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Applied Sciences
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Development, Reliability, Maintenance and Control of Cyber-Physical Systems
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Development, Reliability, Maintenance and Control of Cyber-Physical Systems

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Computing and Artificial Intelligence".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 15189

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Katarzyna Antosz

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Guest Editor
Department of Manufacturing Processes and Production Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Aleja Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
Interests: industry 4.0; maintenance; production engineering; systems reliability; lean maintenance; decision support systems; artificial inteligence; machine learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jose Machado

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Guest Editor
MEtRICs Research Center, University of Minho, Campus of Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
Interests: Industry 4.0; maintenance; production engineering; systems reliability; lean maintenance; decision support systems; artificial inteligence; machine learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Yi Ren

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
Interests: reliability modelling and design for complex systems; model-based reliability system engineering; reliability physics; autonomous system reliability
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Erika Ottaviano

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Guest Editor
Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
Interests: robotics; mechanical design; automatic inspection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Pierluigi Rea

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Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering (DIMCM), University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, CA, Italy
Interests: robotics; mechatronics; mechanical design; automatic inspection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Alejandro Pereira

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Guest Editor
Manufacturing Engineering Group (GEF) EEI Campus Lagoas, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
Interests: surface engineering; tribology; additive manufacturing; dimensional metrology, machining, robotics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Industry 4.0 integrates massively implemented intelligent computing and network technologies for the purpose of automation, reliability and control of systems. Technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing (CC), big data analytics (BDA), and artificial intelligence (AI) are driving the development of such systems significantly. An important element of intelligent systems are cyberphysical systems (CPS). These systems are networked systems of cyber (computing and communication) and physical (sensors and actuators) components that interact in a feedback loop with possible aid for human intervention, interaction, and use. Morover, CPS, due to the possibility of collecting and recording data, are used in many areas, e.g., smart manufacturing, autonomous vehicle systems, and intelligent energy networks and in numerous large-scale technologies. In this context, many research activities are related to the development, reliability, maintenance, and control of cyberphysical systems.

The scope of this Special Issue is closely associated with that of the ICIE’2022 conference. This conference and journal Special Issue is to present current innovations and engineering achievements of scientists and industrial practitioners in the thematic areas described above.

Topics of interest include but are not limited to the following:

  • Smart manufacturing and maintenance;
  • Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT);
  • Robotics and mechatronic systems;
  • Digital twins;
  • Multiagent systems (MAS);
  • Autonomous systems;
  • Human–machine interaction and machine to machine communication (M2M);
  • Learning control and cognition;
  • Artificial intelligence and data mining;
  • Predictive maintenance;
  • Reliability and risk assessment.

