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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 July 2022) | Viewed by 34264

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Prof. Dr. Maciej Janeczek

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Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
Interests: zooarchaeology/archaeozoology; paleopathology; animal-human relationship; animal diseases; DNA; isotopes
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Dear Colleagues,

An organism involved in competitive or amateur sports is subject to certain loads to which it must adapt. These adaptations take place at the level of physiological processes and anatomical structures. In the event of an injury, the body faces the difficult task of restoring itself to its original condition. Understanding repair processes allows one to improve their quality and the pace at which they occur. Nowadays, a number of tools are used, such as pharmacotherapy, physiotherapy and others, which are constantly developing. The Special Issue’s aim is to present new methods of regeneration the support for them in sports medicine, as well as research on the physiology of repair processes and research on the structure of organs and systems.

Prof. Dr. Maciej Janeczek
Guest Editor

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Keywords

sport
medicine
injury
regeneration
rehabilitation
trauma

Published Papers (13 papers)

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14 pages, 3532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Stride Length, Foot Clearance, and Foot Progression Angle Using UWB Sensors

by Ji Su Park, Bohyun Lee, Shinsuk Park and Choong Hyun Kim

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 4801; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app13084801 - 11 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1368

Abstract

Stride length (SL), foot clearance (FC), and foot progression angle (FPA) are the key parameters for diagnosing gait disorders. This study used the distance data between two feet measured by ultra-wideband (UWB) sensors installed on shoes and proposed a method for estimating the three gait parameters. Here, a method of compensating the offset of the UWB sensor and estimating the distances between a base sensor installed on one foot during the stance phase and three UWB sensors on the other during the swing phase was applied. Foot trajectory was acquired in a gait experiment with ten healthy adults walking on a treadmill. The results were compared with those obtained using a motion capture system (MCS). The UWBs sensor displayed average errors of 45.84 mm, 7.60 mm, and 2.82° for SL, FC, and FPA, respectively, compared with the MCS. A similar accuracy level was achieved in a previous study that used an inertial measurement unit (IMU). Thus, these results suggest that UWB sensors can be extensively applied to sensor systems used to analyze mobile gait systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation)

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11 pages, 611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluations and Measurements of the Occurrence of Maxilla and Palatine Bone Asymmetry Based on 3D Printed Stereolithographic Models in Elderly Edentulous People

by Stefan Ihde, Aleksandra Karykowska, Jacek Szczurowski, Kamil Nelke, Karolina Goździewska-Harłajczuk, Joanna Klećkowska-Nawrot, Łukasz Pałka, Maciej Janeczek, Oleg P. Melnyk and Maciej Dobrzyński

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(18), 9320; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12189320 - 17 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1673

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate and measure the occurrence of jaw and palate asymmetry based on 3D-printed stereolithographic models of edentulous elderly people. The analyses were performed on 3D models of the jaws, which were printed using the data (CT) obtained from the CBCT center. The control group consisted of 10 modern adult skulls (7 male and 3 female skulls) owned by the Department of Anthropology of the Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences. The small size of the studied groups did not allow for the performance of the analysis indicating the form of the observed morphological asymmetry—it was impossible to differentiate to indicate whether the examined features showed directional or fluctuating asymmetry. However, it was possible to determine the direction of the morphological asymmetry of the analyzed features. Both in the test group and the control group, it was a right-sided asymmetry. The analysis of the significance of differences in mean values of the asymmetry index showed that the intensity of asymmetry of the anterior part of the superior alveolar arch was significantly greater in the test group. The severity of the asymmetry of the lateral part of the alveolar arch in the tested groups did not differ significantly. The authors concluded that adequate maxillary height does not only influence proper dental prosthesis adhesion but also corresponds with a potential source for correct dental implant placement. We also concluded that the vertical height of the edentulous alveolar process of the mandible is important for adequate prosthesis fixing. In some cases, the bone atrophy and the bone itself are asymmetrical, so planning a prosthesis might be challenging. The adequate placement of implants should include the symmetry of jaw bones because of future masticatory force impact on the bone and the entire masticatory system, including the temporomandibular joint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation)

