroup and 637–1048 for the female subgroup. The absence of an age effect on TAC values was verified. The reference intervals evaluated allow a discussion on some pathological conditions overloading the plasma with redox-active waste substances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Total Antioxidant Capacity in Health and Disease)

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19 pages, 823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differences in the Phenolic Profile by UPLC Coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Antioxidant Capacity of Two Diospyros kaki Varieties

by Adelaida Esteban-Muñoz, Silvia Sánchez-Hernández, Cristina Samaniego-Sánchez, Rafael Giménez-Martínez and Manuel Olalla-Herrera

Antioxidants 2021, 10(1), 31; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10010031 - 30 Dec 2020

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 2884

Abstract

Background: phenolic compounds are bioactive chemical species derived from fruits and vegetables, with a plethora of healthy properties. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.f.) due to the presence of many different classes of phenolic compounds. However, the analysis of individual phenolic compounds is difficult due to matrix interferences. Methods: the aim of this research was the evaluation of individual phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of the pulp of two varieties of persimmon (Rojo Brillante and Triumph) by an improved extraction procedure together with a UPLC-Q-TOF-MS platform. Results: the phenolic compounds composition of persimmon was characterized by the presence of hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzaldehydes, dihydrochalcones, tyrosols, flavanols, flavanones, and flavonols. A total of 31 compounds were identified and 17 compounds were quantified. Gallic acid was the predominant phenolic compounds found in the Rojo Brillante variety (0.953 mg/100 g) whereas the concentration of p-hydroxybenzoic acid was higher in the Triumph option (0.119 mg/100 g). Conclusions: the results showed that the Rojo Brillante variety had higher quantities of phenolic compounds than the Triumph example. These data could be used as reference in future phenolic compound databases when individual health effects of phenolic compounds become available. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Total Antioxidant Capacity in Health and Disease)

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25 pages, 925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyphenols in Urine and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Reveals Gender Differences in Spanish Adolescents from the SI! Program

by Emily P. Laveriano-Santos, Isabella Parilli-Moser, Sonia L. Ramírez-Garza, Anna Tresserra-Rimbau, Carolina E. Storniolo, Ana María Ruiz-León, Ramón Estruch, Patricia Bodega, Mercedes de Miguel, Amaya de Cos-Gandoy, Vanesa Carral, Gloria Santos-Beneit, Juan M. Fernández-Alvira, Rodrigo Fernández-Jiménez, Valentín Fuster and Rosa M. Lamuela-Raventós

Antioxidants 2020, 9(10), 910; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox9100910 - 24 Sep 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3277

Abstract

(1) Background: Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse association between polyphenol intake and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) in adults, but few have provided information about adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between urinary total polyphenol excretion (TPE) and CVRFs in adolescents. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in 1194 Spanish adolescents from the SI! (Salud Integral) program. TPE in urine samples was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, after solid-phase extraction, and categorized into quartiles. The association between TPE and CVRFs was estimated using mixed-effect linear regression and a structural equation model (SEM). (3) Results: Linear regression showed negative associations among the highest quartile of TPE and body fat percentage (B = −1.75, p-value = <0.001), triglycerides (TG) (B = −17.68, p-value = <0.001), total cholesterol (TC) (B = −8.66, p-value = 0.002), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (LDL-C) (B = −4.09, p-value = 0.008) in boys, after adjusting for all confounder variables. Negative associations between TPE quartiles and systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and TC were also found in girls. Moreover, a structural equation model revealed that TPE was directly associated with body composition and blood glucose and indirectly associated with blood pressure, TG, LDL-C, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in boys. (4) Conclusions: Higher concentrations of TPE were associated with a better profile of cardiovascular health, especially in boys, while in girls, the association was not as strong. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Total Antioxidant Capacity in Health and Disease)

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16 pages, 2689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Weight Loss on the Total Antioxidant/Oxidant Potential in Patients with Morbid Obesity—A Longitudinal Study

by Barbara Choromańska, Piotr Myśliwiec, Magdalena Łuba, Piotr Wojskowicz, Hanna Myśliwiec, Katarzyna Choromańska, Małgorzata Żendzian-Piotrowska, Jacek Dadan, Anna Zalewska and Mateusz Maciejczyk

Antioxidants 2020, 9(5), 376; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox9050376 - 01 May 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3103

Abstract

The assessment of total antioxidant activity seems to have a higher diagnostic value than the evaluation of individual antioxidants separately. Therefore, this is the first study to assess the total antioxidant/oxidant status in morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. The study involved 60 patients with Class 3 obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m²) divided into two equal subgroups: morbidly obese patients without and with metabolic syndrome. The analyses were performed in plasma samples collected before surgery as well as 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), DPPH (2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical assay, and total oxidant status (TOS) were significantly higher before surgery (as compared to the healthy controls, n = 60) and generally decreased after bariatric treatment. Interestingly, all assessed biomarkers correlated positively with uric acid content. However, the total antioxidant/oxidant potential did not differ between obese patients without metabolic syndrome and those with both obesity and metabolic syndrome. Only DPPH differentiated the two subgroups (p < 0.0001; AUC 0.8) with 73% sensitivity and 77% specificity. Plasma TAC correlated positively with body mass index, waist–hip ratio, serum insulin, and uric acid. Therefore, TAC seems to be the best biomarker to assess the antioxidant status of obese patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Total Antioxidant Capacity in Health and Disease)

