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Antioxidants
Special Issues
Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Exercise Training and Sports
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Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Exercise Training and Sports

A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921). This special issue belongs to the section "Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2021) | Viewed by 32493

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Alessandra Modesti

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
Interests: redox homeostasis; metabolic profile; exercise training; proteomics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Pietro Amedeo Modesti

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
Interests: global health; hypertension; ethnicity; cardiovascular risk
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The evidence on the health benefits of regular physical activity is well established. In particular, different lines of evidence in different populations indicate that structured training improves the metabolic health of the whole body and skeletal muscle. The modulation of load intensity and repetitions duration ranging from i) continuous training to moderate intensity (CON), to ii) discontinuous high intensity training (DHIT) is the basis for the search of an improvement in performance in the athlete with a different balance in different sports. Normal production of force in the muscles requires the production of reactive oxygen species. The release of ROS is highly dependent on the workload and on the training programming methods, and in some extreme cases, it can lead to contractile dysfunction up to the problems of overreaching or overtraining.

The growing social pressure exerted by the promotion of sports activities, in addition to significantly increasing the population that is dedicated to sports even in old age, has sparked interest in the study of training biology. The study of the relationship between biological bases that bind ROS production in the active athlete, how to conduct the training, and performance that the top athlete can achieve is thus leaving a pathophysiology research area to enter a more operational area.

Some of the subtopics of the present Special Issue include:

  • New biomarkers for evaluating ROS production in athletes in training;
  • Relationship between the different biomarkers and the variations of activity of the autonomous nervous system;
  • Oxidative stress in training programs for different sports and for master athletes;
  • Role of food supplements in sport training and in master athletes;
  • Relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation in skeletal muscle and muscle diseases.

