Mechanical Properties of Metal Alloy Surface: Measurement and Evaluation

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 10433

Special Issue Editors

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
Interests: contact fatigue; gearbox; residual stress; case hardening
Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga à Universidade, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
Interests: mechanical behaviour of materials; residual stress measurements using the hole-drilling and X-ray diffraction techniques; drilling process optimization for improving functional performance and life of high strength-to-weight ratio materials; residual stress determination in composite laminates
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The knowledge of the local yield strength and stress-strain behavior of the surface treated steels, due to mechanical, thermal or thermo-chemical surface treatments, such as, e.g., laser beam machining, laser peening, shot-peening, quenching and nitriding, has a great relevance in several areas of mechanical engineering science. For example, to deeply study problems of fatigue, contact fatigue or wear, valid behavior laws for the surface-treated material layers are needed. Since in those damage mechanisms the initial damage occurs, in general, at surface near regions, materials science and surface engineering advise the use of structural ductile steels, having its surface modified by coatings and/or surface treatments. This special issue focuses on presenting the latest research on the mechanical properties of alloy surface, his measurement and evaluation, which imply development of new materials, new processes and new treatments to be applied to these surface layers.

Prof. Dr. Luís Coelho
Prof. Dr. Joao Nobre
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • hardness
  • yield strength
  • strength fatigue
  • wear resistance
  • surface layers
  • residual stress
  • nano-indentation
  • X‑ray diffraction

