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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Fluid Science and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 September 2022) | Viewed by 22013

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Antonio Concilio

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Department of Adaptive Structures, Centro Italiano Ricerche Aerospaziali, 81043 Capua, CE, Italy
Interests: adaptive structures; smart structures; morphing; structural health monitoring; integrated vehicle health monitoring; vibroacoustic control
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Dr. Salvatore Ameduri

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CIRA, Italian Aerospace Research Centre, Via Maiorise, 81043 Capua, Italy
Interests: morphing wings; smart materials; noise and vibration control
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Dr. Ignazio Dimino

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Adaptive Structures Tech Research Unit, CIRA, The Italian Aerospace Research Centre, 81043 Capua, CE, Italy
Interests: morphing technology; smart structures; active control; topology optimization
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Dr. Vikram G Kamble

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1. Elastomer Division, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
2. Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft, Technische Universität, 01062 Dresden, Germany
Interests: MR fluids; MR elastomers; smart materials; soft actuation; piezoresistive materials

Dr. Rosario Pecora

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Department of Industrial Engineering—Aerospace Division, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Claudio, 21, 80125 Napoli, NA, Italy
Interests: smart structures; smart aircraft technologies; morphing structures; structural dynamics; vibration control; dynamic aeroelasticity; non-linear dynamics; mechanics and experimental dynamics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Magneto-rheological fluids offer unique opportunities for realizing adaptive structural systems capable of modulating their response by properly modifying their stiffness and their damping. Since the related transformations occur at a rate well beyond the classical kHz magnitude, a sort of standard reference for structural systems bandwidth, they can suit the realization of adaptive control systems well for optimizing, for instance, impact energy diffusion, as for shock absorbers, landing gears, adaptive bumpers, and so on, or dynamic response by stiffness adjustment, useful for noise control, maneuver optimization, direction control, and so on. For their nature, the range of applicability spreads all over transport vehicles, interesting automotive, including motorcycles, aeronautic, naval, heavy transport, and even in the biomedical field, with more and more efficient prosthetic applications. The evolution of MRF devices may be easily tracked on scientific literature ranging all along the last thirty years and more. The ambition of this Special Issue is instead to concentrate on the applications of this technology, pointing at its potentiality, and its limitations, trying to provide a reliable picture of the state of the art in terms of reliability and marketability of MRF-based devices. This Special Issue shall then be focused on these aspects, transversal to the different segment of sea, ground, air transportation, and medical:

Bumpers
Shock absorbers
Landing gears
Adaptive stiffness devices
Vibration absorbers
Seismic alleviation
Control systems
MRF system integration
Prosthetics
TRL

Dr. Antonio Concilio
Dr. Salvatore Ameduri
Dr. Ignazio Dimino
Dr. Vikram G Kamble
Dr. Rosario Pecora
Guest Editors

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Keywords

magneto-rheological fluids
landing gears
shock absorbers
bumpers
adaptive stiffness
vibration absorbers
noise and vibration attenuation
seismic alleviation
prosthetics
control systems
MRF integration
TRL

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 178 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Magneto-Rheological Fluids

by Antonio Concilio, Salvatore Ameduri, Ignazio Dimino and Rosario Pecora

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 5044; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app13085044 - 18 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 844

Abstract

Magneto-rheological fluids, or MRF, have been known for a long time in the technological and scientific community [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magneto-Rheological Fluids)

Research

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21 pages, 7461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design Optimization of a Hydrodynamic Brake with an Electrorheological Fluid

by Zbigniew Kęsy, Ireneusz Musiałek and Seung-Bok Choi

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 1089; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app13021089 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1460

Abstract

This article describes the design optimization of a hydrodynamic brake with an electrorheological fluid. The design optimization is performed on the basis of mathematical model of the brake geometry and the brake’s electrical circuit. The parameters of the mathematical models are selected based on experimental tests of the prototype brake. Six different objective functions are minimized during the design optimization. The functions are created taking into consideration the following factors: the braking torque, brake weight, electric power absorbed by the brake, and the torque rise time. The assumed design variables are: the number of blades and the radii (inner and outer) of the brake’s working space. The optimization calculations are performed for two design variables intervals. The first interval is defined taking into consideration the accuracy of the mathematical model. The second, narrower interval is assumed for the tested prototypical brake. On the basis of the optimization calculation results, general guidelines are presented for the optimization of the hydrodynamic brakes with an ER fluid. In addition, the possibilities of optimizing the prototype brake are determined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magneto-Rheological Fluids)

