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Advances in Monitoring, Analysis, and Control of Flexible Structures under...
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Advances in Monitoring, Analysis, and Control of Flexible Structures under Strong Winds

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Civil Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 February 2022) | Viewed by 13941

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Hao Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
Interests: wind engineering; bridge engineering; vibration control; structural health monitoring
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Teng Wu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
Interests: wind engineering; bridge engineering; structural engineering; hurricane resilience; machine learning; climate change
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Tianyou Tao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
Interests: bridge aerodynamics; characterization of extreme winds; simulation of random winds; AI-powered structural wind engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Flexible structures—for example, long-span bridges, high-rise buildings, large-expanse roofs, and so on—are susceptible to the action of strong winds. The effects of wind on these structures have been important topics for the wind engineering community for the last century. Moreover, wind disasters have become more and more violent in the most recent few decades. Typical, frequently encountered wind disasters involve hurricanes/typhoons, tornados, downbursts, and so on. All of these extreme events have a great impact on structures and pose a considerable threat to structural safety. To enhance our understanding of wind effects on these structures and provide a more reliably wind-resistant design, more research efforts are required on the monitoring, analysis, and control of flexible bridges under strong winds.

The proposed Special Issue aims to collect recent advances in the field of wind effects on structures by gathering scientific breakthroughs on the monitoring, analysis, and control of flexible structures under strong winds. The papers to be included in the Special Issue will cover a broad range of theoretical and applied topics of interest. Papers including, but not limited to, the given topics below are encouraged to submit to this Special Issue.

  • Characteristics of strong winds;
  • Characterization of extreme wind events;
  • Simulation of random wind field;
  • Structural aerodynamics under strong winds;
  • Monitoring scheme optimization of structural wind effects;
  • Performance evaluation of flexible structures under strong winds;
  • Non-stationary/Non-Gaussian analysis of wind-induced responses;
  • Wind-induced vibration control of flexible structures.

Prof. Hao Wang
Prof. Teng Wu
Dr. Tianyou Tao
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wind characteristics
  • flexible structures
  • aerodynamics
  • structural dynamics
  • dynamic responses
  • monitoring
  • performation evaluation
  • vibration control

