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Applied Sciences
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Emission Control in Hybrid Vehicles
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Emission Control in Hybrid Vehicles

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Mechanical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 16840

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Pedro Piqueras

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CMT-Clean Mobility & Thermofluids, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
Interests: fuel cell technology; heterogeneous catalysis; membrane technology; air management; physical models
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Joaquin de la Morena

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
CMT-Motores Térmicos, Universitat Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain
Interests: internal combustion engines; fuel injection and combustion; exhaust gas recirculation; optical diagnostics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In an effort to reduce the impact of powertrain systems into the environment, a significant reduction of CO2 emissions is targeted for the upcoming years (15% by 2025 and 37.5% by 2030). In this sense, an increase of electrified vehicles sales is currently expected, especially in the case of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), including a gasoline engine. However, it is well known that current gasoline engines can provide up to 20% higher CO2 emission compared to an equivalent diesel engine for light-duty vehicle applications. For this reason, different technologies are being developed to mitigate CO2 emissions in gasoline engines. However, many of these concepts can induce additional challenges in terms of other pollutant emissions, which also have to meet very stringent regulations. For example, fuel enrichment at high loads (typical of highly turbocharged engines) as well as lean combustion typically lead to a significant increase of unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) and CO emissions. Additionally, lean combustion would need a complete rework of exhaust aftertreatment systems on gasoline engines, since traditional three-way catalysts (TWC) could not operate. Concepts based on gasoline direct injection with partial mixture stratification tend to produce an increase of particulate emissions linked to locally rich mixtures or wall wetting effects. Additionally, the integration of the gasoline engine into the hybrid electric vehicle stresses the operation of the exhaust aftertreatment systems which have to lead with these hazardous emissions. On the one side, the exhaust temperature heavily drops when the powertrain operates in battery electric mode. This implies that the three-way catalyst (TWC) can follow below the activation temperature by the time the engine is restarted. Additionally, more frequent operation under near cold-start conditions inside the cylinders can increase the production of particulate emissions.

This Special Issue encourages works from both industry and academia focused on the analysis of pollutant emissions formation and control on hybrid electric vehicles. These include (but are not limited to):

  • Impact of advanced combustion concepts on engine-out emissions;
  • Technologies to avoid fuel enrichment at high loads for turbocharged engines;
  • Spray development and wall-wetting in early-injection conditions;
  • Formation and characterization of soot emissions;
  • Fuel composition effects on exhaust emissions;
  • Emissions in engine cold-start operation;
  • Characterization and modelling of exhaust aftertreatment systems;
  • Development of control strategies for hybrid powertrains;
  • Studies about hybrid powertrain emissions in driving cycles.

Prof. Dr. Pedro Piqueras
Dr. Joaquin de la Morena
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Internal combustion engines
  • Hybridization
  • Exhaust aftertreatment systems
  • Injection and combustion processes
  • Air loop system integration
  • Alternative fuels
  • OBD

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

2 pages, 197 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue on Emission Control and Characterization in Hybrid Vehicles
by Pedro Piqueras and Joaquín De la Morena
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 976; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app13020976 - 11 Jan 2023
Viewed by 667
Abstract
Electrified powertrains have appeared in recent years as part of the solution to achieve the aggressive targets established for a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO2 [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emission Control in Hybrid Vehicles)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

