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Oxidative Stress in Marine Environment

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A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 July 2022) | Viewed by 27962

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Dr. Yohei Shimasaki

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Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
Interests: ecotoxicology; harmful algal bloom species; photosynthesis; peroxiredoxin; tributyltin binding protein
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Prof. Dr. Yuji Oshima

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Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
Interests: NGS data analysis; environmental toxicology; ecotoxicology embryos; aquatic ecotoxicology
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Prof. Dr. Xuchun Qiu

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Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Interests: ecotoxicology; aquatic ecotoxicology; harmful algal bloom species; photosynthesis; peroxiredoxin; zebra fish; medaka fish
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Protection from oxidative stress is an essential function of living organisms. This also applies to organisms that live in the marine environment, which are exposed to a variety of natural and anthropogenic oxidative stresses. One of the typical examples of naturally occurring oxidative stress in the ocean is that it is derived from the electron transport chain of photosynthesis in the autotrophic organisms such as phytoplankton and seaweed. On the other hand, there are many reports on anthropogenic oxidative stress induced by toxicity of various pollutants that have flowed into the aquatic environment and their intracellular response to them. In addition, some pollutants are phototoxic and can directly exert oxidative stress on aquatic organisms. Apart from these, reactive oxygen species produced by some harmful red tide algae are suspected as components that kill fish. In addition to these examples, there are various biological phenomena involving oxidative stress peculiar to the aquatic environment, which are important and scientifically interesting from the biological and ecological aspects. This Special Issue invites papers or reviews from a wide range of fields on oxidative stress from the gene to individual levels in various organisms that live in the aquatic environment including the ocean and freshwater areas.

Dr. Yohei Shimasaki
Prof. Dr. Yuji Oshima
Prof. Dr. Xuchun Qiu
Guest Editors

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Keywords

oxidative stress
aquatic organisms
reactive oxygen species
antioxidants
antioxidant system
photosynthesis
mitochondrial respiratory chain
phototoxic pollutants

Published Papers (11 papers)

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19 pages, 4123 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect Biomarkers of the Widespread Antimicrobial Triclosan in a Marine Model Diatom

by Bernardo Duarte, Eduardo Feijão, Ricardo Cruz de Carvalho, Ana Rita Matos, Maria Teresa Cabrita, Sara C. Novais, Ariana Moutinho, Marco F. L. Lemos, João Carlos Marques, Isabel Caçador, Patrick Reis-Santos and Vanessa F. Fonseca

Antioxidants 2022, 11(8), 1442; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11081442 - 25 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2090

Abstract

The present-day COVID-19 pandemic has led to the increasing daily use of antimicrobials worldwide. Triclosan is a manmade disinfectant chemical used in several consumer healthcare products, and thus frequently detected in surface waters. In the present work, we aimed to evaluate the effect of triclosan on diatom cell photophysiology, fatty acid profiles, and oxidative stress biomarkers, using the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum as a model organism. Several photochemical effects were observed, such as the lower ability of the photosystems to efficiently trap light energy. A severe depletion of fucoxanthin under triclosan application was also evident, pointing to potential use of carotenoid as reactive oxygen species scavengers. It was also observed an evident favouring of the peroxidase activity to detriment of the SOD activity, indicating that superoxide anion is not efficiently metabolized. High triclosan exposure induced high cellular energy allocation, directly linked with an increase in the energy assigned to vital functions, enabling cells to maintain the growth rates upon triclosan exposure. Oxidative stress traits were found to be the most efficient biomarkers as promising tools for triclosan ecotoxicological assessments. Overall, the increasing use of triclosan will lead to significant effects on the diatom photochemical and oxidative stress levels, compromising key roles of diatoms in the marine system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Marine Environment)

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13 pages, 1720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabonomic Analysis Provides New Insights into the Response of Zhikong Scallop (Chlamys farreri) to Heat Stress by Improving Energy Metabolism and Antioxidant Capacity

by Xixi Dong, Zujing Yang, Zhi Liu, Xuefeng Wang, Haitao Yu, Cheng Peng, Xiujiang Hou, Wei Lu, Qiang Xing, Jingjie Hu, Xiaoting Huang and Zhenmin Bao

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1084; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11061084 - 30 May 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2179