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14 pages, 4185 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Volume Fraction of Fine Sand on Magnetorheological Response and Blocking Mechanisms of Cementitious Mixtures Containing Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles

by Chizya Chibulu, Mert Yücel Yardimci and Geert De Schutter

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(19), 10104; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app121910104 - 08 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1225

Abstract

Active rheology control (ARC) or active stiffening control (ASC) is a concept with which the conflicting rheological requirements during different stages of concrete casting can be reconciled. For instance, formwork leakage could be reduced by actively controlling structuration at the formwork joints, without having the negative impact of increased structuration during pumping and form filling. Using the concepts of magnetorheology, an active control methodology was thus recently developed by the authors to study the control of formwork leakages under pressure. This was performed using a small-scale laboratory test setup, using cementitious pastes containing magnetisable particles. To upscale from paste to mortar, the effect of volume fraction of sand on the magnetorheological (MR) response and blocking mechanisms of mixtures containing Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles is thus investigated in the current study. The MR response is determined using storage modulus tests, and the impact of ASC for leakage reduction is investigated by measuring the flow rate. Experimental results show that increasing the sand volume beyond a threshold causes a reduction in mobility of the magnetic particles, and thus lowers the MR effect. Despite this reduction in the MR effect at high sand volume, the increased particle interactions induce clogging and filtration effects, drastically lowering the flow rate. Applying the ASC method refines the voids in the clog, thereby eliminating the filtration effect. It is concluded that ASC can be used on mortar, with the expectation that there would be a reduction in the magnetorheological effect with increasing volume of fine aggregates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magneto-Rheological Fluids)

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13 pages, 1376 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison Study on Magnetorheological Multi-Disc Clutches in Steady Continuous-Duty States from the Viewpoint of Electrical Energy Consumption and Spatial Temperature Distribution

by Krzysztof Kluszczyński and Zbigniew Pilch

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(15), 7895; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12157895 - 06 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 969

Abstract

The paper is focused on magnetorheological (MR) clutches applied in industrial drive systems working in a steady continuous-duty state. The main goal of the carried out numerical and analytical analyses oriented towards electrical power consumption, copper losses (Joule heat) in an excitation coil, spatial temperature distributions and the highest temperature possible for an MR fluid is to compare MR clutches due to a different number of discs. The authors considered selected representative MR multi-disc clutches with one, two, three or four discs, developing clutching torque

T_{c}

equal to 20, 35 and 50 Nm. These clutches were constructed based on the in-house design that integrates analytical and field methods (further in the paper referred to as the integrated analytical-field design method) described in the literature. The thermal computer simulation results obtained with the help of the AGROS2D program, combined with findings achieved with the use of simplified physical reasonings, allow one to draw the conclusion that the most advantageous, recommended number of discs for a magnetorheological clutch from the viewpoint of various (both constructional and thermal) criteria is the number of discs: N = 2. This conclusion takes into account the results presented earlier in the literature: the choice is a compromise between decreasing the mass (volume) of the MR clutches and increasing both the electrical power consumption and the maximum temperature of MR fluids in a clutch working region as the number of discs, N, increases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magneto-Rheological Fluids)

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39 pages, 25653 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Practical Approach for the Mitigation of Seismic-Induced Vibrations in Slender Metallic Structures through Magnetorheological Fluid Dampers

by Rosario Pecora

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(9), 4155; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12094155 - 20 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1587