19 pages, 3201 KiB  
Article
Energy Management of Hybrid Electric Urban Bus by Off-Line Dynamic Programming Optimization and One-Step Look-Ahead Rollout
by Bernardo Tormos, Benjamín Pla, Pau Bares and Douglas Pinto
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(9), 4474; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12094474 - 28 Apr 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1299
Abstract
Due to the growing air quality concern in urban areas and rising fuel prices, urban bus fleets are progressively turning to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) which show higher efficiency and lower emissions in comparison with conventional vehicles. HEVs can reduce fuel consumption and [...] Read more.
Due to the growing air quality concern in urban areas and rising fuel prices, urban bus fleets are progressively turning to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) which show higher efficiency and lower emissions in comparison with conventional vehicles. HEVs can reduce fuel consumption and emissions by combining different energy sources (i.e., fuel and batteries). In this sense, the performance of HEVs is strongly dependent on the energy management strategy (EMS) which coordinates the energy sources available to exploit their potential. While most EMSs are calibrated for general driving conditions, this paper proposes to adapt the EMS to the specific driving conditions on a particular bus route. The proposed algorithm relies on the fact that partial information on the driving cycle can be assumed since, in the case of a urban bus, the considered route is periodically covered. According to this hypothesis, the strategy presented in this paper is based on estimating the driving cycle from a previous trip of the bus in the considered route. This initial driving cycle is used to compute the theoretical optimal solution by dynamic programming. The obtained control policy (particularly the cost-to-go matrix) is stored and used in the subsequent driving cycles by applying one-step look-ahead roll out, then, adapting the EMS to the actual driving conditions but exploiting the similarities with previous cycles in the same route. To justify the proposed strategy, the paper discusses the common patterns in different driving cycles of the same bus route, pointing out several metrics that show how a single cycle captures most of the key parameters for EMS optimization. Then, the proposed algorithm (off-line dynamic programming optimization and one-step look-ahead rollout) is described. Results obtained by simulation show that the proposed method is able to keep the battery charge within the required range and achieve near-optimal performance, with only a 1.9% increase in fuel consumption with regards to the theoretical optimum. As a reference for comparison, the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS), which is the most widespread algorithm for HEV energy management, produces an increase in fuel consumption with respect to the optimal solution of 11%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emission Control in Hybrid Vehicles)
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21 pages, 4059 KiB  
Article
Fischer-Tropsch Diesel and Biofuels Exergy and Energy Analysis for Low Emissions Vehicles
by Felipe Andrade Torres, Omid Doustdar, Jose Martin Herreros, Runzhao Li, Robert Poku, Athanasios Tsolakis, Jorge Martins and Silvio A. B. Vieira de Melo
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(13), 5958; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11135958 - 26 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5771
Abstract
This research investigates the effects of a synthetic diesel-like fuel (Fischer-Tropsch diesel) and biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel) fuel blends on the energy-exergy efficiencies and gaseous exhaust emissions characteristics of a compression ignition engine. Two blends of alternative fuels denoted as E15B35FTD50 (15% ethanol, [...] Read more.
This research investigates the effects of a synthetic diesel-like fuel (Fischer-Tropsch diesel) and biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel) fuel blends on the energy-exergy efficiencies and gaseous exhaust emissions characteristics of a compression ignition engine. Two blends of alternative fuels denoted as E15B35FTD50 (15% ethanol, 35% biodiesel, and 50% Fischer-Tropsch diesel) and E15B35D50 (15% ethanol, 35% biodiesel, and 50% diesel) were experimentally studied on a single-cylinder diesel engine and compared to diesel fuel. The results show that the energetic and the exergetic efficiencies of the alternative fuels are comparable to those of the engine fueled with diesel fuel. The unburnt HC, NO, N2O, and NH3 emissions were reduced for the two alternative fuel blends compared to diesel, while CO emissions increased. The light HC species were found to slightly increase for the alternative fuel blends in comparison with diesel fuel. However, the total HC was considerably reduced by the combustion of E15B35FTD50 not only when compared to the diesel fuel combustion, but also when compared to E15B35D50. Overall, these results may contribute to identifying advantages and limitations in terms of energetic-exergetic analysis and emissions for the new generation of conventional diesel and hybrid electric vehicles that aim to achieve future emissions regulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emission Control in Hybrid Vehicles)
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19 pages, 2584 KiB  
Article
NOx Reduction Pathways during LNT Operation over Ceria Containing Catalysts: Effect of Copper Presence and Barium Content
by Juan Carlos Martínez-Munuera, Javier A. Giménez-Mañogil, Roberto Matarrese, Lidia Castoldi and Avelina García-García
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(12), 5700; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11125700 - 19 Jun 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1496
Abstract
Ceria-based catalysts, with Cu in substitution of noble metals, were studied in a vertical microreactor system under isothermal conditions, where NOx was previously stored, followed by the reduction step conducted under H2. The possible remaining ad-NOx species after the [...] Read more.
Ceria-based catalysts, with Cu in substitution of noble metals, were studied in a vertical microreactor system under isothermal conditions, where NOx was previously stored, followed by the reduction step conducted under H2. The possible remaining ad-NOx species after the reduction stage, were investigated by Temperature Programmed Desorption in He. In situ DRIFTS was used as a complementary technique for the analysis of the surface species formation/transformation on the catalysts’ surface. Catalysts containing both Ba and Cu were found to be selective in the NOx reduction, producing N2 and minor amounts of NH3 during the reduction step, as well as NO. The different ceria-based formulations (containing copper and/or barium) were prepared and tested at two different temperatures in the NOx reduction (NSR) processes. Their catalytic activities were analyzed in terms of their compositions and have been useful in the elucidation of the possible origin and relevant pathways for NOx reduction product formation, which seems to involve the oxygen vacancies of the ceria-based materials (whose generation seems to be promoted by copper) during the rich step. The scope of this work involves an interdisciplinary study of the impact that catalysts’ formulations (noble metal-free) have on their LNT performance under simulated conditions, thus covering aspects of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering in a highly applied context, related to the development of control strategies for hybrid powertrains and/or the reduction of the impact of cold-start emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emission Control in Hybrid Vehicles)