Abstract

Temperature is an important factor affecting the growth, development and survival of marine organisms. A short episode of high temperature has been proven to be a severe threat to sustainable shellfish culture. Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri), a shellfish with broad economic and biological value in North China, has frequently experienced heat stress in summer in recent years. To understand the effects of heat stress on shellfish, the metabolism of C. farreri was analyzed after exposure to 27 °C for either 6 h or 30 d. After 6 h of heat stress exposure, a total of 326 and 264 significantly different metabolites (SDMs) were identified in gill and mantle tissues, respectively. After 30 d of heat stress exposure, a total of 381 and 341 SDMs were found in the gill and mantle tissues, respectively. These SDMs were mainly related to the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleotides. A decline in pyruvic acid, and an increase in citric acid and fumaric acid in the gills and mantle of C. farreri indicated an alteration in energy metabolism, which may be attributed to increased ATP production in order to overcome the heat stress. Among the SDMs, 33 metabolites, including pyruvic acid, glycine and citric acid, were selected as potential biomarkers for heat stress response in C. farreri. In addition, a decline in glutamine and β-Alanine levels indicated oxidative stress in C. farreri exposed to heat, as well as an increase in the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). Our findings suggested C. farreri have the potential to adapt to heat stress by regulating energy metabolism and antioxidant capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Marine Environment)

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12 pages, 894 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 Nanoparticles Exhibit More Severe Toxicity to the Embryo/Larvae of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) When Co-Exposed with Cetylpyridinium Chloride

by Xuchun Qiu, Lei Liu, Wei Xu, Chen Chen, Ming Li, Yanhong Shi, Xiangyang Wu, Kun Chen and Chongchen Wang

Antioxidants 2022, 11(5), 945; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11050945 - 11 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1643

Abstract

The combined application of nanoparticles and surfactants has attracted tremendous attention in basic research and industry. However, knowledge of their combined toxicity remains scarce. In this study, we exposed zebrafish embryos to cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC, a cationic surfactant, at 0 and 20 μg/L), zeolitic imidazolate framework nanoparticles (ZIF-NPs, at 0, 30, and 60 mg/L), and their mixtures until 120 h post-fertilization (hpf). Within the used concentration range, both single and combined exposures exhibited limited effects on the survival and hatching of zebrafish. However, the combined exposure of ZIF-NPs and CPC caused more severe effects on the heart rate at both 48 and 72 hpf. The combined exposure also induced significant hyperactivity (i.e., increasing the average swimming velocity) and oxidative stress in zebrafish larvae (at 120 hpf), although all single exposure treatments exhibited limited impacts. Furthermore, the level of reactive oxygen species (or malondialdehyde) exhibited a significantly positive correlation with the heart rate (or average swimming velocity) of zebrafish, suggesting that oxidative stress plays a role in mediating the combined toxicity of CPC and ZIF-NPs to zebrafish. Our findings suggest that the interaction of CPC and ZIF-NPs should not be ignored when assessing the potential risks of their mixtures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Marine Environment)

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12 pages, 2147 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Cetylpyridinium Chloride on the Survival, Development, Behavior, and Oxidative Stress of Early-Life-Stage Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

by Xuchun Qiu, Michaela Sia Tengbe, Xingyi Xia, Kejun Dong, Chen Chen, Yanhong Shi, Ming Li, Hai Xu, Xiangyang Wu and Kun Chen

Antioxidants 2022, 11(4), 676; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11040676 - 30 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2009

Abstract

Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is a widely used surfactant that has been detected in various water ecosystems. However, knowledge on the toxicity of CPC to fish remains scarce. Here, we examined the survival, development, behavior, and oxidative stress in the early life stages of zebrafish exposed to CPC (0, 4, 40, 400, and 1200 μg/L) until 120 h post-fertilization (hpf). Results showed that CPC induced significant mortality at 400 and 1200 μg/L, with a 120 h-EC₅₀ value of 175.9 μg/L. CPC significantly decreased the heart rate of embryos (48 hpf; 4–400 μg/L) and larvae (72 hpf; 40 and 400 μg/L). At 120 hpf, CPC exhibited a dual effect on the locomotion activity (decreased at 400 μg/L and increased at 4 and 40 μg/L) and elevated the reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione levels in zebrafish larvae at 400 µg/L. In addition, a correlation analysis revealed that CPC-induced oxidative stress might play a critical role in mediating the cardiac and behavioral toxicity of CPC to zebrafish larvae. Our findings suggest that CPC may disturb the fish’s development, behavior, and oxidative status at environmentally relevant concentrations, which should not be ignored when assessing its potential risks to aquatic ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Marine Environment)

