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Dear Colleagues,

The study of models and the numerical simulation of cardiovascular system are topics that are attracting more and more attention within the applied mathematics community. Applications to specific cases are essential to understand how the system works in order to prevent cardiovascular diseases and give doctors quantitative information.

The study of cardiovascular system requires multi-physics mathematical models, such as models for fluid-dynamicsa, the mechanics of solids, electrophysiology, perfusion, and so on. For this reason, it is necessary to use the most advanced numerical techniques, like model reduction, the quantification of errors, the solution of reverse problems, the use of advanced discretization methods, etcetera. At the same time, the role of integration with clinical data and the validation of the proposed models with experimental tests are of great importance.

On the other hand, many biopharmaceuticals and several biotechnologies are being developed. Therefore, it is important to create an optimal context that allows fro the discovery and development of biotechnological therapies and enables patients to use them.

This Special Issue aims at dealing with all the above-mentioned types of approaches in order to encourage the development of technologies and techniques in use.

Dr. Gionata Fragomeni
Dr. Vera Gramigna
Guest Editors

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Keywords

cardiovascular system
computational fluid dynamics
numercal methods
bioengineering
biotechnology

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 2125 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calculation of Intracoronary Pressure-Based Indexes with JLabChart

by Giuseppe Tradigo, Salvatore De Rosa, Patrizia Vizza, Gionata Fragomeni, Pietro Hiram Guzzi, Ciro Indolfi and Pierangelo Veltri

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(7), 3448; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12073448 - 29 Mar 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1947

Abstract

The Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave-Free Ratio (iFR) have been proposed and clinically validated to measure the pressure gradient across coronary stenoses. They provide quantitative information on stenosis severity. Both are used in coronary revascularization procedures to measure intracoronary pressure giving quantitative information to evaluate coronary diseases during angiographic procedures. We designed and implemented a tool able to acquire and measure iFR and FFR supporting the physicians studying and treating patients in interventional cardiology laboratories. We designed an extensive case study to assess the performance of the tool in (i) acquiring pressure signals from blood pressure measurement systems; (ii) calculating FFR and iFR; and (iii) filtering out extra-beats signals during realtime signal analysis phases. The tool, named JLabChart, is available online. We tested it on two sets of data for a total of 600 cycles from 201 pressure measurements performed on 65 patients, from the Interventional Cardiology Unit of Magna Graecia University. The recognition of cardiac cycles and keypoint of the pressure curve was effective in

100 %

of cases for proximal (aortic) pressure and in

99.2 %

for distal pressure. The FFR calculated by JLabChart had an excellent correlation (

R_{p} = 0.960

;

p < 0.001

) with the FFR values obtained through the commercial systems. Similar results were obtained with iFR (

R_{p} = 0.998

;

p < 0.001

). Finally, the tool measurement results were compared with a commercial tool proving JLabChart’s efficiency with real cases. It was also compared with measurements performed on synthetic vessels and stenosis designed using the Comsol commercial tool. JLabChart is able to provide reliable measurements of FFR and iFR indexes used to support decisions on interventional procedures. It represents a valuable open source support system that can be used in an interventional cardiology laboratory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnology and Numerical Methods in Cardiovascular Application)

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19 pages, 7095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Phase Non-Newtonian Pulsatile Blood Flow Simulations in a Rigid and Flexible Patient-Specific Left Coronary Artery (LCA) Exhibiting Multi-Stenosis

by Abdulgaphur Athani, Nik Nazri Nik Ghazali, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, Abdullah Y. Usmani, Sarfaraz Kamangar, Ali E. Anqi and Nandalur Ameer Ahammad

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(23), 11361; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112311361 - 01 Dec 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2813

Abstract

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is stated as one of the most common causes of death all over the world. This article explores the influence of multi stenosis in a flexible and rigid left coronary artery (LCA) model using a multiphase blood flow system which has not yet been studied. Two-way fluid–solid interaction (FSI) is employed to achieve flow within the flexible artery model. A realistic three-dimensional model of multi-stenosed LCA was reconstructed based on computerized tomography (CT) images. The fluid domain was solved using a finite volume-based commercial software (FLUENT 2020). The fluid (blood) and solid (wall) domains were fully coupled by using the ANSYS Fluid-Structure Interaction solver. The maximum pressure drops, and wall shear stress was determined across the sever stenosis (90% AS). The higher region of displacement occurs at the pre-stenosis area compared to the other area of the left coronary artery model. An increase in blood flow velocity across the restricted regions (stenosis) in the LCA was observed, whereas the recirculation zone at the post-stenosis and bifurcation regions was noted. An overestimation of hemodynamic descriptors for the rigid models was found as compared to the FSI models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnology and Numerical Methods in Cardiovascular Application)

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