Dr. Alessandra Modesti
Prof. Pietro Amedeo Modesti
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antioxidants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 794 KiB  
Article
Astaxanthin-, β-Carotene-, and Resveratrol-Rich Foods Support Resistance Training-Induced Adaptation
by Aki Kawamura, Wataru Aoi, Ryo Abe, Yukiko Kobayashi, Masashi Kuwahata and Akane Higashi
Antioxidants 2021, 10(1), 113; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10010113 - 14 Jan 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5154
Abstract
Resistance training adaptively increases the muscle strength associated with protein anabolism. Previously, we showed that the combined intake of astaxanthin, β-carotene, and resveratrol can accelerate protein anabolism in the skeletal muscle of mice. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect [...] Read more.
Resistance training adaptively increases the muscle strength associated with protein anabolism. Previously, we showed that the combined intake of astaxanthin, β-carotene, and resveratrol can accelerate protein anabolism in the skeletal muscle of mice. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of anabolic nutrient-rich foods on muscle adaptation induced by resistance training. Twenty-six healthy men were divided into control and intervention groups. All participants underwent a resistance training program twice a week for 10 weeks. Astaxanthin-, β-carotene-, and resveratrol-rich foods were provided to the intervention group. Body composition, nutrient intake, maximal voluntary contraction of leg extension, oxygen consumption, and serum carbonylated protein level were measured before and after training. The skeletal muscle mass was higher after training than before training in both groups (p < 0.05). Maximal voluntary contraction was increased after training in the intervention group (p < 0.05), but not significantly increased in the control group. Resting oxygen consumption was higher after training in the intervention group only (p < 0.05). As an oxidative stress marker, serum carbonylated protein level tended to be lower immediately after exercise than before exercise in the intervention group only (p = 0.056). Intake of astaxanthin-, β-carotene-, and resveratrol-rich foods supported resistance training-induced strength and metabolic adaptations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Exercise Training and Sports)
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15 pages, 2141 KiB  
Article
Short- and Long-Term Effectiveness of Supplementation with Non-Animal Chondroitin Sulphate on Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Functional Status in Obese Subjects with Moderate Knee Osteoarthritis before and after Physical Stress: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
by Mariangela Rondanelli, Niccolò Miraglia, Pietro Putignano, Gabriella Peroni, Milena Anna Faliva, Maurizio Naso, Clara Gasparri, Vittoria Infantino, Mara Nichetti, Nicola Volpi, Federica Capitani, Veronica Mantovani and Simone Perna
Antioxidants 2020, 9(12), 1241; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox9121241 - 07 Dec 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2940
Abstract
It has recently been demonstrated that chronic supplementation with nonanimal chondroitin sulfate (nonanimal CS) in overweight subjects with knee osteoarthritis (OA) improves the function, pain and inflammation, but there are no studies of its effectiveness in an acute setting. In 48 obese subjects [...] Read more.
It has recently been demonstrated that chronic supplementation with nonanimal chondroitin sulfate (nonanimal CS) in overweight subjects with knee osteoarthritis (OA) improves the function, pain and inflammation, but there are no studies of its effectiveness in an acute setting. In 48 obese subjects with moderate knee OA, we investigated the effectiveness of nonanimal CS supplementation for eight weeks on the inflammation, functional status, oxidative stress, cartilage catabolism markers, metabolic profile and body composition, by Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) at the baseline, after 15 days and at the end of the eight-week study. To evaluate the acute effectiveness on inflammation, 15-min cycle training sessions were done 15 days after the start of the study and at the end. C-reactive protein (CRP) was assayed in blood samples collected before and after the two cycling exercises. The 48 obese subjects (M and F, 20–50 years, body mass index (BMI) 30–35 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to an experimental group (N = 24, 600-mg tablet of nonanimal CS/day) or the control group (N = 24, placebo). The between-groups analysis of covariance showed a significant effect on the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis index (WOMAC) scale (p = 0.000) and CRP (p = 0.022). For intra-group differences, the result was significant in the CS group for BMI, WOMAC, CRP, total cholesterol and Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA). In these obese adults with OA, nonanimal CS improved the inflammation, knee function, metabolic profile and body composition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Exercise Training and Sports)
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17 pages, 2097 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Physical Training on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Ex Vivo Proliferation, Differentiation, Activity, and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Racehorses
by Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz, Rafał Pingwara and Anna Winnicka
Antioxidants 2020, 9(11), 1155; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox9111155 - 20 Nov 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2933
Abstract
Physical activity has an influence on a variety of processes in an athlete’s organism including the immune system. Unfortunately, there is a lack of studies regarding racehorse immune cells, especially when the horse model is compared to human exercise physiology. The aim of [...] Read more.
Physical activity has an influence on a variety of processes in an athlete’s organism including the immune system. Unfortunately, there is a lack of studies regarding racehorse immune cells, especially when the horse model is compared to human exercise physiology. The aim of the study was to determine changes in immune cell proliferation, lymphocyte populations, and monocyte functionality in trained and untrained racehorses after exercise. In this study, field data were collected. The cells from 28 racehorses (14 untrained and 14 well-trained) were collected before and after exercise (800 m at a speed of about 800 m/min) and cultured for 4 days. The expression of CD4, CD8, FoxP3, CD14, MHCII, and CD5 in PBMC, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as well as cell proliferation, were evaluated by flow cytometry. In addition, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, INF-γ, and TNF-α concentrations were evaluated by ELISA. The creation of an anti-inflammatory environment in well-trained horses was confirmed. In contrast, a pro-inflammatory reaction occurred in untrained horses after training. In conclusion, an anti-inflammatory state occurs in well-trained racehorses, which is an adaptational reaction to an increased workload during training. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Exercise Training and Sports)
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Review

