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Applied Sciences
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Advanced Laser-Material Interaction and Its Characterization
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Advanced Laser-Material Interaction and Its Characterization

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Mechanical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 10553

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Joohan Kim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Dasan-Kwan 301, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea
Interests: laser material interaction; nano; micro; heat transfer; optics
Prof. Haewoon Choi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keimyung University, 1095, Dalgubeol daero, Dalseogu, Daegu, Korea
Interests: laser material processing; computer simulation (wave, heat transfer)

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to announce this call for submissions to a Special Issue of Applied Sciences, MDPI. The recent advances in lasers are helping to develop leading technologies in the high-tech industry. Laser technologies such as single-mode high beam quality, ultra-short pulsed lasers, and multi-core beam shaping offer new and unique solutions to applied science or engineering where traditional methods have been limited. In addition to laser technology, studies have also been conducted on material characterization using computer simulation, chemical and physical degradation, and metallic analysis. In this Special Issue, technical as well as scientific articles are expected to share a variety of advanced solutions for researchers in science and engineering using state-of-the-art laser–material interaction and its characterization.

Prof. Joohan Kim
Prof. Haewoon Choi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • laser–material interaction
  • laser processing
  • ablation
  • plasma
  • beam modulation
  • ultrashort laser

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 4143 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation of the Effects of the Beam Scanning Pattern and Overlap on the Temperature Distribution during the Laser Dopant Activation Anneal Process
by Donghyeok Choi and Joonghan Shin
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(22), 10748; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112210748 - 14 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2046
Abstract
Laser thermal annealing (LTA) has played an important role in the fabrication of scaled semiconductor devices by reducing the heat budget of the dopant activation process. During the laser annealing of entire wafer areas, the beam scanning pattern and overlap ratio have significant [...] Read more.
Laser thermal annealing (LTA) has played an important role in the fabrication of scaled semiconductor devices by reducing the heat budget of the dopant activation process. During the laser annealing of entire wafer areas, the beam scanning pattern and overlap ratio have significant effects on uniform heating during the process. In this study, a numerical simulation of the LTA process was carried out using a three-dimensional transient heat transfer model. The temperature distribution produced by different laser scan paths and beam overlap ratios was analyzed. Additionally, the behavior of the dopant (phosphorus) diffusion induced under the multipath and beam overlapping conditions was numerically investigated. According to the simulation result, a zig-zag pattern generated hot spots around the corner areas of the beam path due to the greater heat accumulation per unit area; however, a bidirectional pattern induced cold spots due to the absence of laser heating around the corner areas. It was also found that the maximum temperature reachable in the beam overlapped region was much lower than that obtained along the beam scanning path, and the most uniform heating could be obtained when the zig-zag pattern and a 50% overlap ratio were used. According to the dopant diffusion and concentration distribution predicted for the case of the zig-zag pattern and 50% overlap ratio, the difference in the dopant diffusion length was approximately thirty times within the scanned area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Laser-Material Interaction and Its Characterization)
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15 pages, 6245 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Changes in Spectral Signal According to Gas Flow Rate in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
by Sangwoo Yoon, Hae-Woon Choi and Joohan Kim
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 9046; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11199046 - 28 Sep 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1548
Abstract
In a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system that performs elemental analysis of a target by acquiring the emission of plasma generated on the material surface by a focused laser, the plasma signal may be affected by the flow of the surrounding gas. A [...] Read more.
In a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system that performs elemental analysis of a target by acquiring the emission of plasma generated on the material surface by a focused laser, the plasma signal may be affected by the flow of the surrounding gas. A flow of gas may be present when LIBS measurements are performed in a special environment where an inert gas is normally applied. In such an environment, the flow of gas may affect the intensity of emission generated in plasma. The LIBS spectral intensity in the gas flow field changes according to the direction of the gas flow and the signal detector of the LIBS. In this case, the correlation between the flow rate and intensity of the spectral line can be confirmed both theoretically and experimentally. In this study, changes in the signal according to the flow rate were theoretically evaluated using the view factor and wave equation. In addition, LIBS signals were examined based on the flow of Ar, N2, and He gases in the experiment. The experimental results confirmed the range of effective gas flow rates over which the correlation between the flow rate and intensity of the LIBS spectral line could be inferred. These results could be used for calibration to achieve accurate measurement of LIBS signals in gas flow fields. In addition, this analysis has the potential to shed light on the properties of flowing gases that affect plasma by reversibly tracking changes in the signal of LIBS in a confined environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Laser-Material Interaction and Its Characterization)
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13 pages, 1853 KiB  