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15 pages, 4209 KiB  
Article
Design of a Bubble Reactor for Altitude Simulators Used to Humidify a Combustion Air Stream by Means of CFD Multi-Phase Models
by José Ramón Serrano, Antonio Gil, Pedro Quintero, Roberto Tabet and Javier Gómez
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(1), 295; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11010295 - 30 Dec 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1523
Abstract
In this paper, a procedure for the design of a bubble reactor which allows the control of the humidity of a gas stream used as combustion air is presented. This reactor is designed to be used as a component of an altitude simulator [...] Read more.
In this paper, a procedure for the design of a bubble reactor which allows the control of the humidity of a gas stream used as combustion air is presented. This reactor is designed to be used as a component of an altitude simulator test facility for the optimization, homologation and calibration of new hybrid engines. The design has been carried out by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) multi-phase models and validated against the experimental data obtained from the developed prototype. A discussion about the adequate mesh topology and cell size is presented, as well as a comparison between the two available models for the air–water interphase. Lastly, a validation of the CFD results using experimental data shows that the model that should be used is the multi-regime interaction model, from which the final design for the bubble reactor was obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emission Control in Hybrid Vehicles)
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10 pages, 3413 KiB  
Article
Study, Development and Prototyping of a Novel Mild Hybrid Power Train for a City Car: Design of the Turbocharger
by Roberto Capata and Enrico Sciubba
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(1), 234; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11010234 - 29 Dec 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1786
Abstract
Within a large, state-funded, Italian National Project aimed to test the feasibility of an on-the-road prototype of a mild hybrid city vehicle, one of the tasks was to conceive, design and implement an innovative turbocharger that would allow for some energy recovery. The [...] Read more.
Within a large, state-funded, Italian National Project aimed to test the feasibility of an on-the-road prototype of a mild hybrid city vehicle, one of the tasks was to conceive, design and implement an innovative turbocharger that would allow for some energy recovery. The selected vehicle is propelled by a 3-cylinder, 998 cc turbocharged engine (the 66 kW Mitsubishi-Smart W451). The idea is to implement two types of energy recovery: one via the new turbocharger and one through a standard braking energy recovery (also known as KERS). The study of the former is the object of this paper. The proposed turbocharger configuration consists of mechanically separated, electrically coupled compressor and turbine, possibly mounting only slightly modified commercial equipment to reduce construction costs. This paper reports the results of the calculation of the behavior of the new turbocharging group across the entire engine operating range and describes the preliminary design of the unit. An accurate simulation of a mixed (urban and extra-urban) driving mission demonstrates that a net saving of about 5.6% can be attained by the installation of the novel turbocharger unit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emission Control in Hybrid Vehicles)
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17 pages, 2488 KiB  
Article
Impact of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Gaseous Emissions of Turbocharged Spark-Ignition Engines
by Pedro Piqueras, Joaquín De la Morena, Enrique José Sanchis and Rafael Pitarch
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7634; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10217634 - 29 Oct 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3297
Abstract
Exhaust gas recirculation is one of the technologies that can be used to improve the efficiency of spark-ignition engines. However, apart from fuel consumption reduction, this technology has a significant impact on exhaust gaseous emissions, inducing a significant reduction in nitrogen oxides and [...] Read more.
Exhaust gas recirculation is one of the technologies that can be used to improve the efficiency of spark-ignition engines. However, apart from fuel consumption reduction, this technology has a significant impact on exhaust gaseous emissions, inducing a significant reduction in nitrogen oxides and an increase in unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, which can affect operation of the aftertreatment system. In order to evaluate these effects, data extracted from design of experiments done on a multi-cylinder 1.3 L turbocharged spark-ignition engine with variable valve timing and low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) are used. The test campaign covers the area of interest for the engine to be used in new-generation hybrid electric platforms. In general, external EGR provides an approximately linear decrease of nitrogen oxides and deterioration of unburned hydrocarbon emissions due to thermal and flame quenching effects. At low load, the impact on emissions is directly linked to actuation of the variable valve timing system due to the interaction of EGR with internal residuals. For the same external EGR rate, running with high valve overlap increases the amount of internal residuals trapped inside the cylinder, slowing down combustion and increasing Unburnt hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. However, low valve overlap (i.e., low internal residuals) operation implies a decrease in oxygen concentration in the exhaust line for the same air–fuel ratio inside the cylinders. At high load, interaction with the variable valve timing system is reduced, and general trends of HC increase and of oxygen and carbon monoxide decrease appear as EGR is introduced. Finally, a simple stoichiometric model evaluates the potential performance of a catalyst targeted for EGR operation. The results highlight that the decrease of nitrogen oxides and oxygen availability together with the increase of unburned hydrocarbons results in a huge reduction of the margin in oxygen availability to achieve a complete oxidation from a theoretical perspective. This implies the need to rely on the oxygen storage capability of the catalyst or the possibility to control at slightly lean conditions, taking advantage of the nitrogen oxide reduction at engine-out with EGR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emission Control in Hybrid Vehicles)
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