Abstract

The mitigation of seismic-induced vibrations is essential for the effective protection of buildings and occupants during earthquakes. This especially applies to slender buildings with metallic frames; in this case, the structure’s geometrical layout and relatively low damping properties favor an excessive and potentially catastrophic oscillatory response to a seismic event. Semiactive systems for energy dissipation are among the most commonly used strategies to control this oscillatory response. They offer the right balance between the reliability of passive devices and the versatility and adaptability of fully active systems. In this work, a vibration-suppression system based on dissipative bracings that integrate commercial magnetorheological fluid dampers (MRDs) was designed and validated through experimental tests on a true-scale structural model that was representative of a five-story slender building with a metallic frame. A practical and robust approach was proposed for: (1) The definition of the MRD type in compliance with a predefined mitigation target for seismic-induced accelerations on each floor of the structure; (2) The modeling of the MRDs, contribute to the dynamic response of the structural system. The approach involves a linearized formulation of the characteristic damping curves of the MRDs at different values of the activating current. By relying upon this linearization, a rapidly converging iterative process was set up to simulate the seismic response of the structure in the case of activated or deactivated dampers. The reference structure and the vibration-suppression system were then manufactured and tested on a sliding table, which provided realistic seismic excitation. The good correlation levels between the numerical predictions and the experimental measurements proved the effectiveness of the conceived system and of the approaches that were used for its design and simulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magneto-Rheological Fluids)

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21 pages, 5436 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control of Vehicle Magnetorheological Semi-Active Air Suspension

by Gang Li, Zhiyong Ruan, Ruiheng Gu and Guoliang Hu

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(22), 10925; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112210925 - 18 Nov 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2455

Abstract

In order to reduce vehicle vibration during driving conditions, a fuzzy sliding mode control strategy (FSMC) for semi-active air suspension based on the magnetorheological (MR) damper is proposed. The MR damper used in the semi-active air suspension system was tested and analyzed. Based on the experimental data, the genetic algorithm was used to identify the parameters of the improved hyperbolic tangent model, which was derived for the MR damper. At the same time, an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was used to build the reverse model of the MR damper. The model of a quarter vehicle semi-active air suspension system equipped with a MR damper was established. Aiming at the uncertainty of the air suspension system, fuzzy control was used to adjust the boundary layer of the sliding mode control, which can effectively suppress the influence of chattering on the control accuracy and ensure system stability. Taking random road excitation and impact road excitation as the input signal, the simulation analysis of passive air suspension, semi-active air suspension based on SMC and FSMC was carried out, respectively. The results show that the semi-active air suspension based on FSMC has better vibration attenuating performance and ride comfort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magneto-Rheological Fluids)

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10 pages, 5883 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetically-Induced Pressure Generation in Magnetorheological Fluids under the Influence of Magnetic Fields

by Purwadi Joko Widodo, Eko Prasetya Budiana, Ubaidillah Ubaidillah and Fitrian Imaduddin

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 9807; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11219807 - 20 Oct 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1888

Abstract

This study aims to observe the magnitude of the Magnetorheological Fluids (MRFs) pressure due to the application of a magnetic field. This was accomplished by placing the MRFs in a U-shaped tube, then applying a magnetic field generated by a magnetic coil. A finite element simulation for the magnetic field was carried out to estimate the magnetic field strength generated by the coil variable to the current input given in the simulated apparatus. Changes in MRFs pressure were recorded using a data logger to better observe the fluid pressure phenomena occurring in the MRFs with respect to current input variations. The results showed that the magnetic field influences the MRFs fluid pressure proportionally. The slope is not constant as the magnetic field effect to the fluid pressure gets stronger when the current input is higher. However, there are also an adverse effect of heat generated in the coil in higher current, which results in coil performance degradation and reduces the magnetic field strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magneto-Rheological Fluids)

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19 pages, 4428 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A New Design Model of an MR Shock Absorber for Aircraft Landing Gear Systems Considering Major and Minor Pressure Losses: Experimental Validation

by Byung-Hyuk Kang, Jai-Hyuk Hwang and Seung-Bok Choi

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(17), 7895; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11177895 - 27 Aug 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4753

Abstract

This work presents a novel design model of a magnetorheological (MR) fluid-based shock absorber (MR shock absorber in short) that can be applied to an aircraft landing gear system. When an external force acts on an MR shock absorber, pressure loss occurs at the flow path while resisting the fluid flow. During the flow motion, two pressure losses occur: the major loss, which is proportional to the flow rate, and the minor loss, which is proportional to the square of the flow rate. In general, when an MR shock absorber is designed for low stroke velocity systems such as an automotive suspension system, the consideration of the major loss only for the design model is well satisfied by experimental results. However, when an MR shock absorber is applied to dynamic systems that require high stroke velocity, such as aircraft landing gear systems, the minor loss effect becomes significant to the pressure drop. In this work, a new design model for an MR shock absorber, considering both the major and minor pressure losses, is proposed. After formulating a mathematical design model, a prototype of an MR shock absorber is manufactured based on the design parameters of a lightweight aircraft landing gear system. After establishing a drop test for the MR shock absorber, the results of the pressure drop versus stroke/stroke velocity are investigated at different impact energies. It is shown from comparative evaluation that the proposed design model agrees with the experiment much better than the model that considers only the major pressure loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magneto-Rheological Fluids)