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16 pages, 3028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Physiognomy of Unique Sets in the Maximum Number of Repetitions Strategy—The Case of One-Arm Scott Machine Seated Bicep Curls

by Ioana Mdlina Petre, Mircea Boscoianu, Bogdan Oancea, Mihaela Chicomban, Ioan Turcu and Gabriel Simion

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(16), 8308; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12168308 - 19 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1390

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to analyze the physiognomy of unique sets in the maximum number of repetitions (MNR) strategy and different correlations between the maximal forces, duration and volume for a relevant exercise in the case of a small muscle group. The research methodology proposes testing, in two phases, a total of 30 male students, for bicep curl exercises carried out on a bicep Scott machine. The obtained results showed that there were significant differences between the maximum forces (Fmax) developed during the initial and final repetitions of the exercise sets or for different machine loads. There was a large correlation between the load and Fmax and an inverse correlation between the load and MNR or between the MNR and Fmax. The deterioration of the execution mode, represented by the profile of the final repetition of high-duration sets, was also tested and analyzed. We concluded that the study of the physiognomy of cycles and comparisons at the level of relevant repetitions have revealed new perspectives for the design of periodization strategies, for the possibility of manipulating adapted muscular response or compensatory acceleration training for small muscle groups or the MNR strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation)

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14 pages, 1011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exercise for People with Acquired Brain Injury: An ICF Perspective

by Marta Pérez-Rodríguez, Juan José García-Hernández, Saleky García-Gómez and Javier Pérez-Tejero

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(8), 3862; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12083862 - 11 Apr 2022

Viewed by 2432

Abstract

Exercise is an important element in the process of recovery from an acquired brain injury (ABI). However, specific guidance for exercise prescription and interventions in this population are missed. The aim of this study was to establish the key parameters to design and implement exercise programs based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) domains. A panel of experts that consisted of 13 professionals from neuro-rehabilitation centers evaluated the key parameters of this original proposal. The Heinemann methodology was used for all qualitative analyses. Additionally, Cronbach’s alpha was applied to the statistical analyses. According to the results, Cronbach’s alpha (0.97) indicated excellent internal consistency, and the experts perceptions ratified the proposed criteria to develop exercise programs for people with ABI. The proposed key parameters for the development of exercise programs for people with ABI based in ICF domains (body functions, activity—participation and environmental factors) bring a new, solid, and innovative tool for methodological design of these programs in sub-acute and chronic rehabilitation settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation)

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10 pages, 1077 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Rehabilitation through Kinematic Analysis of Upper Limb Functioning in Wheelchair Basketball Athletes: A Pilot Study

by Andrea Demeco, Alessandro de Sire, Nicola Marotta, Arrigo Palumbo, Gionata Fragomeni, Vera Gramigna, Raffaello Pellegrino, Lucrezia Moggio, Annalisa Petraroli, Teresa Iona, Teresa Paolucci and Antonio Ammendolia

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(6), 2929; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12062929 - 13 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3118

Abstract

Wheelchair basketball is one of the most popular Paralympic sports, including players with different diagnoses. To date, there is scarce evidence on shoulder functionality in wheelchair basketball players, and there is no consensus on a shoulder injury prevention program in these athletes. Therefore, in the present pilot study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of a comprehensive rehabilitative approach on shoulder ROM, muscle activity, and functioning in wheelchair basketball athletes. We included adult wheelchair basketball athletes playing in the Italian Second League who completed an 8-week comprehensive rehabilitative program, based on education to avoid upper limb pain injuries, preventive exercises, and improvement of ergonomics through kinematic analysis. We administered the Wheelchair User’s Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI) and the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic (KJOC) questionnaire to evaluate pain experienced during functional activities, and used kinematic analysis integrated with sEMG to evaluate shoulder function and propulsion pattern. A sample of 10 wheelchair athletes (33.75 ± 6.42 years) were assessed. After the intervention there was a significant (p < 0.05) difference in WUSPI score (27.0 ± 18.5 vs. 25.0 ± 21.5) and in KJOC score (89.3 ± 10.4 to 95.4 ± 9.1). Moreover, there was a significant improvement in scapular upward rotation, abduction, and extra-rotation of the glenohumeral joint. Propulsion techniques improved in pattern and acceleration. This approach played a key role in improving upper limb function, reducing the incidence of pain and cumulative trauma disorders. However, the small sample size could affect the generalizability of results. In conclusion, healthcare professionals should monitor wheelchair athletes, assessing the patient’s function, ergonomics, equipment, and level of pain, and introducing specific exercises to prevent upper limb injuries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation)

