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Redox Metabolism in Ecophysiology and Evolution

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A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 22765

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Dr. Marcelo Hermes-Lima

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Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
Interests: animal ecophysiology; antioxidant; biochemical adaptation; comparative physiology; estivation; free radical; glutathione; hibernation; preparation for oxidative stress; reactive oxygen species; redox biology
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Dr. Daniel Carneiro Moreira

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Research Center in Morphology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
Interests: animal ecophysiology; antioxidant; biochemical adaptation; comparative physiology; diapause; estivation; free radical; glutathione; oxidative stress; reactive oxygen species; redox biology
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Dr. Tania Zenteno-Savín

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Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, La Paz, BCS 23096, Mexico
Interests: oxidative stress; comparative physiology; integrative and adaptive physiology; one health; ecophysiology; ethics; teaching science

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The accumulation of oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere drove the evolution of an intricate system of endogenous antioxidants in aerobic organisms to deal with oxygen and its reactive products. More than a simple attack (reactive species) and defense (enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants) duel, redox metabolism also comprises non-radical redox metabolites, redox-sensitive transcription factors, and redox-sensitive proteins that form a network of signaling pathways. These pathways are now known to mediate important processes in aerobic organisms, from circadian rhythms to ageing and lifespan regulation. Indeed, oxidative stress is considered a key influence on the life history of living organisms. Not surprisingly, environmental stresses might disrupt redox balance, triggering compensatory adaptive responses. The modulation of redox metabolism has been documented for phylogenetically diverse species exposed to a myriad of environmental stressors, such as warming, freezing, dehydration, exposure to UV radiation, exposure to pollutants, and variations in oxygen availability. Under natural settings, several of these environmental factors (e.g., temperature, water availability, oxygen availability, and radiation incidence) fluctuate within variable time frames (e.g., daily and seasonally). Understanding the adaptive responses of antioxidant systems to environmental perturbation is essential for elucidating the role of oxidative stress in the ecology and adaptiveness of a given taxon.

This Special Issue focuses on the responses of the redox metabolism in organisms exposed to changes in single or combined, biotic or abiotic, environmental factors (e.g., oxygen availability, temperature, drought, radiation, and pollutants). Submissions addressing evolutionary and ecological implications of redox metabolism responses are especially welcome.

Dr. Marcelo Hermes-Lima
Dr. Daniel Carneiro Moreira
Dr. Tania Zenteno-Savín
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antioxidants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

oxidative stress ecology
reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
hormesis
redox biology
environmental stress

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 216 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Redox Metabolism in Ecophysiology and Evolution

by Daniel C. Moreira, Tania Zenteno-Savín and Marcelo Hermes-Lima

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1769; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox12091769 - 16 Sep 2023

Viewed by 746

Abstract

Aerobic organisms have developed a complex system of endogenous antioxidants to manage the reactivity of oxygen and its byproducts [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Metabolism in Ecophysiology and Evolution)

Research

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23 pages, 2310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Evolution and Ecology of Oxidative and Antioxidant Status: A Comparative Approach in African Mole-Rats

by Paul. J. Jacobs, Daniel W. Hart, Hana N. Merchant, Cornelia Voigt and Nigel C. Bennett

Antioxidants 2023, 12(8), 1486; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox12081486 - 25 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1247

Abstract

The naked mole-rat of the family Bathyergidae has been the showpiece for ageing research as they contradict the traditional understanding of the oxidative stress theory of ageing. Some other bathyergids also possess increased lifespans, but there has been a remarkable lack of comparison between species within the family Bathyergidae. This study set out to investigate how plasma oxidative markers (total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and the oxidative stress index (OSI)) differ between five species and three subspecies of bathyergids, differing in their maximum lifespan potential (MLSP), resting metabolic rate, aridity index (AI), and sociality. We also investigated how oxidative markers may differ between captive and wild-caught mole-rats. Our results reveal that increased TOS, TAC, and OSI are associated with increased MLSP. This pattern is more prevalent in the social-living species than the solitary-living species. We also found that oxidative variables decreased with an increasing AI and that wild-caught individuals typically have higher antioxidants. We speculate that the correlation between higher oxidative markers and MLSP is due to the hypoxia-tolerance of the mole-rats investigated. Hormesis (the biphasic response to oxidative stress promoting protection) is a likely mechanism behind the increased oxidative markers observed and promotes longevity in some members of the Bathyergidae family. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Metabolism in Ecophysiology and Evolution)