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35 pages, 2601 KiB  
Review
Re-Evaluating the Oxidative Phenotype: Can Endurance Exercise Save the Western World?
by Filip Kolodziej and Ken D. O’Halloran
Antioxidants 2021, 10(4), 609; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10040609 - 15 Apr 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4443
Abstract
Mitochondria are popularly called the “powerhouses” of the cell. They promote energy metabolism through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, which in contrast to cytosolic glycolysis are oxygen-dependent and significantly more substrate efficient. That is, mitochondrial metabolism provides substantially more cellular [...] Read more.
Mitochondria are popularly called the “powerhouses” of the cell. They promote energy metabolism through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, which in contrast to cytosolic glycolysis are oxygen-dependent and significantly more substrate efficient. That is, mitochondrial metabolism provides substantially more cellular energy currency (ATP) per macronutrient metabolised. Enhancement of mitochondrial density and metabolism are associated with endurance training, which allows for the attainment of high relative VO2 max values. However, the sedentary lifestyle and diet currently predominant in the Western world lead to mitochondrial dysfunction. Underdeveloped mitochondrial metabolism leads to nutrient-induced reducing pressure caused by energy surplus, as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-mediated high electron flow at rest leads to “electron leak” and a chronic generation of superoxide radicals (O2−). Chronic overload of these reactive oxygen species (ROS) damages cell components such as DNA, cell membranes, and proteins. Counterintuitively, transiently generated ROS during exercise contributes to adaptive reduction-oxidation (REDOX) signalling through the process of cellular hormesis or “oxidative eustress” defined by Helmut Sies. However, the unaccustomed, chronic oxidative stress is central to the leading causes of mortality in the 21st century—metabolic syndrome and the associated cardiovascular comorbidities. The endurance exercise training that improves mitochondrial capacity and the protective antioxidant cellular system emerges as a universal intervention for mitochondrial dysfunction and resultant comorbidities. Furthermore, exercise might also be a solution to prevent ageing-related degenerative diseases, which are caused by impaired mitochondrial recycling. This review aims to break down the metabolic components of exercise and how they translate to athletic versus metabolically diseased phenotypes. We outline a reciprocal relationship between oxidative metabolism and inflammation, as well as hypoxia. We highlight the importance of oxidative stress for metabolic and antioxidant adaptation. We discuss the relevance of lactate as an indicator of critical exercise intensity, and inferring from its relationship with hypoxia, we suggest the most appropriate mode of exercise for the case of a lost oxidative identity in metabolically inflexible patients. Finally, we propose a reciprocal signalling model that establishes a healthy balance between the glycolytic/proliferative and oxidative/prolonged-ageing phenotypes. This model is malleable to adaptation with oxidative stress in exercise but is also susceptible to maladaptation associated with chronic oxidative stress in disease. Furthermore, mutations of components involved in the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial metabolism may lead to the development of a cancerous phenotype, which progressively presents as one of the main causes of death, alongside the metabolic syndrome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Exercise Training and Sports)
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17 pages, 2076 KiB  
Review
Supplementation with Vitamins C and E and Exercise-Induced Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness: A Systematic Review
by María F. Torre, María Martinez-Ferran, Néstor Vallecillo, Sergio L. Jiménez, Carlos Romero-Morales and Helios Pareja-Galeano
Antioxidants 2021, 10(2), 279; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox10020279 - 12 Feb 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4725
Abstract
Muscle damage induced by exercise may have several consequences such as delayed-onset muscle soreness, a side-effect of the release of free radicals during oxidative stress. To mitigate the oxidative stress cascade, the oral intake of antioxidants has been assessed by several research groups. [...] Read more.
