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Applied Sciences
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Design and Application of Cold-Electron Bolometers
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Design and Application of Cold-Electron Bolometers

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanotechnology and Applied Nanosciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 October 2021) | Viewed by 8260

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Leonid Kuzmin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, Russia
Interests: superconductivity; detectors; cold-electron bolometers; single-photon counters for searching axions
Prof. Dr. Andrey Pankratov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
THz Spectroscopy Department, Institute for Physics of Microstructures of RAS, Center for Quantum Technologies of NNSTU n.a. R.E, Nizhny Novgorod 603087, Russia
Interests: superconductivity; detectors; cold-electron bolometers; single photon counters; nonlinear dynamics; noise
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Bolometers have been extensively developed in recent years in order to be used in balloon and space missions to test primordial conditions of the Universe. The major pathway lowers the operating temperature to reach higher sensitivities. On-chip electron cooling by SIN (superconductor–insulator–normal metal) tunnel junctions decreases the electron temperature of the absorber, thus improving performance. Direct electron cooling of the nanoabsorber is used in cold-electron bolometers (CEB) demonstrating photon-noise-limited operation at 300 mK. Alternatively, indirect electron cooling of detectors through a suspended platform can be used. Thermoelectric bolometers (TEB) operate similarly to CEBs by removing power from the nanoabsorber, but without DC bias due to the ferromagnetic valve. Bolometers utilizing electron cooling are good candidates for space missions without using dilution refrigerators.

In this Special Issue, we invite submissions exploring the development of electron cooling, cold-electron bolometers, thermoelectric bolometers, and electron cooling platforms. Contributions can focus on different concepts and a vatiety of applications. Survey papers and reviews are also welcome.

Prof. Dr. Leonid Kuzmin
Prof. Dr. Andrey Pankratov
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • cold-electron bolometer (CEB)
  • electron cooling
  • SIN tunnel junction
  • nanoabsorber
  • suspended platform
  • photon noise
  • ultimate performance
  • 2D array
  • thermoelectric bolometers