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20 pages, 2728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Lipoic Acid on Yolk Nutrient Utilization, Energy Metabolism, and Redox Balance over Time in Artemia sp.

by Juan Rafael Buitrago Ramírez, Robson Matheus Marreiro Gomes, Alan Carvalho de Sousa Araujo, Sonia Astrid Muñoz Buitrago, Jean Piraine Souza and José María Monserrat

Antioxidants 2023, 12(7), 1439; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox12071439 - 18 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1085

Abstract

Lipoic acid (LA) is a mitochondrial coenzyme that, depending on the concentration and exposure time, can behave as an antioxidant or pro-oxidant agent and has a proven ability to modulate metabolism by promoting lipid and glucose oxidation for energy production. To assess the effects of LA on energy metabolism and redox balance over time, Artemia sp. nauplii was used as an animal model. The administered concentrations of the antioxidant were 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 µM. Therefore, possible differences in protein, triglyceride, glucose, and lactate concentrations in the artemia samples and total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) in the culture water were evaluated. We also measured the effects of LA on in vivo activity of the electron transport system (ETS), antioxidant capacity, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at 6, 12, 18, and 24 h post-hatching. There was a decrease in glucose concentration in the LA-treated animals, and a decrease in ammonia production was observed in the 0.5 µM LA treatment. ETS activity was positively regulated by the addition of LA, with the most significant effects at concentrations of 5.0 and 10.0 µM at 12 and 24 h. For ETS activity, treatments with LA presented the highest values at 24 h, a period when ROS production decreased significantly, for the treatment with 10.0 µM. LA showed positive regulation of energy metabolism together with a decrease in ROS and TAN excretion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Metabolism in Ecophysiology and Evolution)

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14 pages, 1987 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Glutathione Depletion Disrupts Redox Homeostasis in an Anoxia-Tolerant Invertebrate

by Marlize Ferreira-Cravo, Daniel C. Moreira and Marcelo Hermes-Lima

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1197; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox12061197 - 31 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1372

Abstract

The upregulation of endogenous antioxidants is a widespread phenomenon in animals that tolerate hypoxia/anoxia for extended periods. The identity of the mobilized antioxidant is often context-dependent and differs among species, tissues, and stresses. Thus, the contribution of individual antioxidants to the adaptation to oxygen deprivation remains elusive. This study investigated the role of glutathione (GSH) in the control of redox homeostasis under the stress of anoxia and reoxygenation in Helix aspersa, an animal model of anoxia tolerance. To do so, the total GSH (tGSH) pool was depleted with l-buthionine-(S, R)-sulfoximine (BSO) before exposing snails to anoxia for 6 h. Then, the concentration of GSH, glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and oxidative stress markers (TBARS and protein carbonyl) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, glutathione reductase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase) were measured in foot muscle and hepatopancreas. BSO alone induced tGSH depletion by 59–75%, but no other changes happened in other variables, except for foot GSSG. Anoxia elicited a 110–114% increase in glutathione peroxidase in the foot; no other changes occurred during anoxia. However, GSH depletion before anoxia increased the GSSG/tGSH ratio by 84–90% in both tissues, which returned to baseline levels during reoxygenation. Our findings indicate that glutathione is required to withstand the oxidative challenge induced by hypoxia and reoxygenation in land snails. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Metabolism in Ecophysiology and Evolution)

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19 pages, 1746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tissue Oxidative Ecology along an Aridity Gradient in a Mammalian Subterranean Species

by Paul J. Jacobs, Daniel W. Hart, Hana N. Merchant, Andries K. Janse van Vuuren, Chris G. Faulkes, Steven J. Portugal, Barry Van Jaarsveld and Nigel C. Bennett