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10 pages, 3864 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Assessment of the Maximum Heat Production and Cooling Effectiveness of Three Different Drill Types (Conical vs. Cylindrical vs. Horizontal) during Implant Bed Preparation—An In Vitro Study

by Stefan Ihde, Bartosz Dalewski and Łukasz Pałka

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 9961; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11219961 - 25 Oct 2021

Viewed by 1381

Abstract

The aim of this experimental study was to verify thermal diffusion differences, by measuring the maximum temperature achieved with different drill shapes. Synthetic bone blocks of type I density made from solid rigid polyurethane (PUR) foam were used to perform the drilling procedures. The experiment was conducted at three different rotation speeds: 800, 3000 and 5000 rpm. Conical drills (with and without an internal cooling hole) were compared with horizontal drills and disc drills. The temperature during drilling for implant bed preparation was estimated with the use of thermocouples and an infrared (IR) camera. The temperature during drilling with disc cutters for lateral basal implants did not exceed 33

^{\circ}

C and the temperature decreased in proportion to higher drill speed. The results indicate that the tested design is safe and will not cause bone overheating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation)

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14 pages, 4476 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pilot Studies of Vibrations Induced in Perambulators When Moving on Different Surfaces

by Gustaw Sierzputowski, Radosław Wróbel, Veselin Mihaylov, Maciej Janeczek, Marta Majewska-Pulsakowska and Sławomir Jarząb

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7746; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11167746 - 23 Aug 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2234

Abstract

The ergonomics of transport is a topic widely described in the literature. One of the fields of ergonomics that researchers are engaged in is vibrometry (both laser and accelerometry) of travel and its translation into NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness). However, so far, the influence of baby carriage movement on the generated vibrations has not been described in more detail. The topic seems to be particularly important considering occurrence of vibrations with significant amplitudes, whose frequency range can have a direct bearing on the resonance frequencies of the child’s internal organs. The article presents the results of research consisting in the measurement of vibrations to which an infant, lying in two different types of prams, may be exposed when being transported on different surfaces. The author’s measurement system, based on accelerometry, was used for the research. The obtained weighted RMS acceleration values not only exceeded human comfort level in all cases (according to ISO standard) but several times were in the range of the highest discomfort (>2 m/s²). Furthermore, the observed vibration frequency range (≈0 ÷ 32 Hz) coincided with the frequencies of free vibration of organs and parts of the child’s body. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation)

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11 pages, 1286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hamstring Injury Prevention Program and Recommendation for Stride Frequency during Tow-Training Optimization

by Yusaku Sugiura, Kazuhiko Sakuma, Shimpei Fujita and Keishoku Sakuraba

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(14), 6500; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11146500 - 15 Jul 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2383

Abstract

(1) Background: Although innovations and improvements in towing systems have been available, tow-training method has not been considered favored in the training context. Tow-training may enable high stride frequency if hamstring injuries do not occur. The purpose of this study was to prevent hamstring injuries during supramaximal running and to optimize tow-training. (2) Methods: We investigated the relationship between the number of hamstring injuries that occurred during supramaximal running and the contents of the prevention programs that have been implemented, i.e., 4 years of the baseline programs and 12 years of the intervention. (3) Results: The incidence of hamstring injuries per 1000 sprinters was 57.5 for baseline and 6.7 for intervention. A significant difference was observed in the incidence of hamstring injury between the different combinations of prevention programs (p < 0.01). (4) Conclusions: Tow-training was optimized by (1) preventing hamstring injuries by combination of strength, agility, and flexibility training programs and (2) advising the sprinters to press the leg onto the ground as fast as possible to increase stride frequency and to prevent stride lengthening. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation)

