Applications and Protections of High Voltage Power

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Science and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 October 2021) | Viewed by 17742

Special Issue Editor

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Educators, School of Pedagogical and Technological Education, Athens, Greece
Interests: electrical and computer engineering; voltage distribution engineering; energy mathematics; computer science; physics and astronomy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

High voltage power covers a wide research field, including electrical transmission and distribution issues as far as industrial and scientific applications. Several utilities and companies have sharpened their focus on the applications of high voltage power, devoting also particular attention to the efficient protection of high voltage systems. In recent years, a great deal of research and development has focused on the above subjects in an effort to successfully address the arising challenges, considering also the technoeconomic side. To this direction, of special interest in respect of high voltage power applications and protections are issues about HVDC, solid state relays, converters, protection against short-circuits, and overvoltages in modern power systems and industrial and scientific applications. In detail, transmission, distribution, and consumption of electrical energy must become more efficient, and at the same time, greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced. In this context, there is also strong interest in the implementation of HVDC and hybrid HVAC/HVDC systems, in order to fully exploit both forms of power. The possible transient phenomena or EMC issues arising from the existence of the DC component in the existing AC system shall be considered. In addition, separate protection, earthing and fault issues (single-phase to Earth, two-phase and/or between DC and AC component) shall be addressed. Moreover, protection devices and schemes are also at the forefront of technological innovation, to ensure the uninterruptable and reliable operation of the high voltage power electrical systems.

In this Special Issue, we invite submissions exploring the applications and protections of high voltage power. Survey papers and reviews are also welcomed.

Dr. Christos Christodoulou
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • transmission and distribution systems
  • HVDC
  • Hybrid HVAC/HVDC
  • solid state relays
  • protection schemes
  • overvoltages
  • EMC

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 2225 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Flexibility Benefits of Smart Grid Innovations in Transmission Networks
by Vasiliki Vita, Christos Christodoulou, Ilias Zafeiropoulos, Ioannis Gonos, Markos Asprou and Elias Kyriakides
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(22), 10692; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112210692 - 12 Nov 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 1826
Abstract
The decision-making process during system planning of power systems is something that requires integrated tools that evaluate technical parameters, environmental impact, and overall costs and benefits with various performance indicators (i.e., key performance indicators KPIs). Several cost–benefit analysis approaches have been presented worldwide, [...] Read more.
The decision-making process during system planning of power systems is something that requires integrated tools that evaluate technical parameters, environmental impact, and overall costs and benefits with various performance indicators (i.e., key performance indicators KPIs). Several cost–benefit analysis approaches have been presented worldwide, providing analytic procedures to quantify the impact and practical effects of specific electricity projects. The implementation of innovation technology into the electricity networks play a critical role to optimizing overall costs. The targets set by the Clean Energy Package have been the main driver for the disruption occurring in the electricity sector, setting electrification of sectors and digitalization as additional emerging challenges. In the present paper, an evaluation approach for the flexibility benefits of smart grid innovations will be presented, as it has been developed and implemented in the context of the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation project FLEXITRANSTORE. Flexibility is a prerequisite in an effort to achieve an electrical system of low CO2 emissions. Moreover, flexibility contributes to the increase of renewable energy sources penetration, to the network investments deferral and to the enhancement of the efficiency of the system operation, avoiding generation capacity oversizing. Thus, flexibility has been the scope of many projects lately. FLEXITRANSTORE pilot projects are implemented in various sites across Europe and are briefly presented and the respective technologies are propagated on system level approach, evaluating the respective benefits on a specific use case for the power system of Cyprus, where the one of the pilots is located. The paper tries to show the big picture of the project and presents system study use case to highlight the system impacts of the technologies. To this direction, the installation of a BESS to the Cypriot power system is studied, in an effort to examine its impact to the enhancement of the system’s flexibility, considering IRRE as an indicator. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications and Protections of High Voltage Power)
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14 pages, 6867 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Partial Discharges in the Air by Application of Corona Camera
by Jerzy Skubis and Michał Kozioł
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(18), 8595; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11188595 - 16 Sep 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1352
Abstract
This paper reports the results of the analysis of measurements involving partial discharges (PD) occurring in the air using a corona camera (UV camera). The measurements were carried out in laboratory conditions and applied two electrode systems: needle–needle and needle–plate, in order to [...] Read more.
This paper reports the results of the analysis of measurements involving partial discharges (PD) occurring in the air using a corona camera (UV camera). The measurements were carried out in laboratory conditions and applied two electrode systems: needle–needle and needle–plate, in order to obtain various electric field distributions. The measurements of PDs, including a variety of alternatives, were carried out using a portable UV camera, taking into account the impact of the camera gain parameter and its distance from the PD sources. As a result, some important regularities and characteristics were identified that could significantly affect the ability to assess PDs by application of UV camera measurements. In addition, the results obtained can be employed for non-invasive diagnostic measurements performed on working power equipment and may be useful in further work on standardizing the result interpretation method obtained from measurements using a UV camera. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications and Protections of High Voltage Power)
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15 pages, 14453 KiB  
Article
Calculation of Transient Magnetic Field and Induced Voltage in Photovoltaic Bracket System during a Lightning Stroke
by Xiaoqing Zhang and Yaowu Wang
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(10), 4567; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11104567 - 17 May 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1547
Abstract
An effective method is proposed in this paper for calculating the transient magnetic field and induced voltage in the photovoltaic bracket system under lightning stroke. Considering the need for the lightning current responses on various branches of the photovoltaic bracket system, a brief [...] Read more.
An effective method is proposed in this paper for calculating the transient magnetic field and induced voltage in the photovoltaic bracket system under lightning stroke. Considering the need for the lightning current responses on various branches of the photovoltaic bracket system, a brief outline is given to the equivalent circuit model of the photovoltaic bracket system. The analytic formulas of the transient magnetic field are derived from the vector potential for the tilted, vertical and horizontal branches in the photovoltaic bracket system. With a time–space discretization scheme put forward for theses formulas, the magnetic field distribution in an assigned spatial domain is determined on the basis of the lightning current responses. The magnetic linkage passing through a conductor loop is evaluated by the surface integral of the magnetic flux density and the induced voltage is obtained from the time derivative of the magnetic linkage. In order to check the validity of the proposed method, an experiment is made on a reduced-scale photovoltaic bracket system. Then, the proposed method is applied to an actual photovoltaic bracket system. The calculations are performed for the magnetic field distributions and induced voltages under positive and negative lightning strokes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications and Protections of High Voltage Power)
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15 pages, 2505 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Line Rating—An Effective Method to Increase the Safety of Power Lines
by Levente Rácz and Bálint Németh
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(2), 492; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11020492 - 06 Jan 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3270
Abstract
Exceeding the electric field’s limit value is not allowed in the vicinity of high-voltage power lines because of both legal and safety aspects. The design parameters of the line must be chosen so that such cases do not occur. However, analysis of several [...] Read more.
Exceeding the electric field’s limit value is not allowed in the vicinity of high-voltage power lines because of both legal and safety aspects. The design parameters of the line must be chosen so that such cases do not occur. However, analysis of several operating power lines in Europe found that the electric field strength in many cases exceeds the legally prescribed limit for the general public. To illustrate this issue and its importance, field measurement and finite element simulation results of the low-frequency electric field are presented for an active 400 kV power line. The purpose of this paper is to offer a new, economical expert system based on dynamic line rating (DLR) that utilizes the potential of real-time power line monitoring methods. The article describes the expert system’s strengths and benefits from both technical and financial points of view, highlighting DLR’s potential for application. With our proposed expert system, it is possible to increase a power line’s safety and security by ensuring that the electric field does not exceed its limit value. In this way, the authors demonstrate that DLR has other potential applications in addition to its capacity-increasing effect in the high voltage grid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications and Protections of High Voltage Power)
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12 pages, 3657 KiB  
Article
Lightning Protection of Photovoltaic Systems: Computation of the Developed Potentials
by Katerina Damianaki, Christos A. Christodoulou, Christos-Christodoulos A. Kokalis, Anastasios Kyritsis, Emmanouil D. Ellinas, Vasiliki Vita and Ioannis F. Gonos
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(1), 337; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11010337 - 31 Dec 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4855
Abstract
In this paper, the performance of a lightning protection system (LPS) on a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) park is studied by simulating different scenarios with the use of an appropriate software tool. The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of an [...] Read more.
In this paper, the performance of a lightning protection system (LPS) on a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) park is studied by simulating different scenarios with the use of an appropriate software tool. The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of an LPS and optimize its design for the protection of equipment and personnel in case of a direct lightning strike. In particular, developed potential due to lightning strikes is examined considering isolated and non-isolated external LPS. Moreover, the effect of the separation distance on the lightning performance of the PV installation is investigated for different soil structures and grounding systems. The extracted results are expected to support the design and implementation of a secure PV park and endorse its uninterrupted operation considering techno-economically balanced protection measures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications and Protections of High Voltage Power)
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Review