Antioxidants 2022, 11(11), 2290; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11112290 - 18 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1561

Abstract

Climate change has caused aridification which can alter habitat vegetation, soil and precipitation profiles potentially affecting resident species. Vegetation and soil profiles are important for subterranean mole-rats as increasing aridity causes soils to become harder and geophytes less evenly distributed, and the inter-geophyte distance increases. Mole-rats obtain all water and dietary requirements from geophytes, and thus digging in harder soils may amplify stressors (hyperthermia, dehydration- or exercise-induced damage). This study assessed the oxidative status of the wild common mole-rat along an aridity gradient (arid, semi-arid and mesic). Kidney and liver oxidative markers, including total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), oxidative stress index (OSI), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. Liver oxidative status did not demonstrate any significance with the degree of the aridity gradient. Aridity affected the TAC and OSI of the kidney, with individuals in the most arid habitats possessing the highest TAC. The evolution of increased group size to promote survival in African mole-rats in arid habitats may have resulted in the additional benefit of reduced oxidative stress in the kidneys. The SOD activity of the kidneys was higher than that of the liver with lower oxidative damage, suggesting this species pre-emptively protects its kidneys as these are important for water balance and retention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Metabolism in Ecophysiology and Evolution)

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25 pages, 5777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mercury Induced Tissue Damage, Redox Metabolism, Ion Transport, Apoptosis, and Intestinal Microbiota Change in Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii): Application of Multi-Omics Analysis in Risk Assessment of Hg

by Lang Zhang, Yuntao Zhou, Ziwei Song, Hongwei Liang, Shan Zhong, Yali Yu, Ting Liu, Hang Sha, Li He and Jinhua Gan

Antioxidants 2022, 11(10), 1944; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11101944 - 29 Sep 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2249

Abstract

As one of the most toxic elements, mercury (Hg) is a widespread toxicant in aquatic environments. Crayfish are considered suitable for indicating the impact of heavy metals on aquatic crustaceans. Nevertheless, Hg toxicity on Procambarus clarkii is largely unknown. In this research, the acute Hg-induced alterations of biochemical responses, histopathology, hepatopancreatic transcriptome, and intestinal microbiome of Procambarus clarkii were studied. Firstly, Hg induced significant changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malonaldehyde (MDA) content as well as antioxidant enzyme activity. Secondly, Hg exposure caused structural damage to the hepatopancreas (e.g., vacuolization of the epithelium and dilatation of the lumen) as well as to the intestines (e.g., dysregulation of lamina epithelialises and extension of lamina proprias). Thirdly, after treatment with three different concentrations of Hg, RNA-seq assays of the hepatopancreas revealed a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) linked to a specific function. Among the DEGs, a lot of redox metabolism- (e.g., ACOX3, SMOX, GPX3, GLO1, and P4HA1), ion transport- (e.g., MICU3, MCTP, PYX, STEAP3, and SLC30A2), drug metabolism- (e.g., HSP70, HSP90A, CYP2L1, and CYP9E2), immune response- (e.g., SMAD4, HDAC1, and DUOX), and apoptosis-related genes (e.g., CTSL, CASP7, and BIRC2) were identified, which suggests that Hg exposure may perturb the redox equilibrium, disrupt the ion homeostasis, weaken immune response and ability, and cause apoptosis. Fourthly, bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that Hg exposure decreased bacterial diversity and dysregulated intestinal microbiome composition. At the phylum level, there was a marked decrease in Proteobacteria and an increase in Firmicutes after exposure to high levels of Hg. With regards to genus, abundances of Bacteroides, Dysgonomonas, and Arcobacter were markedly dysregulated after Hg exposures. Our findings elucidate the mechanisms involved in Hg-mediated toxicity in aquatic crustaceans at the tissue, cellular, molecular as well as microbial levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Metabolism in Ecophysiology and Evolution)