Prof. Dr. Katarzyna Antosz
Dr. José Machado
Prof. Dr. Yi Ren
Dr. Erika Ottaviano
Prof. Dr. Pierluigi Rea
Prof. Dr. Alejandro Pereira
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 785 KiB  
Article
Warranty Cost Analysis for Multi-State Products Protected by Lemon Laws
by Liying Wang, Yushuang Song, Qingan Qiu and Li Yang
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(3), 1541; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app13031541 - 25 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1001
Abstract
The implementation of lemon laws in America has played an important role in improving the quality of after-sales service. Nowadays, many countries, such as China, Canada, Europe, Australia, Singapore, and South Korea, have adopted lemon laws in various industries to protect the interest [...] Read more.
The implementation of lemon laws in America has played an important role in improving the quality of after-sales service. Nowadays, many countries, such as China, Canada, Europe, Australia, Singapore, and South Korea, have adopted lemon laws in various industries to protect the interest of consumers. From the perspective of manufacturers, accurate estimation of the cost of the warranty service is of great importance in guiding product pricing, quality control, and design of warranty policies. According to the terms of different lemon laws, two warranty models considering the repair time and numbers for failures are proposed in this paper. Products under these models are multi-state, and Markov processes are used to model the degradation processes of products. In the first model, a product will be replaced by a new one if the time for a repair or the number of failures exceeds their respective thresholds over the warranty period. Under the second model, both catastrophic and minor failures are considered. A product will be replaced if one of the following three conditions is met over the warranty period: the time of one repair action (regardless of failure type) is longer than a time threshold; the number of minor failures is larger than a preset threshold; a catastrophic failure occurs. The expected warranty cost rates under the two proposed warranty models are derived under the assumption of renewable warranty terms. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the results obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development, Reliability, Maintenance and Control of Cyber-Physical Systems)
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12 pages, 2416 KiB  
Article
A Systematic Approach for Energy-Efficient Design of Rolling Bearing Cages
by Anatoliy Gaydamaka, Volodymyr Klitnoi, Sergey Dobrotvorskiy, Yevheniia Basova, Demétrio Matos and José Machado
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 1144; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app13021144 - 14 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1488
Abstract
Several aspects must be considered in the design of rolling bearing cages. One of the most important considerations relates to studying and developing a stationary approach for solving problems of heat and mass transfer during convection. In this context, this paper proposes, among [...] Read more.
Several aspects must be considered in the design of rolling bearing cages. One of the most important considerations relates to studying and developing a stationary approach for solving problems of heat and mass transfer during convection. In this context, this paper proposes, among other achievements, the development and validation of a model of heat generation that is used, as the basis for an energy-efficient cage design in the context of the roller bearings of axle boxes for rail transport. The forces of interaction of the cage with the bearing parts are determined. The energy-efficient design of the cage is performed with modified friction surfaces in the form of convex contours of the pockets and micro-hollows on the surfaces of the pockets and support rings. On the basis of a flat model, of the interaction between the cage and the bearing parts, the pressure forces on the driving and driven rolling elements in the zone of radial loading are determined. The frictional moment of the bearing has been determined based on the integral design of the cage without taking into account lubrication during the interaction of the cage with the jumpers and with the sides of the basing ring. The calculation of the temperature gradient with standard and improved designs of bearing cages has been performed while taking air blowing into account; results showed a decrease in the average level and growth rate of the bearings’ temperature gradient with an energy-efficient cage design. Based on the obtained results, and on the developed heat generation model, a systematic approach for energy-efficient design of rolling bearing cages is proposed. The proposed approach, as well as the respective developed models, were validated by obtaining and analyzing the experimental results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development, Reliability, Maintenance and Control of Cyber-Physical Systems)
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14 pages, 2130 KiB  
Article
Dynamic IoT Malware Detection in Android Systems Using Profile Hidden Markov Models
by Norah Abanmi, Heba Kurdi and Mai Alzamel
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 557; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app13010557 - 31 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2195
Abstract
The prevalence of malware attacks that target IoT systems has raised an alarm and highlighted the need for efficient mechanisms to detect and defeat them. However, detecting malware is challenging, especially malware with new or unknown behaviors. The main problem is that malware [...] Read more.