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18 pages, 6066 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Transcriptome Analysis to Understand the Adverse Effects of Hypotonic Stress on Different Development Stages in the Giant Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii Post-Larvae

by Bo Liu, Qiang Gao, Bo Liu, Changyou Song, Cunxin Sun, Mingyang Liu, Xin Liu, Yunke Liu, Zhengzhong Li, Qunlan Zhou and Hao Zhu

Antioxidants 2022, 11(3), 440; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11030440 - 22 Feb 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2264

Abstract

Salinity is one of the important environmental factors affecting survival and growth of aquatic animals. However, the impact of low-salinity stress on M. rosenbergii post-larvae at different development stages remains elusive. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the underlying mechanisms of hypotonic stress at different development stages of M. rosenbergii post-larvae through transcriptome analysis and antioxidant parameters detection. The salinity of the control group was 15 psu (S15) and the hypotonic stress group was 6 psu (S6). Samples were collected at 7 days-post-hatch (dph), 14 dph and 21 dph larvae. The results showed that hypotonic stress caused oxidative damage in post-larvae evidenced by decreased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px); superoxide dismutase (SOD); anti-superoxide anion free radical (ASAFR); and increased malondialdehyde (MDA); nitric oxide (NO); and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels. Transcriptome analysis showed that there were 1428, 1187, 132 DEGs including 301, 366, 4 up-regulated genes and 1127, 821, 128 down-regulated genes at 7 dph, 14 dph and 21 dph larvae under hypotonic stress, respectively. Furthermore, GO and KEGG enrichment indicated that hypotonic stress led to dysregulation of immune signals including lysosome and autophagy in the 7 dph larvae. The autophagy-related genes including beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator (Barkor); ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 (ATG7); Beclin; autophagy-related protein 13 (ATG13); nuclear receptor-binding factor 2 (Nrbf2); ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3 (ATG3); vacuole membrane protein 1 (VMP1); and autophagy-related protein 2 (ATG2) decreased at 7 dph, and 14 dph larvae, and then increased at 21 dph larvae under hypotonic stress. In the 14 dph and 21 dph larvae, the renin-angiotensin system was activated. In conclusion, our data indicated that hypotonic stress reduced the antioxidant capacity and impaired the immune system in post-larvae, but as development progresses, the adaptability of post-larvae to hypotonic stress gradually increased, and might reach a new homeostasis through the RAS signaling pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Marine Environment)

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22 pages, 2046 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Saxitoxin Group Toxins Accumulation Induces Antioxidant Responses in Tissues of Mytilus chilensis, Ameghinomya antiqua, and Concholepas concholepas during a Bloom of Alexandrium pacificum

by Javiera Oyaneder-Terrazas, Diego Figueroa, Oscar F. Araneda and Carlos García

Antioxidants 2022, 11(2), 392; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11020392 - 15 Feb 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2835

Abstract

Saxitoxin (STX) group toxins consist of a set of analogues which are produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs). During a HAB, filter-feeding marine organisms accumulate the dinoflagellates and concentrate the toxins in the tissues. In this study, we analyze the changes in antioxidant enzymes and oxidative damage in the bivalves Mytilus chilensis and Ameghinomya antiqua, and the gastropod Concholepas concholepas during a bloom of Alexandrium pacificum. The results show that during the exponential phase of the bloom bivalves show an increase in toxicity and activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathinoe reductase, p < 0.05), while in the gastropods, increased activity of antioxidant enzymes was associated with the bioaccumulation of toxins through the diet. At the end of the bloom, decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes in the visceral and non-visceral tissues was detected in the bivalves, with an increase in oxidative damage (p < 0.05), in which the latter is correlated with the detection of the most toxic analogues of the STX-group (r = 0.988). In conclusion, in areas with high incidence of blooms, shellfish show a high activity of antioxidants, however, during the stages involving the distribution and bioconversion of toxins, there is decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes resulting in oxidative damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Marine Environment)