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16 pages, 3451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Low Temperature on Antioxidant and Heat Shock Protein Expression Profiles and Transcriptomic Responses in Crayfish (Cherax destructor)

by Ying Yang, Wenyue Xu, Qichen Jiang, Yucong Ye, Jiangtao Tian, Yingying Huang, Xinglin Du, Yiming Li, Yunlong Zhao and Zhiquan Liu

Antioxidants 2022, 11(9), 1779; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11091779 - 09 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1804

Abstract

Low temperature is a critical factor restricting the growth and survival of aquatic animals, but research on the mechanism of response to low temperature in Cherax destructor is limited. C. destructor is one of the most important freshwater crustaceans with strong adaptability in Australia, and it has been commercialized gradually in recent years. Here, growth indicators, antioxidant parameters, anti-stress gene expression, and transcriptome sequencing were used on crayfish following 8 weeks of low-temperature acclimation. The results showed that weight gain, length gain, and molting rates decreased as the temperature decreased. The activity of antioxidant enzymes decreased, while the content of antioxidant substances and the expression of anti-stress genes increased. Transcriptome sequencing identified 589 differentially expressed genes, 279 of which were upregulated and 310 downregulated. The gene functions and pathways for endocrine disorders, glucose metabolism, antioxidant defense, and immune responses were identified. In conclusion, although low-temperature acclimation inhibited the basal metabolism and immune ability of crayfish, it also increased the antioxidant substance content and anti-stress-gene expression to protect the organism from low-temperature damage. This study provided molecular insights into the study of low-temperature responses of low-temperature-tolerant crustacean species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Metabolism in Ecophysiology and Evolution)

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12 pages, 2359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oxidative Stress Is a Potential Cost of Synchronous Nesting in Olive Ridley Sea Turtles

by B. Gabriela Arango, David C. Ensminger, Diana Daniela Moreno-Santillán, Martha Harfush-Meléndez, Elpidio Marcelino López-Reyes, José Alejandro Marmolejo-Valencia, Horacio Merchant-Larios, Daniel E. Crocker and José Pablo Vázquez-Medina

Antioxidants 2022, 11(9), 1772; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11091772 - 08 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1905

Abstract

Olive ridley sea turtles, Lepidochelys olivacea, exhibit a polymorphic reproductive behavior, nesting solitarily or in mass aggregations termed “arribadas”, where thousands of individuals nest synchronously. Arribada nesting provides fitness benefits including mate finding during nearshore aggregations and predator satiation at the time of hatching, but it is unknown if such benefits come with a physiological cost. We used plasma metabolite profiling, stable isotope analysis, biochemical and endocrine assays to test whether metabolic parameters differ between nesting modes, and if arribada nesting is associated with increased levels of oxidative damage compared to solitary nesting. Arribada nesters were bigger and had higher circulating thyroid hormone levels than solitary nesters. Similarly, pathways related to phospholipid and amino acid metabolism, catabolic processes, and antioxidant defense were enriched in individuals nesting in arribada. Stable isotope signatures in skin samples showed differences in feeding zones with arribada nesters likely feeding on benthic and potentially more productive grounds. Arribada nesters had increased levels of plasma lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation products compared to solitary nesters. These results suggest that metabolic profiles differ between nesting modes and that oxidative stress is a trade-off for the fitness benefits associated with arribada nesting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Metabolism in Ecophysiology and Evolution)

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18 pages, 1470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Sediment Burial Parameters and Photo-Oxidative Response of the Intertidal Anemone Anthopleura hermaphroditica

by Víctor M. Cubillos, Javier A. Álvarez, Eduardo Ramírez, Edgardo Cruces, Oscar R. Chaparro, Jaime Montory and Carlos A. Spano

Antioxidants 2022, 11(9), 1725; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11091725 - 31 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1742