Muscle damage induced by exercise may have several consequences such as delayed-onset muscle soreness, a side-effect of the release of free radicals during oxidative stress. To mitigate the oxidative stress cascade, the oral intake of antioxidants has been assessed by several research groups. This review examines whether supplementation with vitamin C and/or vitamin E is able to prevent or attenuate delayed-onset muscle soreness after eccentric exercise. The PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, and Embase databases were searched to identify studies meeting the inclusion criteria: primary randomized control trials, healthy male and female participants aged 16–80 years, and an intervention consisting of the intake of vitamin C and/or vitamin E without other supplements plus a controlled eccentric exercise regimen. Further requirements were the measurement of muscle soreness or markers of delayed-onset muscle soreness. All original full-text articles in English or translated into English published from January 2000 to June 2020 were considered for this review. Fourteen studies were finally identified, including 280 participants, 230 men, and 50 women aged 16–30 years. All participants were healthy individuals with different starting levels of physical activity. Supplementation was acute in two studies and chronic in 12, and its consisted of vitamin C in eight studies, vitamin E in two studies, and both in four studies. Only in 3 of the 14 studies was muscle soreness found to be significantly reduced in response to vitamin C and/or vitamin E supplementation at all time points when compared to the placebo group. Despite some studies showing the beneficial effects of chronic supplementation with these vitamins on muscle soreness manifesting 24–72 h after eccentric exercise, the evidence is so far insufficient to confirm that the intake of antioxidant vitamins is able to minimize delayed-onset muscle soreness in this context. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Exercise Training and Sports)
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25 pages, 1317 KiB  
Review
The Interplay between Oxidative Stress, Exercise, and Pain in Health and Disease: Potential Role of Autonomic Regulation and Epigenetic Mechanisms
by Jolien Hendrix, Jo Nijs, Kelly Ickmans, Lode Godderis, Manosij Ghosh and Andrea Polli
Antioxidants 2020, 9(11), 1166; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox9111166 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 8011
Abstract
Oxidative stress can be induced by various stimuli and altered in certain conditions, including exercise and pain. Although many studies have investigated oxidative stress in relation to either exercise or pain, the literature presents conflicting results. Therefore, this review critically discusses existing literature [...] Read more.
Oxidative stress can be induced by various stimuli and altered in certain conditions, including exercise and pain. Although many studies have investigated oxidative stress in relation to either exercise or pain, the literature presents conflicting results. Therefore, this review critically discusses existing literature about this topic, aiming to provide a clear overview of known interactions between oxidative stress, exercise, and pain in healthy people as well as in people with chronic pain, and to highlight possible confounding factors to keep in mind when reflecting on these interactions. In addition, autonomic regulation and epigenetic mechanisms are proposed as potential mechanisms of action underlying the interplay between oxidative stress, exercise, and pain. This review highlights that the relation between oxidative stress, exercise, and pain is poorly understood and not straightforward, as it is dependent on the characteristics of exercise, but also on which population is investigated. To be able to compare studies on this topic, strict guidelines should be developed to limit the effect of several confounding factors. This way, the true interplay between oxidative stress, exercise, and pain, and the underlying mechanisms of action can be revealed and validated via independent studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Exercise Training and Sports)
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19 pages, 272 KiB  
Review
Inflammation, Peripheral Signals and Redox Homeostasis in Athletes Who Practice Different Sports
by Simone Luti, Alessandra Modesti and Pietro A. Modesti
Antioxidants 2020, 9(11), 1065; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox9111065 - 30 Oct 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 2951
Abstract
The importance of training in regulating body mass and performance is well known. Physical training induces metabolic changes in the organism, leading to the activation of adaptive mechanisms aimed at establishing a new dynamic equilibrium. However, exercise can have both positive and negative [...] Read more.
The importance of training in regulating body mass and performance is well known. Physical training induces metabolic changes in the organism, leading to the activation of adaptive mechanisms aimed at establishing a new dynamic equilibrium. However, exercise can have both positive and negative effects on inflammatory and redox statuses. In recent years, attention has focused on the regulation of energy homeostasis and most studies have reported the involvement of peripheral signals in influencing energy and even inflammatory homeostasis due to overtraining syndrome. Among these, leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, interleukin-6 (IL6), interleukin-1β (IL1β) and tumour necrosis factor a (TNFa) were reported to influence energy and even inflammatory homeostasis. However, most studies were performed on sedentary individuals undergoing an aerobic training program. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to focus on high-performance exercise studies performed in athletes to correlate peripheral mediators and key inflammation markers with physiological and pathological conditions in different sports such as basketball, soccer, swimming and cycling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Exercise Training and Sports)
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