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 3239 KiB  
Article
Active Tendon Control of Stay Cable by a Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator Considering Time-Delay
by Wenxi Wang, Zhilin Yang, Renkang Hu, Xugang Hua and Xiuyong Wang
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(5), 2666; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12052666 - 04 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1262
Abstract
Active control of a stay cable through changing its tension is an effective way to lower the vibration amplitude. In this paper, active tendon control of a stay cable using a giant magnetostrictive actuator (GMA), which can generate axial deformation in a short [...] Read more.
Active control of a stay cable through changing its tension is an effective way to lower the vibration amplitude. In this paper, active tendon control of a stay cable using a giant magnetostrictive actuator (GMA), which can generate axial deformation in a short period (normally less than 10 ms) under magnetic fields, is studied considering the time-delay. The bilinear controlled state equation of the small-sag cable is established by employing the Lagrange formulation. The linearization method for the bilinear controlled state equation is proposed and validated by numerical simulations. A GMA is designed and manufactured to actively control a stay cable model and the relationship between the output force and the input voltage is obtained by experiments. Based on the phase-shifting method, a multi-mode control algorithm with the time-delay compensation is proposed, and the time-delay compensation matrix based on the state feedback control algorithm is obtained. Based on a 1:20 scaled cable model, simulations and experiments are conducted to investigate the control performance of the proposed method under different external loads including the free vibration, harmonic excitation and random excitation. The results show that the tendon control of cable vibration by a GMA may be invalid and even amplify the vibration amplitude when the compensation of time-delay is not considered. Moreover, the excellent control performance can be achieved by using the proposed time-delay compensation method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Monitoring, Analysis, and Control of Flexible Structures under Strong Winds)
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20 pages, 6221 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study of Mitigation of Wind-Induced Vibration in Asymmetric Cable-Stayed Bridge Using Sharp Wind Fairings
by Guohui Zhao, Zhichao Wang, Shuo Zhu, Jianming Hao and Jun Wang
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 242; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12010242 - 27 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2535
Abstract
This paper investigated the aerodynamic response features of an asymmetric cable-stayed bridge. The wind resistance design parameters for judging the response were first determined, afterwards the bridge dynamic characteristics were analyzed for subsequent aerodynamic analysis. The vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) and flutter response at [...] Read more.
This paper investigated the aerodynamic response features of an asymmetric cable-stayed bridge. The wind resistance design parameters for judging the response were first determined, afterwards the bridge dynamic characteristics were analyzed for subsequent aerodynamic analysis. The vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) and flutter response at various wind fairing angles were then examined by using a 1:50 sectional model in the wind tunnel test. Finally, a 1:150 full bridge aeroelastic model was employed to explore the aerodynamic stability and characteristics of the whole asymmetric bridge under different wind attack angles in various flow fields. The results show that the sharp wind fairings could reduce the VIV amplitude of the steel box girder cable-stayed bridge to some extent, and the example bridge has examined to have enough flutter stability through sectional and full bridge aeroelastic model wind tunnel tests. Unlike symmetric bridges, the bridge’s maximum displacement of first torsion mode shape is at the closure rather than the mid-span, which is the essential reason to lead this unique vibration feature. The results from the present study could highlight the important effect of structural asymmetry and fairing shape to the wind-induced bridge vibration and hence may facilitate more appropriate wind design of asymmetric cable-stayed bridges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Monitoring, Analysis, and Control of Flexible Structures under Strong Winds)
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13 pages, 4951 KiB  
Article
Aeroelastic and Aerodynamic Tests of Wind Turbine with Various Polygonal Towers
by Yong Chul Kim
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(24), 11740; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112411740 - 10 Dec 2021
Viewed by 1620
Abstract
Traditionally, circular cross-section towers have been used as supporting systems of wind turbines, but weaknesses have become apparent with recent upsizing of wind turbines. Thus, polygonal cross-section towers have been proposed and used in Europe. In this study, the effects of polygonal cross-sections [...] Read more.
Traditionally, circular cross-section towers have been used as supporting systems of wind turbines, but weaknesses have become apparent with recent upsizing of wind turbines. Thus, polygonal cross-section towers have been proposed and used in Europe. In this study, the effects of polygonal cross-sections on the aeroelastic and aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbines were examined through a series of wind tunnel tests. Aeroelastic tests showed that a square cross-section tower showed instability vibrations, and polygonal cross-section towers showed limited vibrations for tower-only cases. However, for wind turbines with various polygonal cross-section towers, no instability vibrations were observed, and displacements increased proportionally to the square of mean wind speed. Furthermore, pressure measurements showed that local force coefficients changed largely depending on wind direction and azimuth angle. Local drag force coefficients decreased with increasing number of tower sides, approaching those of the tower-only case, and local lift force coefficients showed larger absolute values than those of the tower-only case. The maximum mean and fluctuating drag force and the maximum fluctuating lift coefficients at each height decreased with increasing number of tower sides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Monitoring, Analysis, and Control of Flexible Structures under Strong Winds)
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17 pages, 5191 KiB  
Article
Performance Evaluation of Linear and Nonlinear Models for Short-Term Forecasting of Tropical-Storm Winds
by Tianyou Tao, Peng Shi, Hao Wang, Lin Yuan and Sheng Wang
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(20), 9441; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11209441 - 11 Oct 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1606
Abstract
Wind-sensitive structures usually suffer from violent vibrations or severe damages under the action of tropical storms. It is of great significance to forecast tropical-storm winds in advance for the sake of reducing or avoiding consequent losses. The model used for forecasting becomes a [...] Read more.