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12 pages, 2972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal Changes in Physiological Responses of Bay Scallop: Performance of Antioxidant Mechanism in Argopecten irradians in Response to Sudden Changes in Habitat Salinity

by Jin Ah Song and Cheol Young Choi

Antioxidants 2021, 10(11), 1673; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10111673 - 24 Oct 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1715

Abstract

Changes to habitat salinity may induce oxidative stress in aquatic organisms. The effect of salinity on the antioxidant function of bay scallops was investigated at 55, 70, 85 and 120% of seawater salinity (SW), with 100% SW as the control. The scallops were sampled 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after the salinity change to measure superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels, as well as apoptosis in the digestive diverticula and/or hemolymph. The SOD immunohistochemistry and apoptotic response were assessed at 55% and 120% SW at 12 h. Antioxidant expressions at 55% and 70% SW peaked at 24 h or 48 h, and then decreased. At 120% SW, they increased with exposure time. The H₂O₂ and LPO levels at each SW increased significantly with time. A comet assay also revealed that changes in salinity increased the rate of nuclear DNA damage in all the salinity groups. Thus, variations in salinity result in significant physiological responses in bay scallops. A change in habitat salinity of 15% or more produces oxidative stress that cannot be resolved by the body’s antioxidant mechanism, suggesting that excessive generation of reactive oxygen species can lead to cell death. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Marine Environment)

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11 pages, 5531 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oral Exposure to Tributyltin Induced Behavioral Abnormality and Oxidative Stress in the Eyes and Brains of Juvenile Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes)

by Yanhong Shi, Chen Chen, Ming Li, Lei Liu, Kejun Dong, Kun Chen and Xuchun Qiu

Antioxidants 2021, 10(11), 1647; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111647 - 20 Oct 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1627

Abstract

The widely used compound tributyltin (TBT), which can be continuously detected in aquatic species and seafood, may induce diverse adverse effects on aquatic organisms. However, little is known regarding the mechanistic links between behavioral abnormality and oxidative stress in different fish tissues in response to oral TBT exposure. Herein, juvenile Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were orally exposed to TBT at 1 and 10 ng/g-bw/d for four weeks. After exposure, the locomotor activity and social interaction of juvenile medaka were found to be significantly reduced in the 10 ng/g-bw/d TBT-exposed group. Furthermore, the antioxidant biomarkers in different tissues of juvenile medaka showed different levels of sensitivity to TBT exposure. The eye superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities markedly increased in both groups exposed to 1 and 10 ng/g-bw/d TBT, while the eye and brain malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased in the higher dose group. Furthermore, the eye and brain ATPase activities markedly declined in the 1 ng/g-bw/d TBT-exposed group. A correlation analysis revealed that the decreased locomotor activity and social interaction in medaka were associated with the eye antioxidant enzyme (i.e., SOD and catalase (CAT)) activity and brain oxidative damage level. Thus, our findings suggested that there might be some mechanistic links between the behavioral abnormality induced by TBT exposure and oxidative stress in the eyes and brains of medaka. Thus, our findings indicate that the impacts of oral exposure to TBT should be considered to better assess its risk to the aquatic ecosystem and human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Marine Environment)

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17 pages, 2172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Superoxide Production by the Red Tide-Producing Chattonella marina Complex (Raphidophyceae) Correlates with Toxicity to Aquacultured Fishes

by Tomoyuki Shikata, Koki Yuasa, Saho Kitatsuji, Setsuko Sakamoto, Kazuki Akita, Yuichiro Fujinami, Yoshitaka Nishiyama, Toshihisa Kotake, Ryusuke Tanaka and Yasuhiro Yamasaki

Antioxidants 2021, 10(10), 1635; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10101635 - 17 Oct 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2166