Abstract

Anthopleura hermaphroditica is an intertidal anemone that lives semi-buried in soft sediments of estuaries and releases its brooded embryos directly to the benthos, being exposed to potentially detrimental ultraviolet radiation (UVR) levels. In this study, we investigated how experimental radiation (PAR: photosynthetically active radiation; UVA: ultraviolet A radiation; and UVB: ultraviolet B radiation) influences burrowing (time, depth and speed) in adults and juveniles when they were exposed to PAR (P, 400–700 nm), PAR + UVA (PA, 315–700 nm) and PAR + UVA + UVB (PAB, 280–700 nm) experimental treatments. The role of sediment as a physical shield was also assessed by exposing anemones to these radiation treatments with and without sediment, after which lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls and total antioxidant capacity were quantified. Our results indicate that PAB can induce a faster burial response compared to those anemones exposed only to P. PAB increased oxidative damage, especially in juveniles where oxidative damage levels were several times higher than in adults. Sediment offers protection to adults against P, PA and PAB, as significant differences in their total antioxidant capacity were observed compared to those anemones without sediment. Conversely, the presence or absence of sediment did not influence total antioxidant capacity in juveniles, which may reflect that those anemones have sufficient antioxidant defenses to minimize photooxidative damage due to their reduced tolerance to experimental radiation. Burrowing behavior is a key survival skill for juveniles after they have been released after brooding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Metabolism in Ecophysiology and Evolution)

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Review

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11 pages, 953 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Eco-Immunological Relevance of the Anti-Oxidant Response in Invasive Molluscs

by Davide Malagoli, Nicola Franchi and Sandro Sacchi

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1266; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox12061266 - 13 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1481

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are volatile and short-lived molecules playing important roles in several physiological functions, including immunity and physiological adaptation to unsuitable environmental conditions. In an eco-immunological view, the energetic costs associated with an advantageous metabolic apparatus able to cope with wide changes in environmental parameters, e.g., temperature range, water salinity or drought, could be further balanced by the advantages that this apparatus may also represent in other situations, e.g., during the immune response. This review provides an overview of molluscs included in the IUCN list of the worst invasive species, highlighting how their relevant capacity to manage ROS production during physiologically challenging situations can also be advantageously employed during the immune response. Current evidence suggests that a relevant capacity to buffer ROS action and their damaging consequences is advantageous in the face of both environmental and immunological challenges, and this may represent a trait for potential invasiveness. This should be considered in order to obtain or update information when investigating the potential of the invasiveness of emerging alien species, and also in view of ongoing climate changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Metabolism in Ecophysiology and Evolution)

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32 pages, 2883 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Glutathione System: A Journey from Cyanobacteria to Higher Eukaryotes

by Corinne Cassier-Chauvat, Fanny Marceau, Sandrine Farci, Soufian Ouchane and Franck Chauvat

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1199; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox12061199 - 31 May 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5597

Abstract

From bacteria to plants and humans, the glutathione system plays a pleiotropic role in cell defense against metabolic, oxidative and metal stresses. Glutathione (GSH), the γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine nucleophile tri-peptide, is the central player of this system that acts in redox homeostasis, detoxification and iron metabolism in most living organisms. GSH directly scavenges diverse reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide and carbon radicals. It also serves as a cofactor for various enzymes, such as glutaredoxins (Grxs), glutathione peroxidases (Gpxs), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), which play crucial roles in cell detoxication. This review summarizes what is known concerning the GSH-system (GSH, GSH-derived metabolites and GSH-dependent enzymes) in selected model organisms (Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Arabidopsis thaliana and human), emphasizing cyanobacteria for the following reasons. Cyanobacteria are environmentally crucial and biotechnologically important organisms that are regarded as having evolved photosynthesis and the GSH system to protect themselves against the ROS produced by their active photoautotrophic metabolism. Furthermore, cyanobacteria synthesize the GSH-derived metabolites, ergothioneine and phytochelatin, that play crucial roles in cell detoxication in humans and plants, respectively. Cyanobacteria also synthesize the thiol-less GSH homologs ophthalmate and norophthalmate that serve as biomarkers of various diseases in humans. Hence, cyanobacteria are well-suited to thoroughly analyze the role/specificity/redundancy of the players of the GSH-system using a genetic approach (deletion/overproduction) that is hardly feasible with other model organisms (E. coli and S. cerevisiae do not synthesize ergothioneine, while plants and humans acquire it from their soil and their diet, respectively). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Metabolism in Ecophysiology and Evolution)

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