The prevalence of malware attacks that target IoT systems has raised an alarm and highlighted the need for efficient mechanisms to detect and defeat them. However, detecting malware is challenging, especially malware with new or unknown behaviors. The main problem is that malware can hide, so it cannot be detected easily. Furthermore, information about malware families is limited which restricts the amount of “big data” that is available for analysis. The motivation of this paper is two-fold. First, to introduce a new Profile Hidden Markov Model (PHMM) that can be used for both app analysis and classification in Android systems. Second, to dynamically identify suspicious calls while reducing infection risks of executed codes. We focused on Android systems, as they are more vulnerable than other IoT systems due to their ubiquitousness and sideloading features. The experimental results showed that the proposed Dynamic IoT malware Detection in Android Systems using PHMM (DIP) achieved superior performance when benchmarked against eight rival malware detection frameworks, showing up to 96.3% accuracy at 5% False Positive Rate (FP rate), 3% False Negative Rate (FN rate) and 94.9% F-measure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development, Reliability, Maintenance and Control of Cyber-Physical Systems)
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19 pages, 15847 KiB  
Article
Spare Parts Made by Additive Manufacturing to Improve Preventive Maintenance
by René Lastra, Alejandro Pereira, Miguel Díaz-Cacho, Jorge Acevedo and Antonio Collazo
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(20), 10564; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app122010564 - 19 Oct 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2700
Abstract
This research work is aimed at identifying the applicability of additive manufacturing (AM) to spare parts in the automotive manufacturing industry, specifically in the field of preventive maintenance. A procedure of AM applicability to preventive maintenance is presented. To this end, the results [...] Read more.
This research work is aimed at identifying the applicability of additive manufacturing (AM) to spare parts in the automotive manufacturing industry, specifically in the field of preventive maintenance. A procedure of AM applicability to preventive maintenance is presented. To this end, the results of the application of a case that has been carried out in the Stellantis factory located in the Vigo (Spain) area have been obtained. The procedure was based on an initial inventory from which a series of lists have been obtained that were later categorised. This was performed in order to know the technical and economic applicability of polymeric spare parts replacement by parts made of AM in polyamide material (PA12) through two manufacturing methods (HP Multi-Jet and Selective Laser Sintering technology, SLS). Original spare parts were characterised and compared with replacement parts made in AM. This article provides observations, recommendations and conclusions to summarise the situation regarding the use of AM techniques to improve preventive maintenance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development, Reliability, Maintenance and Control of Cyber-Physical Systems)
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17 pages, 2721 KiB  
Article
Reliability Modelling Considering Self-Exciting Mechanisms of Shock Damage
by Yaguang Wu
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(20), 10418; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app122010418 - 15 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1106
Abstract
This study investigates reliability modelling and optimal preventive maintenance polices for engineering systems subject to shocks, considering two types of self-exciting mechanisms. Under trigger mechanism 1, if the accumulative number of δ—ineffective shocks reaches the trigger threshold k1 among the run [...] Read more.
This study investigates reliability modelling and optimal preventive maintenance polices for engineering systems subject to shocks, considering two types of self-exciting mechanisms. Under trigger mechanism 1, if the accumulative number of δ—ineffective shocks reaches the trigger threshold k1 among the run of ineffective shocks, then the self-exciting mechanism will be activated, resulting in the accumulative number of effective shocks increasing by m1. Under trigger mechanism 2, if the consecutive number of δ—ineffective shocks reaches a fixed threshold K2 among the run of ineffective shocks, then the self-exciting mechanism will be triggered and the accumulative number of effective shocks will increase by m2. The system breaks down when the accumulative number of effective shocks exceeds the fixed threshold. Based on the established shock models, the reliability indices are obtained through the finite Markov chain imbedding approach. According to the operation of the system under different monitoring conditions, two types of preventive maintenance strategies are considered; then, optimization models are established, and the optimal preventive maintenance thresholds are determined. Finally, the proposed models are illustrated by numerical examples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development, Reliability, Maintenance and Control of Cyber-Physical Systems)
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12 pages, 1132 KiB  
Article
Joint Optimization of Production Lot Sizing and Preventive Maintenance Threshold Based on Nonlinear Degradation
by Li Qu, Junli Liao, Kaiye Gao and Li Yang
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(17), 8638; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12178638 - 29 Aug 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1077
Abstract
In a manufacturing system, lot sizing and maintenance are interdependent and interact with each other. Few studies jointly investigated production lot sizing and maintenance management considering system degradation. However, during the production process, the system and critical component performance will undergo inevitable degradation [...] Read more.