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 2531 KiB  
Article
Spectral Characteristics of the Double-Folded Slot Antennas with Cold-Electron Bolometers for the 220/240 GHz Channels of the LSPE Instrument
by Leonid S. Revin, Dmitry A. Pimanov, Anton V. Blagodatkin, Anna V. Gordeeva, Andrey L. Pankratov, Alexander V. Chiginev, Igor V. Rakut’, Viktor O. Zbrozhek, Leonid S. Kuzmin, Silvia Masi and Paolo de Bernardis
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(22), 10746; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112210746 - 14 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1465
Abstract
We present the results of the experimental and theoretical study of the resonant properties and noise of a single cell of a receiving system based on cold-electron bolometers (CEB) with a double-folded slot antenna and coplanar lines. The system was designed to receive [...] Read more.
We present the results of the experimental and theoretical study of the resonant properties and noise of a single cell of a receiving system based on cold-electron bolometers (CEB) with a double-folded slot antenna and coplanar lines. The system was designed to receive signals at 220/240 GHz frequencies with a 5% bandwidth. In measurements, we used the samples of the double-folded slot antennas with slot lengths of 162 um and coplanar line lengths from 185 to 360 um. Measurements of the resonance properties of CEB located at 0.3 K cryostat plate were carried out using a generator based on a high-temperature YBCO Josephson junction located inside the same cryostat at 4 K plate. This arrangement made it possible to obtain smooth amplitude-frequency characteristics with a clearly defined peak of a 15–21 GHz bandwidth at different frequencies. Based on these results, 2-D array of double-folded slot antennas with CEBs as 220/240 GHz LSPE channel prototype was calculated.The absorption efficiency of the array has reached 81% and 77% for 220 and 240 GHz channels, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Application of Cold-Electron Bolometers)
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7 pages, 1353 KiB  
Article
Responsivity and Noise Equivalent Power of a Single Cold-Electron Bolometer
by Ian Jasper Agulo and Leonid Kuzmin
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(10), 4608; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11104608 - 18 May 2021
Viewed by 1993
Abstract
We have developed a single-pixel capacitively coupled Cold-Electron Bolometer (CEB) and characterized it in the current-biased regime. The most attractive feature of the CEB is effective electron self-cooling of the absorber, which leads to a lower bolometer noise and higher dynamic range. The [...] Read more.
We have developed a single-pixel capacitively coupled Cold-Electron Bolometer (CEB) and characterized it in the current-biased regime. The most attractive feature of the CEB is effective electron self-cooling of the absorber, which leads to a lower bolometer noise and higher dynamic range. The bolometer responsivity was measured by determining the voltage response to an applied power through the absorber from a heating current, modulated at frequencies from 35 Hz to 2 kHz. The optimum responsivity of 1.5 × 1010 V/W was measured at a modulation frequency of 35 Hz. The noise equivalent power (NEP) was subsequently obtained from the estimated bolometer noise voltage with respect to the measured bolometer responsivity. The NEP of better 2 × 10−18 W/Hz1/2 was obtained for modulation frequencies greater than 100 Hz. The background power and the bolometer time constant were also estimated from the experimental results. The photon-noise-limited operation of CEB will dominate for a signal power of 10 fW and higher at frequency 80 GHz and higher. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Application of Cold-Electron Bolometers)
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9 pages, 4239 KiB  
Article
A Distributed Terahertz Metasurface with Cold-Electron Bolometers for Cosmology Missions
by Behrokh Beiranvand, Alexander S. Sobolev, Michael Yu. Larionov and Leonid S. Kuzmin
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(10), 4459; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11104459 - 14 May 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2218
Abstract
We developed and tested a 2D periodic array of cold-electron bolometers arranged into a wideband frequency selective metasurface that absorbs more than 70% of the incident power in the frequency range 100–800 GHz. The array had 10 × 10 unit cells, each containing [...] Read more.
We developed and tested a 2D periodic array of cold-electron bolometers arranged into a wideband frequency selective metasurface that absorbs more than 70% of the incident power in the frequency range 100–800 GHz. The array had 10 × 10 unit cells, each containing four bolometers incorporated into a ring. The chip with bolometers was mounted on the back side of the silicon lens without a back-reflector. Preliminary experiments demonstrated voltage responsivity as high as 109 V/W for the current-biased series array. Simulation of the noise performance shows realization of background noise-limited performance with NEPtot < NEPphot for the optical power load P0 > 15 pW. Results of numerical simulation made for the unit cell of the array are presented together with the equivalent diagram based on lumped network elements. The unit cell also was developed numerically to operate in two radiation modes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Application of Cold-Electron Bolometers)
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11 pages, 1179 KiB  
Article
Response of a Cold-Electron Bolometer on THz Radiation from a Long YBa2Cu3O7−δ Bicrystal Josephson Junction
by Leonid Revin, Andrey Pankratov, Anna Gordeeva, Dmitry Masterov, Alexey Parafin, Viktor Zbrozhek and Leonid Kuzmin
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7667; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10217667 - 29 Oct 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1739
Abstract
The response of the Cold-Electron Bolometers (CEBs), integrated into a 2-D array of dipole antennas, has been measured by irradiation from YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) 50 μm long Josephson junction into the THz region at frequencies from [...] Read more.
The response of the Cold-Electron Bolometers (CEBs), integrated into a 2-D array of dipole antennas, has been measured by irradiation from YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) 50 μm long Josephson junction into the THz region at frequencies from 0.1 to 0.8 THz. The possibility of controlling the amplitude-frequency characteristic is demonstrated by the external magnetic field in the traveling wave regime of a long Josephson junction. The YBCO junction has been formed on the bicrystal Zr1−xYxO2 (YSZ) substrate by magnetron sputtering and etching of the film. CEBs have been fabricated using an Al multilayer structure by a self-aligned shadow evaporation technique on Si substrate. Both receiver and oscillator have been located inside the same cryostat at 0.3 K and 2.7 K plates, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Application of Cold-Electron Bolometers)
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