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Applied Sciences
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Gravitational Wave Observatory: The Realm of Applied Science
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Gravitational Wave Observatory: The Realm of Applied Science

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Physics General".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 October 2023) | Viewed by 6110

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Vincenzo Pierro

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering (DING), Universita degli Studi del Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
Interests: applied physics; optic, astronomy; electromagnetic field

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The observation of gravitational waves has become one of the topics of great interest in recent years, in particular after the first direct detection of a gravitational signal coming from a black hole binary in 2016.

In this volume, we intend to present the new and advanced technologies behind the realization of this result which is at the crossroads between fundamental physics and astronomy.

The volume collects the interdisciplinary contributions on methods and algorithms ancillary to the detection result, is open to works that present the results obtained in astronomy and fundamental physics, and also opens to similar study cases in other fields of fundamental physics.

Prof. Dr. Vincenzo Pierro
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • gravitational wave
  • astronomy
  • relativity
  • optics
  • material science
  • detection theory
  • signal processing
  • computer science

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 258 KiB  
Article
AI in Gravitational Wave Analysis, an Overview
by Vincenzo Benedetto, Francesco Gissi, Gioele Ciaparrone and Luigi Troiano
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(17), 9886; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app13179886 - 31 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1836
Abstract
Gravitational wave research presents a range of intriguing challenges, each of which has driven significant progress in the field. Key research problems include glitch classification, glitch cancellation, gravitational wave denoising, binary black hole signal detection, gravitational wave bursts, and minor issues that contribute [...] Read more.
Gravitational wave research presents a range of intriguing challenges, each of which has driven significant progress in the field. Key research problems include glitch classification, glitch cancellation, gravitational wave denoising, binary black hole signal detection, gravitational wave bursts, and minor issues that contribute to the overall understanding of gravitational wave phenomena. This paper explores the applications of artificial intelligence, deep learning, and machine learning techniques in addressing these challenges. The main goal of the paper is to provide an effective view of AI and deep learning usage for gravitational wave analysis. Thanks to the advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques, aided by GPUs and specialized software frameworks, these techniques have played a key role over the last decade in the identification, classification, and cancellation of gravitational wave signals, as presented in our results. This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the adoption rate of these techniques, with reference to the software and hardware involved, their effectiveness, and potential limitations, offering insights into the advancements in the analysis of gravitational wave data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gravitational Wave Observatory: The Realm of Applied Science)
19 pages, 3936 KiB  
Article
Tunnel Configurations and Seismic Isolation Optimization in Underground Gravitational Wave Detectors
by Florian Amann, Francesca Badaracco, Riccardo DeSalvo, Luca Naticchioni, Andrea Paoli, Luca Paoli, Paolo Ruggi and Stefano Selleri
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(17), 8827; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12178827 - 02 Sep 2022
Viewed by 1508
Abstract
The Einstein Telescope will be a gravitational wave observatory comprising six nested detectors, three optimized to collect low-frequency signals, and three for high frequency. It will be built a few hundred meters under Earth’s surface to reduce direct seismic and Newtonian noise. A [...] Read more.
The Einstein Telescope will be a gravitational wave observatory comprising six nested detectors, three optimized to collect low-frequency signals, and three for high frequency. It will be built a few hundred meters under Earth’s surface to reduce direct seismic and Newtonian noise. A critical issue with the Einstein Telescope design are the three corner stations, each hosting at least one sensitive component of all six detectors in the same hall. Maintenance, commissioning, and upgrade activities on a detector will cause interruptions of the operation of the other five, in some cases for years, thus greatly reducing the Einstein Telescope observational duty cycle. This paper proposes a new topology that moves the recombination and input–output optics of the Michelson interferometers, the top stages of the seismic attenuation chains and noise-inducing equipment in separate excavations far from the tunnels where the test masses reside. This separation takes advantage of the shielding properties of the rock mass to allow continuing detection with most detectors even during maintenance and upgrade of others. This configuration drastically improves the observatory’s event detection efficiency. In addition, distributing the seismic attenuation chain components over multiple tunnel levels allows the use of effectively arbitrarily long seismic attenuation chains that relegate the seismic noise at frequencies farther from the present low-frequency noise budget, thus keeping the door open for future upgrades. Mechanical crowding around the test masses is eliminated allowing the use of smaller vacuum tanks and reduced cross section of excavations, which require less support measures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gravitational Wave Observatory: The Realm of Applied Science)
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17 pages, 1164 KiB  
Article
Meta-Heuristics Optimization of Mirrors for Gravitational Wave Detectors: Cryogenic Case
by Veronica Granata, Vincenzo Pierro and Luigi Troiano
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(15), 7680; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12157680 - 30 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 791
Abstract
In this paper, we explore the behavior of several optimization methods for reducing coating Brownian noise in the mirrors of gravitational wave detectors. We will refer to cryogenic operating temperatures, where the low refractive index material has mechanical losses higher than those of [...] Read more.
In this paper, we explore the behavior of several optimization methods for reducing coating Brownian noise in the mirrors of gravitational wave detectors. We will refer to cryogenic operating temperatures, where the low refractive index material has mechanical losses higher than those of the high refractive index material. This situation is the exact opposite of that which occurs at room temperature, which is already widely known. The optimal design of the dielectric mirror (without a priori assumptions on thicknesses) can be obtained through the combined multi-objective optimization of transmittance and thermal noise. In the following, we apply several multi-objective meta-heuristics to compute the Pareto front related to the optimization problem of dielectric mirror thicknesses made of two materials (binary coatings). This approach gives us more certainty about the structure of the final result. We find strong evidence that all meta-heuristics converge to the same solution. The final result can be interpreted with simple physical considerations, providing useful rules to simplify the thicknesses of the optimization algorithm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gravitational Wave Observatory: The Realm of Applied Science)
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9 pages, 1170 KiB  
Article
Optimal Design of Coatings for Mirrors of Gravitational Wave Detectors: Analytic Turbo Solution via Herpin Equivalent Layers
by Vincenzo Pierro, Vincenzo Fiumara and Francesco Chiadini
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(24), 11669; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112411669 - 09 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1227
Abstract
In this paper, an analytical solution to the problem of optimal dielectric coating design of mirrors for gravitational wave detectors is found. The technique used to solve this problem is based on Herpin’s equivalent layers, which provide a simple, constructive, and analytical solution. [...] Read more.
In this paper, an analytical solution to the problem of optimal dielectric coating design of mirrors for gravitational wave detectors is found. The technique used to solve this problem is based on Herpin’s equivalent layers, which provide a simple, constructive, and analytical solution. The performance of the Herpin-type design exceeds that of the periodic design and is almost equal to the performance of the numerical, non-constructive optimized design obtained by brute force. Note that the existence of explicit analytic constructive solutions of a constrained optimization problem is not guaranteed in general, when such a solution is found, we speak of turbo optimal solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gravitational Wave Observatory: The Realm of Applied Science)
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