In a manufacturing system, lot sizing and maintenance are interdependent and interact with each other. Few studies jointly investigated production lot sizing and maintenance management considering system degradation. However, during the production process, the system and critical component performance will undergo inevitable degradation over time. For example, equipment wears out due to both its own internal causes and the external environment. To monitor the degradation process, interval inspection is usually performed to obtain information about the system degradation and nonlinear degradation is more general. Thus, based on the nonlinear degradation of the production system, this study developed a joint optimization model of production lot sizing and preventive maintenance (PM) thresholds with the goal of maximizing profit per unit of time. The maintenance decision follows the control limit principle, i.e., the choice between preventive maintenance (PM), corrective maintenance (CM), or neither (do nothing) is based on the magnitude of degradation. A simulation algorithm is proposed to obtain the optimal lot-sizing allocation and PM thresholds. The effectiveness of this joint optimization model algorithm is illustrated by numerical examples and the results show that the maximum profit per unit time can be obtained by reasonably formulating PM thresholds and production lot sizing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development, Reliability, Maintenance and Control of Cyber-Physical Systems)
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16 pages, 1548 KiB  
Article
Identification of the Critical Enablers for Perishable Food Supply Chain Using Deterministic Assessment Models
by Malleswari Karanam, Lanka Krishnanand, Vijaya Kumar Manupati, Katarzyna Antosz and Jose Machado
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(9), 4503; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12094503 - 29 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1823
Abstract
Today’s perishable food supply chains must be resilient to handle volatile demands, environmental restrictions, and disruptions in order to meet customers’ requirements. The enablers of the perishable food supply chain have not yet been explored. In this paper, a bibliometric systematic literature review [...] Read more.
Today’s perishable food supply chains must be resilient to handle volatile demands, environmental restrictions, and disruptions in order to meet customers’ requirements. The enablers of the perishable food supply chain have not yet been explored. In this paper, a bibliometric systematic literature review has been conducted to identify the articles related to the perishable food supply chain. Next, with these identified articles, a map is created with bibliographic data using Vosviewer network visualization software, and then the enablers were identified by conducting keyword co-occurrence analysis. Later, a total interpretive structural modeling (TISM) is employed to analyze the interrelationships among enablers and then determine each enabler’s hierarchies, further representing them in a diagraph. Finally, the identified enablers are classified using cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) analysis, and the graph is plotted. The results obtained from the deterministic assessment model provide the critical enablers for the perishable food supply chain. The obtained critical enablers and their hierarchies provide valuable insights for researchers in the context of perishable food supply chain for further study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development, Reliability, Maintenance and Control of Cyber-Physical Systems)
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18 pages, 1161 KiB  
Review
Global Resources Management: A Systematic Review and Framework Proposal for Collaborative Management of CPPS
by Leonilde R. Varela, Justyna Trojanowska, Maria Manuela Cruz-Cunha, Miguel Ângelo Pereira, Goran D. Putnik and José M. Machado
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 750; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app13020750 - 05 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1899
Abstract
Nowadays, global resources management intersects with collaboration and Industry 4.0 paradigms, namely for collaboratively managing cyber-physical systems. Only organizations that cooperate with their business partners, along with their suppliers and remaining stakeholders, including their clients, will be able to permit and promote the [...] Read more.
Nowadays, global resources management intersects with collaboration and Industry 4.0 paradigms, namely for collaboratively managing cyber-physical systems. Only organizations that cooperate with their business partners, along with their suppliers and remaining stakeholders, including their clients, will be able to permit and promote the much-needed endowing of agility, effectiveness, and efficiency in their management processes. For that, suitable decision-making paradigms, along with underlying approaches, will be needed, in order to properly fulfil current companies’ decision requirements and practices. The main purpose of this paper is to show that this can be achieved by applying combined global resources management paradigms and approaches, to reach collaboration further supported by recent technology made available through Industry 4.0. In doing so, the interaction of companies and stakeholders, supported by appropriate networks, along with varying kind of other communication and problem-solving technology, will enable them to promote and reinforce interoperation to reach the best-suited management decisions, by considering each ones’ objectives and priorities, along with common goals. To this end, in this paper, a systematic literature review methodology is used to synthetize the main contributions about the relation of these domains. The study carried out and the results obtained permitted us to realize that dynamic, integrated, distributed, parallel, intelligent, predictive, and real-time-based decision paradigms are of the upmost importance currently, but are still just scarcely being combined, which is suggested though its encompassing through a proposed collaborative management framework that is recommended to be applied, either in industry or academia, to improve global resources management processes and practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development, Reliability, Maintenance and Control of Cyber-Physical Systems)
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