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17 pages, 1805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC) in Relation to Dietary NEAC, Nutrient Antioxidants and Inflammation-Related Biomarkers

by Cayetano Javier Carrión-García, Eduardo Jesús Guerra-Hernández, Belén García-Villanova, Mauro Serafini, María-José Sánchez, Pilar Amiano and Esther Molina-Montes

Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 301; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox9040301 - 05 Apr 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3695

Abstract

(1) Background: Little is known about the interlinkages between dietary and plasma non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity (D-NEAC and P-NEAC, respectively) and the body’s antioxidant and inflammation response. Our aim was to explore these associations in 210 participants from two Spanish European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) centers. (2) Methods: D-NEAC was estimated using published NEAC values in food. P-NEAC and total polyphenols (TP) were quantified by FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power), TRAP (total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter), TEAC-ABTS (trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity-Azino Bis Thiazoline Sulfonic), ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) and Folin–Ciocalteu assays. Nutrient antioxidants (carotenes, α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, retinol, uric acid, Q9 and Q10 coenzymes) and inflammation markers (IL-6, IL-8, CRP, TNF-α, PAI-I, resistin and adiponectin) were also analyzed. Spearman correlation and linear regression analyses were performed in association analyses. Analyses were stratified by covariates and groups were defined using cluster analysis. (3) Results: P-FRAP was correlated with D-NEAC, and significantly associated with P-NEAC in multivariate adjusted models. P-FRAP levels were also significantly associated with plasma antioxidants (log2 scale: TP β = 0.26; ascorbic acid β = 0.03; retinol β = 0.08; α-tocopherol β = 0.05; carotenes β = 0.02; Q10 β = 0.06; uric acid β = 0.25), though not with inflammation-related biomarkers. Different profiles of individuals with varying levels of P-NEAC and biomarkers were found. (4) Conclusions: P-NEAC levels were to some extent associated with D-NEAC and plasma antioxidants, yet not associated with inflammation response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Total Antioxidant Capacity in Health and Disease)

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31 pages, 1770 KiB

Open AccessReview

Carnosine, Small but Mighty—Prospect of Use as Functional Ingredient for Functional Food Formulation

by Ivana Jukić, Nikolina Kolobarić, Ana Stupin, Anita Matić, Nataša Kozina, Zrinka Mihaljević, Martina Mihalj, Petar Šušnjara, Marko Stupin, Željka Breškić Ćurić, Kristina Selthofer-Relatić, Aleksandar Kibel, Anamarija Lukinac, Luka Kolar, Gordana Kralik, Zlata Kralik, Aleksandar Széchenyi, Marija Jozanović, Olivera Galović, Martina Medvidović-Kosanović and Ines Drenjančević Show full author list Hide full author list

Antioxidants 2021, 10(7), 1037; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10071037 - 28 Jun 2021

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 11407

Abstract

Carnosine is a dipeptide synthesized in the body from β-alanine and L-histidine. It is found in high concentrations in the brain, muscle, and gastrointestinal tissues of humans and is present in all vertebrates. Carnosine has a number of beneficial antioxidant properties. For example, carnosine scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as alpha-beta unsaturated aldehydes created by peroxidation of fatty acid cell membranes during oxidative stress. Carnosine can oppose glycation, and it can chelate divalent metal ions. Carnosine alleviates diabetic nephropathy by protecting podocyte and mesangial cells, and can slow down aging. Its component, the amino acid beta-alanine, is particularly interesting as a dietary supplement for athletes because it increases muscle carnosine, and improves effectiveness of exercise and stimulation and contraction in muscles. Carnosine is widely used among athletes in the form of supplements, but rarely in the population of cardiovascular or diabetic patients. Much less is known, if any, about its potential use in enriched food. In the present review, we aimed to provide recent knowledge on carnosine properties and distribution, its metabolism (synthesis and degradation), and analytical methods for carnosine determination, since one of the difficulties is the measurement of carnosine concentration in human samples. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms of carnosine’s biological effects in musculature, metabolism and on immunomodulation are discussed. Finally, this review provides a section on carnosine supplementation in the form of functional food and potential health benefits and up to the present, neglected clinical use of carnosine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Total Antioxidant Capacity in Health and Disease)

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13 pages, 1052 KiB

Open AccessReview

Antioxidant Activity and Neuroprotective Role of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Supplementation in Eye Diseases That Can Lead to Blindness: A Narrative Review

by María Lafuente, María Elena Rodríguez González-Herrero, Stéphanie Romeo Villadóniga and Joan Carles Domingo

Antioxidants 2021, 10(3), 386; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10030386 - 05 Mar 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4166

Abstract

The objective of this narrative review is to provide updated evidence, based on data from experimental and clinical studies, of the prominent role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) for a number of crucial mechanisms involved in counteracting cell damage induced by oxidative stress in eye diseases. This article is focused on the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which have been assessed in different experimental models and clinical studies, particularly in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma that are the most common eye diseases leading to severe vision loss. The mechanisms involved in the role of DHA in protecting human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative stress as well as the interaction with glutathione (GSH) are also described. The review is intended to provide novel and salient findings supporting the rationale of the use of dietary supplementation with high-dose DHA (1050 mg/day) in the form of triglyceride as a potent antioxidant compound for improving the eye health. However, the overall clinical evidence for the use of dietary strategies based on supplementation with n-3 PUFAs in eye diseases linked to oxidative stress other than high-dose DHA triglyceride is both limited and inconsistent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Total Antioxidant Capacity in Health and Disease)

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