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19 pages, 2152 KiB  
Review
VSC-HVDC and Its Applications for Black Start Restoration Processes
by Rafael Sanchez Garciarivas, Diego Rasilla Gonzalez, Javier Agustin Navarro, Luis Arturo Soriano, José de Jesús Rubio, Maria Victoria Gomez, Victor Garcia and Jaime Pacheco
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(12), 5648; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11125648 - 18 Jun 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3952
Abstract
System reliability is a measure of an electric grid system’s ability to deliver uninterrupted service at the proper voltage and frequency. This property of the electric system is commonly affected by critical processes, such as a total blackout. The electric system restoration is [...] Read more.
System reliability is a measure of an electric grid system’s ability to deliver uninterrupted service at the proper voltage and frequency. This property of the electric system is commonly affected by critical processes, such as a total blackout. The electric system restoration is a complex process which consists of returning generators, transmission system elements, and restoring load following an outage of the electric system. However, the absence of a generator or unit of black start capabilities may worsen the duration and effects of blackouts, having severe consequences. Black start capability is important as it can reduce the interruption time, decrease the economic loss, and restart the power supply fast and efficiently. In recent years, several works have reported advances about the High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) technology based on the Voltage-Source Converter (VSC) as an attractive and promising technology to increase black start capability. This paper is a review of the current studies of VSC-HVDC as black start power and discusses the advantages and limitations of recent methods. The major points addressed in this paper are as follows: the current theoretical approach of the black start process and the used HVDC technologies, the advantages of VSC-HVDC as black start power, a compressive review of the literature about the black start capabilities using VSC-HVDC technologies, and a description of the main methods recently used to provide an enhancement for restoration processes. Finally, this paper discusses new challenges and perspectives for VSC-HVDC links in order to provide an enhancement for restoration processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications and Protections of High Voltage Power)
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