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Review

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22 pages, 1049 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review: A Survey on Configurations and Performance of Flow-Mode MR Valves

by Janusz Gołdasz, Bogdan Sapiński, Michal Kubík, Ondřej Macháček, Wojciech Bańkosz, Thomas Sattel and Aditya Suryadi Tan

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(12), 6260; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12126260 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1624

Abstract

Magnetorheological (MR) actuators are semi-active devices controlled by magnetic stimuli. The technology has been commercialized in the automotive industry or high-quality optical finishing applications. It harnesses the rheology of smart fluids to result in the unique application of the material. By a wide margin, the most common example of an MR actuator is a flow-mode single-tube housing with a control valve (electromagnet with a fixed-size air gap filled with the MR fluid) operating in a semi-active vibration control environment. The analysis of the prior art shows that the developed configurations of MR valves vary in size, complexity, the ability to generate adequate levels of pressure, and the interactions with the MR fluid’s rheology resulting in various performance envelopes. Moreover, miscellaneous testing procedures make a direct valve-to-valve comparison difficult. Therefore, in this paper we present a detailed and systematic review of MR control valves, provide classification criteria, highlight the operating principle, and then attempt to categorize the valves into groups sharing similarities in the design and performance envelope(s). Moreover, a simple performance metric based on the shear stress calculation is proposed, too, for evaluating the performance of particular valving prototypes. In the review, we discuss the key configurations, highlight their strengths and weaknesses and explore various opportunities for tuning their performance range. The review provides complementary information for the engineers and researchers with a keen interest in MR applications, in general. It is an organized and and critical study targeted at improvements in the categorization and description of MR devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magneto-Rheological Fluids)

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29 pages, 5792 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Magnetorheological Damping Systems on a Seismic Building

by Bhre Wangsa Lenggana, Ubaidillah Ubaidillah, Fitrian Imaduddin, Seung-Bok Choi, Yusep Muslih Purwana and Harjana Harjana

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 9339; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11199339 - 08 Oct 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3572

Abstract

Building structures are vulnerable to the shocks caused by earthquakes. Buildings that have been destroyed by an earthquake are very detrimental in terms of material loss and mental trauma. However, technological developments now enable us to anticipate shocks from earthquakes and minimize losses. One of the technologies that has been used, and is currently being further developed, is a damping device that is fitted to the building structure. There are various types of damping devices, each with different characteristics and systems. Multiple studies on damping devices have resulted in the development of various types, such as friction dampers (FDs), tuned mass dampers (TMDs), and viscous dampers (VDs). However, studies on attenuation devices are mostly based on the type of system and can be divided into three categories, namely passive, active, and semi-active. As such, each type and system have their own advantages and disadvantages. This study investigated the efficacy of a magnetorheological (MR) damper, a viscous-type damping device with a semi-active system, in a simulation that applied the damper to the side of a building structure. Although MR dampers have been extensively used and developed as inter-story damping devices, very few studies have analyzed their models and controls even though both are equally important in controlled dampers for semi-active systems. Of the various types of models, the Bingham model is the most popular as indicated by the large number of publications available on the subject. Most models adapt the Bingham model because it is the most straightforward of all the models. Fuzzy controls are often used for MR dampers in both simulations and experiments. This review provides benefits for further investigation of building damping devices, especially semi-active damping devices that use magnetorheological fluids as working fluids. In particular, this paper provides fundamental material on modeling and control systems used in magnetorheological dampers for buildings. In fact, magnetorheological dampers are no less attractive than other damping devices, such as tuned mass dampers and other viscous dampers. Their reliability is related to the damping control, which could be turned into an interesting discussion for further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magneto-Rheological Fluids)

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