Article
Determination and Quantification of Heavy Metals in Sediments through Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Partial Least Squares Regression
by Sangmi Yoon, Jaeseung Choi, Seung-Jae Moon and Jung Hyun Choi
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(15), 7154; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11157154 - 03 Aug 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2423
Abstract
Conventional analysis techniques and sample preprocessing methods for identifying trace metals in soil and sediment samples are costly and time-consuming. This study investigated the determination and quantification of heavy metals in sediments by using a Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) system and multivariate chemometric [...] Read more.
Conventional analysis techniques and sample preprocessing methods for identifying trace metals in soil and sediment samples are costly and time-consuming. This study investigated the determination and quantification of heavy metals in sediments by using a Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) system and multivariate chemometric analysis. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted on the LIBS spectra at the emission lines of 11 selected elements (Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Ni, Pb, and Si). The results showed apparent clustering of four types of sediment samples, suggesting the possibility of application of the LIBS technique for distinguishing different types of sediments. Mainly, the Cd, Cr, and Pb concentrations in the sediments were analyzed. A data-smoothing method—namely, the Savitzky–Golay (SG) derivative—was used to enhance the performance of the Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) model. The performance of the PLSR model was evaluated in terms of the coefficient of determination (R2), Root Mean Square Error of Calibration (RMSEC), and Root Mean Square Error of Cross Validation (RMSECV). The results obtained using the PLSR with the SG derivative were improved in terms of the R2 and RMSECV, except for Cr. In particular, the results for Cd obtained with the SG derivative showed a decrease of 25% in the RMSECV value. This demonstrated that the PLSR model with the SG derivative is suitable for the quantitative analysis of metal components in sediment samples and can play a significant role in controlling and managing the water quality of rivers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Laser-Material Interaction and Its Characterization)
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12 pages, 3369 KiB  
Article
Effect of Pd Ions on the Generation of Ag and Au Heterogeneous Nanoparticles Using Laser Ablation in Liquid
by Sangwoo Yoon, Kye Sang Yoo and Joohan Kim
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(4), 1394; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11041394 - 04 Feb 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1923
Abstract
Heterogeneous Ag/Au nanoparticles combined with Pd ions were generated by irradiating Ag/Au metal targets in a Pd solution with nanosecond and femtosecond lasers. AgPd and AuPd nanoparticles were generated by laser fragmentation and bonded. We numerically analyzed the hot spots with electromagnetic field [...] Read more.
Heterogeneous Ag/Au nanoparticles combined with Pd ions were generated by irradiating Ag/Au metal targets in a Pd solution with nanosecond and femtosecond lasers. AgPd and AuPd nanoparticles were generated by laser fragmentation and bonded. We numerically analyzed the hot spots with electromagnetic field enhancement of nanoparticles of different sizes separated by various distances. AgPd and AuPd nanoparticles differing in diameter were generated and showed different characteristics compared to typical core-shell heterogeneous nanoparticles. Pd ions played an important role in the generation of nanoparticles in liquid via laser ablation. The femtosecond laser produced both pure and heterogeneous nanoparticles of uniform size. The nanosecond laser produced pure nanoparticles with a relatively non-uniform size, which developed into spherical heterogeneous nanoparticles with a uniform (small) size in the presence of Pd ions. These nanoparticles could optimize applications such as photothermal therapy and catalysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Laser-Material Interaction and Its Characterization)
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13 pages, 3413 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Laser Joining Quality by Visual Inspection, Computer Simulation, and Deep Learning
by Chang Min Han, Tae Won Kim and Hae Woon Choi
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(2), 642; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11020642 - 11 Jan 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1839
Abstract
Polymer joining results are evaluated and compared in different ways, such as visual inspection, computer simulation, and deep learning analysis, to assess the joining quality. For the experiments, energies in the range of 3 to 5 J/mm were used from preliminary experimental data. [...] Read more.
Polymer joining results are evaluated and compared in different ways, such as visual inspection, computer simulation, and deep learning analysis, to assess the joining quality. For the experiments, energies in the range of 3 to 5 J/mm were used from preliminary experimental data. A total of 15 welding experiment schedules were performed. Weld defects due to a lack of fusion were detected in some regions of specimens treated with a low-power laser region (3 J/mm), where a lack of fusion, in turn, occurred due to underheating. Bubble-shaped weld defects were observed in some specimens treated with a high-power laser region (5 J/mm); melting occurred due to the overheating of the specimen. Computer simulations were used to trace the boundaries of the fusion zone, and yielded results similar to the visual inspection ones. In the lower-energy region, the energy may not be sufficient to fuse the specimen, whereas the high-energy region may have sufficient energy to break down the polymer chains. A novel deep learning algorithm was used to statistically evaluate the weld quality. Approximately 1700–1900 samples were collected for each condition, and the pre-trained quality evaluation indicated a highly reliable (>98%) welding classification (fail or good). According to the results of this study, welding quality assessments based on visual inspection, computer simulation, and DL-based inspection yield similar results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Laser-Material Interaction and Its Characterization)
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