Abstract

The marine raphidophyte Chattonella marina complex forms red tides, causing heavy mortalities of aquacultured fishes in temperate coastal waters worldwide. The mechanism for Chattonella fish mortality remains unresolved. Although several toxic chemicals have been proposed as responsible for fish mortality, the cause is still unclear. In this study, we performed toxicity bioassays with red sea bream and yellowtail. We also measured biological parameters potentially related to ichthyotoxicity, such as cell size, superoxide (O₂^•−) production, and compositions of fatty acids and sugars, in up to eight Chattonella strains to investigate possible correlations with toxicity. There were significant differences in moribundity rates of fish and in all biological parameters among strains. One strain displayed no ichthyotoxicity even at high cell densities. Strains were categorized into three groups based on cell length, but this classification did not significantly correlate with ichthyotoxicity. O₂^•− production differed by a factor of more than 13 between strains at the late exponential growth phase. O₂^•− production was significantly correlated with ichthyotoxicity. Differences in fatty acid and sugar contents were not related to ichthyotoxicity. Our study supports the hypothesis that superoxide can directly or indirectly play an important role in the Chattonella-related mortality of aquacultured fishes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Marine Environment)

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13 pages, 1769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Toxicity of Naphthenic Acids on the Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity of Heterosigma akashiwo

by Huanxin Zhang, Yumiao Zhou, Qiang Kong, Wenlong Dong and Zhihao Lin

Antioxidants 2021, 10(10), 1582; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10101582 - 08 Oct 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2194

Abstract

Petroleum hydrocarbons can serve as a carbon source for marine phytoplankton; so, marine high-acid crude oil pollution events are likely to result in algal outbreaks or harmful algal blooms (HABs) in surface waters. Naphthenic acids (NAs) are the primary acidic component of crude oil, and red tide is of great concern due to its high diffusivity and strong destructive properties. It is important to study the mechanism of the toxic effect of NAs on the typical red tide algae, Heterosigma akashiwo, for the balance and stability of marine algae. The mechanism of NAs’ damage effect was investigated in terms of the antioxidant enzyme activity, cell number, the chlorophyll positive fluorescence parameters, and the cell morphology of microalgae. Experiments confirmed the hormesis of low-concentration (0.5, 2, and 4 mg/L) NAs on Heterosigma akashiwo, and the indicators of high-concentration (8 and 16 mg/L) NA exposures showed inhibition. In this study, the toxic effect of NAs on the target organism showed a clear concentration–dose relationship. The 16 mg/L NAs stress caused severe damage to the morphology and structure of the target biological cells in a short time (96 h), and the population growth decreased. The target organisms showed a staged oxidative stress response to NAs. The behavior in the low-concentration treatment groups showed toxicant excitatory effects on the photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant enzyme activity of the target organisms. This study provides theoretical and practical data for the development of an important toxicological model of the toxicant’s excitement effects and antioxidant defense mechanisms. In addition, it provides prospective research data for the prediction and avoidance of ecological risk from NA pollution in marine environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Marine Environment)

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28 pages, 869 KiB

Open AccessReview

Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) by Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB)-Forming Phytoplankton and Their Potential Impact on Surrounding Living Organisms

by Kichul Cho, Mikinori Ueno, Yan Liang, Daekyung Kim and Tatsuya Oda

Antioxidants 2022, 11(2), 206; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11020206 - 22 Jan 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5278

Abstract

Most marine phytoplankton with relatively high ROS generation rates are categorized as harmful algal bloom (HAB)-forming species, among which Chattonella genera is the highest ROS-producing phytoplankton. In this review, we examined marine microalgae with ROS-producing activities, with focus on Chattonella genera. Several studies suggest that Chattonella produces superoxide via the activities of an enzyme similar to NADPH oxidase located on glycocalyx, a cell surface structure, while hydrogen peroxide is generated inside the cell by different pathways. Additionally, hydroxyl radical has been detected in Chattonella cell suspension. By the physical stimulation, such as passing through between the gill lamellas of fish, the glycocalyx is easily discharged from the flagellate cells and attached on the gill surface, where ROS are continuously produced, which might cause gill tissue damage and fish death. Comparative studies using several strains of Chattonella showed that ROS production rate and ichthyotoxicity of Chattonella is well correlated. Furthermore, significant levels of ROS have been reported in other raphidophytes and dinoflagellates, such as Cochlodinium polykrikoides and Karenia mikimotoi. Chattonella is the most extensively studied phytoplankton in terms of ROS production and its biological functions. Therefore, this review examined the potential ecophysiological roles of extracellular ROS production by marine microalgae in aquatic environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Marine Environment)

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