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

26 pages, 3464 KiB  
Article
On the Applicability of Approximate Rolling and Sliding Contact Algorithms in Anisothermal Problems with Thermal Softening
by Christoph Hubertus Wölfle, Christian Krempaszky and Ewald Werner
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(5), 2549; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12052549 - 28 Feb 2022
Viewed by 1227
Abstract
The residual stress approximation methods formulated by McDowell and Moyar, Jiang and Sehitoglu, and McDowell for rolling and sliding contact problems are reconsidered in the context of single anisothermal loading cycles and isotropic hardening. A consistent extention to incorporate thermal softening is developed [...] Read more.
The residual stress approximation methods formulated by McDowell and Moyar, Jiang and Sehitoglu, and McDowell for rolling and sliding contact problems are reconsidered in the context of single anisothermal loading cycles and isotropic hardening. A consistent extention to incorporate thermal softening is developed and the generalized thermoelastoplastic algorithms are cast into a proper predictor–corrector formulation. Detailed explicit and implicit numerical integration strategies are presented and validated using specifically designed finite element models that conform to the underlying mechanical assumptions. Then, the applicability of the approximate algorithms to anisothermal problems with isotropic hardening and thermal softening is analyzed by assuming a rate-independent Johnson–Cook-type yield stress model and by comparing the obtained transient and residual stresses to results from full-scale finite element half-space models under varying loading and strain-hardening intensities. An in-depth, comparative discussion on the adequacy of the algorithms in conjunction with the justification of their respective mechanical simplifications follows. Sufficiently strong strain hardening is found to be a prerequisite for accurate predictions, and Jiang and Sehitoglu’s approach is deemed to be preferable for the considered type of problem. The conclusions drawn from the investigations are discussed in the context of common applications with particular emphasis on manufacturing process modeling and the corresponding guidelines are proposed for such use cases. Full article
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14 pages, 6402 KiB  
Article
Rolling and Rolling-Sliding Contact Fatigue Failure Mechanisms in 32 CrMoV 13 Nitrided Steel—An Experimental Study
by Luís Coelho, António C. Batista, João Paulo Nobre and Maria José Marques
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 10499; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112110499 - 08 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2559
Abstract
The aim of this work is to characterize the rolling and rolling-sliding contact fatigue failure mechanisms on the 32CrMoV13 nitrided steel. During rolling contact fatigue tests (RCF), two general features were observed: specimens presenting short lives and rough and sharpened spalling damage and [...] Read more.
The aim of this work is to characterize the rolling and rolling-sliding contact fatigue failure mechanisms on the 32CrMoV13 nitrided steel. During rolling contact fatigue tests (RCF), two general features were observed: specimens presenting short lives and rough and sharpened spalling damage and specimens presenting long lives and only microspalling marks. It was possible to determine a contact fatigue limit of 3 GPa. During rolling-sliding contact fatigue tests (RSCF), a clearly different behaviour between the two specimens in contact has been observed: the driver shows circumferential and inclined cracks and only inclined cracks appear in the follower. This behaviour can be understood if the effect of the residual stress state in near-surface layers is considered. Before RCF tests, the residual stresses are compressive in all near-surface layers. After RCF tests, strong residual stress relaxation and even reversing behaviour was observed in the axial direction, which facilitates the surface crack initiation in the circumferential direction at rolling track borders. Full article
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14 pages, 3644 KiB  
Article
Consequences of Deep Rolling at Elevated Temperature on Near-Surface and Fatigue Properties of High-Manganese TWIP Steel X40MnCrAl19-2
by Thomas Wegener, Marcel Krochmal, Torben Oevermann and Thomas Niendorf
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 10406; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112110406 - 05 Nov 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1208
Abstract
Due to pronounced work-hardening induced by the complex interplay of deformation mechanisms such as dislocation slip, twinning and/or martensitic phase transformation, high-manganese steels represent a class of materials well-suited for mechanical surface treatment. In the present study, the fatigue behavior of a high-mangsanese [...] Read more.
Due to pronounced work-hardening induced by the complex interplay of deformation mechanisms such as dislocation slip, twinning and/or martensitic phase transformation, high-manganese steels represent a class of materials well-suited for mechanical surface treatment. In the present study, the fatigue behavior of a high-mangsanese steel showing twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) effect at room temperature (RT) was investigated after deep rolling at 550 °C. Results are compared to a former study discussing the behavior after RT deep rolling. Evolution of the near-surface microstructure was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microhardness measurements and residual stress depth profiles obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Both uniaxial tensile tests and uniaxial tension-compression fatigue tests have been conducted in order to rationalize the macroscopic material behavior. Following deep rolling at 550 °C, SEM measurements employing electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) revealed a heavily deformed surface layer as well as localized deformation twinning. Specimens showed inferior hardness and residual stress depth profiles when compared to RT deep rolled counterparts. Tensile tests indicated no difference between the conditions considered. Fatigue properties however were improved. Such behavior is rationalized by a more stable residual stress state induced by dynamic strain aging. Full article
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15 pages, 7090 KiB  
Article
Self-Grinding Silage Knife Strengthened with Ni–WC Alloy Prepared by Laser Cladding
by Lingfeng Xu, Zhanhua Song, Mingxiang Li, Fade Li, Jing Guo and Ming Gao
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 10236; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112110236 - 01 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1428
Abstract
The working environment of agricultural cutting tools is poor, and the operational quality and efficiency are reduced after they become blunt. This study aimed to develop a high wear-resistant agriculture knife with a long life. A Ni–WC alloy, wear-resistant layer was prepared using [...] Read more.
The working environment of agricultural cutting tools is poor, and the operational quality and efficiency are reduced after they become blunt. This study aimed to develop a high wear-resistant agriculture knife with a long life. A Ni–WC alloy, wear-resistant layer was prepared using laser cladding technology on one side of the cutting edge of a 65 Mn silage knife. A self-grinding edge was formed when the cladded knife was used, which improved the cutting quality and service life of the knife. The microstructure, phase, composition, and hardness distribution of the cladding layer were detected and analyzed. The impact toughness and wear resistance of the laser-cladded samples were analyzed, and the cladded knife was tested in the field. The results show that a cladded layer with a dense microstructure formed metallurgical bonds with the substrate. The microhardness was uniform across the cladded layer, and the average hardness of the micro Vickers was approximately 1000 HV(0.2), which was approximately three times the hardness of the substrate. The impact toughness and wear resistance of the coated knife were obviously higher than those of uncoated knives. The field tests showed that compared with a conventional 65 Mn knife, the self-grinding knife with laser cladding could maintain its sharp cutting shape after operation for 76 h, which greatly extended the service life of the knife. This study improved the service life of an agricultural cutting tool, which enhanced the cutting performance and efficiency at the same time. Full article
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22 pages, 8866 KiB  
Article
Wear Behavior of Uncoated and Coated Tools in Milling Operations of AMPCO (Cu-Be) Alloy
by Vitor F. C. Sousa, João Castanheira, Francisco J. G. Silva, José S. Fecheira, Gustavo Pinto and Andresa Baptista
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7762; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11167762 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2450
Abstract
Copper-Beryllium alloys have excellent wear resistance and high mechanical properties, they also possess good electrical and thermal conductivity, making these alloys very popular in a wide variety of industries, such as aerospace, in the fabrication of tools for hazardous environments and to produce [...] Read more.
Copper-Beryllium alloys have excellent wear resistance and high mechanical properties, they also possess good electrical and thermal conductivity, making these alloys very popular in a wide variety of industries, such as aerospace, in the fabrication of tools for hazardous environments and to produce injection molds and mold inserts. However, there are some problems in the processing of these alloys, particularly when these are subject to machining processes, causing tools to deteriorate quite rapidly, due to material adhesion to the tool’s surface, caused by the material’s ductile nature. An assessment of tool-wear after machining Cu-Be alloy AMPCOLOY 83 using coated and uncoated tools was performed, offering a comparison of the machining performance and wear behavior of solid-carbide uncoated and DLC/CrN multilayered coated end-mills with the same geometry. Multiple machining tests were conducted, varying the values for feed and cutting length. In the initial tests, cutting force values were registered. The material’s surface roughness was also evaluated and the cutting tools’ edges were subsequently analyzed, identifying the main wear mechanisms and how these developed during machining. The coated tools exhibited a better performance for shorter cutting lengths, producing a lower degree of roughness on the surface on the machined material. The wear registered for these tools was less intense than that of uncoated tools, which suffered more adhesive and abrasive damage. However, it was observed that, for greater cutting lengths, the uncoated tool performed better in terms of surface roughness and sustained wear. Full article
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