Wind-sensitive structures usually suffer from violent vibrations or severe damages under the action of tropical storms. It is of great significance to forecast tropical-storm winds in advance for the sake of reducing or avoiding consequent losses. The model used for forecasting becomes a primary concern in engineering applications. This paper presents a performance evaluation of linear and nonlinear models for the short-term forecasting of tropical storms. Five extensively employed models are adopted to forecast wind speeds using measured samples from the tropical storm Rumbia, which facilitates a comparison of the predicting performances of different models. The analytical results indicate that the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model outperforms the other models in the one-step ahead prediction and presents the least forecasting errors in both the mean and maximum wind speeds. However, the support vector regression (SVR) model has the worst performance on the selected dataset. When it comes to the multi-step ahead forecasting, the prediction error of each model increases as the number of steps expands. Although each model shows an insufficient ability to capture the variation of future wind speed, the ARIMA model still appears to have the least forecasting errors. Hence, the ARIMA model can offer effective short-term forecasting of tropical-storm winds in both one-step and multi-step scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Monitoring, Analysis, and Control of Flexible Structures under Strong Winds)
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15 pages, 2475 KiB  
Article
Study on Wind Field Characteristics in a Coastal Plain Based on a New Three-Dimensional Joint Distribution Model
by Xiaoyue Gao, Tianbao Xiao, Jiawu Li, Jianming Hao and Zhenxing Ma
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 9114; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11199114 - 30 Sep 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1255
Abstract
This paper studied the joint probability distribution of wind speed, wind direction, and wind height. The measured wind field data of a coastal plain in Zhongshan city, Guangdong Province, China, were taken as the research object. A three-dimensional joint distribution modeling method, based [...] Read more.
This paper studied the joint probability distribution of wind speed, wind direction, and wind height. The measured wind field data of a coastal plain in Zhongshan city, Guangdong Province, China, were taken as the research object. A three-dimensional joint distribution modeling method, based on the copula function and the AL (angular–linear) model, is proposed. Firstly, the wind speed is modeled by the common distribution model, and the Weibull distribution is selected. Secondly, the mvM (mixed von Mises distribution) was used to fit the wind direction probability density, and the joint distribution of wind speed and wind direction was established based on the AL model. Finally, a three-dimensional joint distribution model of wind speed, wind direction, and height was established by considering the effect of height through the copula function. The results showed that Weibull distribution can better describe the wind speed distribution in this region. The north–south wind prevailed in this region, and the probability of the main wind direction decreased with the increase in height. The joint distribution of wind speed and direction, based on the AL model, fitted well with the measured data, and the final three-dimensional distribution model had a good fitting effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Monitoring, Analysis, and Control of Flexible Structures under Strong Winds)
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23 pages, 8132 KiB  
Article
Wind-Resistant Capacity Modeling for Electric Transmission Line Towers Using Kriging Surrogates and Its Application to Structural Fragility
by Yunzhu Cai and Jiawei Wan
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 4714; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11114714 - 21 May 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2680
Abstract
Wind loading on a transmission tower structure is jointly influenced by the wind field, structural parameters, and the geo-spatial configuration of the transmission line. Considering the multi-parametric effect, this paper aims at developing a limit capacity model for transmission towers under strong winds. [...] Read more.
Wind loading on a transmission tower structure is jointly influenced by the wind field, structural parameters, and the geo-spatial configuration of the transmission line. Considering the multi-parametric effect, this paper aims at developing a limit capacity model for transmission towers under strong winds. To this end, the limit capacity of the tower is expressed via two equivalent means: one is the limit wind speed as a function of the wind angle of attack and the span of transmission line; the other is a limit capacity surface with three fundamental wind load components as the principal axes. An adaptive kriging surrogate modeling is constructed to approximate the function/surface with structural uncertainties considered. The performance of the surrogate model is improved by adding support points and then evaluated by the overall accuracy validation and local error check. A numerical example demonstrating the feasibility of the surrogate modeling for the limit capacity of the transmission tower under winds is presented. Finally, a fragility assessment concerning a practical transmission line and towers subjected to typhoons is accomplished using the established limit capacity model of the tower. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Monitoring, Analysis, and Control of Flexible Structures under Strong Winds)
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18 pages, 4248 KiB  
Article
Aerodynamic Characteristics of Coupled Twin Circular Bridge Hangers with Near Wake Interference
by Chaoqun Wang, Xugang Hua, Zhiwen Huang and Qing Wen
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(9), 4189; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11094189 - 04 May 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1856
Abstract
Much work has been devoted to the investigation and understanding of the flow-induced vibrations of twin cylinders vibrating individually (e.g., vortex-induced vibration and wake-induced galloping), but little has been devoted to coupled twin cylinders with synchronous galloping. The primary objective of this work [...] Read more.
Much work has been devoted to the investigation and understanding of the flow-induced vibrations of twin cylinders vibrating individually (e.g., vortex-induced vibration and wake-induced galloping), but little has been devoted to coupled twin cylinders with synchronous galloping. The primary objective of this work is to investigate the aerodynamic forcing characteristics of coupled twin cylinders in cross flow and explore their effects on synchronous galloping. Pressure measurements were performed on a stationary section model of twin cylinders with various cylinder center-to-center distances from 2.5 to 11 diameters. Pressure distributions, reduced frequencies and total aerodynamic forces of the cylinders are analyzed. The results show that the flow around twin cylinders shows two typical patterns with different spacing, and the critical spacing for the two patterns at wind incidence angles of 0° and 9° is in the range of 3.8D~4.3D and 3.5D~3.8D, respectively. For cylinder spacings below the critical value, vortex shedding of the upstream cylinder is suppressed by the downstream cylinder. In particular, at wind incidence angles of 9°, the wake flow of the upstream cylinder flows rapidly near the top edge and impacts on the inlet edge of the downstream cylinder, which causes a negative and positive pressure region, respectively. As a result, the total lift force of twin cylinders comes to a peak while the total drag force jumps to a higher value. Moreover, there is a sharp drop of total lift coefficient for α = 9–12°, indicating the potential galloping instability. Finally, numerical simulations were performed for the visualization of the two flow patterns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Monitoring, Analysis, and Control of Flexible Structures under Strong Winds)
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