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10 pages, 2568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Anatomy, Features and Sex Correlations (Dimorphism) of Tubero–Palato–Pterygoid Region among Adult Population—Single Center Study Based on 3D Printed Models

by Stefan Ihde, Łukasz Pałka, Sławomir Jarząb, Maciej Janeczek, Karolina Goździewska-Harłajczuk, Joanna Klećkowska-Nawrot, Izabela Janus, Maciej Dobrzyński and Aleksandra Karykowska

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(12), 5450; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11125450 - 11 Jun 2021

Viewed by 2378

Abstract

This study evaluates the differences in the dimension, symmetry, and anatomical characteristic of the tubero–palato–pterygoid region in adults using 3D printed models. The objective of this study was also estimation of how many tubero–pterygoid implants can be placed safely with enough distance between threads of implants. The investigation draws on 57 models of upper jaws, including the adjacent pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone from randomly selected cases. The consecutive measurements (lateral, medial, rostral, caudal, area, line-1 longitudinal, and line-2 transverse) on both sides of the body—right (R) and left (L)—were used for the purpose of this study. Among the group of 57 cases were 30 females (F) and 27 males (M). A strong correlation was identified between lateral and line-1 longitudinal across the sample group of both male and female cases (p ≤ 0.05; r ≥ 0.9). Moreover, a strong correlation was noted between medial and line-1 longitudinal in the whole group of cases and in the male group (p ≤ 0.05; r ≥ 0.9). Lateral and line-1 longitudinal demonstrated a weak positive relationship with the age of the female cases (p ≤ 0.05; 0.03 < r < 0.05). Medial and line-1 longitudinal showed a weak negative relationship with the age of the male cases (p ≤ 0.05; −0.05 < r < −0.03). The results of this study suggest that, in most cases, two such tubero–pterygoid implants may be placed, which is a good advantage for support of implant-based bridges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation)

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17 pages, 3838 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PC12 and THP-1 Cell Lines as Neuronal and Microglia Model in Neurobiological Research

by Katarzyna Balon and Benita Wiatrak

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(9), 3729; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11093729 - 21 Apr 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4385

Abstract

Models based on cell cultures have become a useful tool in modern scientific research. Since primary cell lines are difficult to obtain and handle, neoplasm-derived lines like PC12 and THP-1 offer a cheap and flexible solution for neurobiological studies but require prior differentiation to serve as a neuronal or microglia model. PC12 cells constitute a suitable research model only after differentiation by incubation with nerve growth factor (NGF) and THP-1 cells after administering a differentiation factor such as phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Still, quite often, studies are performed on these cancer cells without differentiation. The study aimed to assess the impact of PC12 or THP-1 cell differentiation on sensitivity to harmful factors such as Aβ_25-35 (0.001–5 µM) (considered as one of the major detrimental factors in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease) or lipopolysaccharide (1–100 µM) (LPS; a pro-inflammatory factor of bacterial origin). Results showed that in most of the tests performed, the response of PC12 and THP-1 cells induced to differentiation varied significantly from the effect in undifferentiated cells. In general, differentiated cells showed greater sensitivity to harmful factors in terms of metabolic activity and DNA damage, while in the case of the free radicals, the results were heterogeneous. Obtained data emphasize the importance of proper differentiation of cell lines of neoplastic origin in neurobiological research and standardization of cell culture handling protocols to ensure reliable results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation)

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11 pages, 15223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Various Preparation Parameters on the Histological Image of Bone Tissue during Implant Bed Preparation—An In Vitro Study

by Piotr Kosior, Piotr Kuropka, Maciej Janeczek, Marcin Mikulewicz, Wojciech Zakrzewski and Maciej Dobrzyński

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(4), 1916; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11041916 - 22 Feb 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3013

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to present the level of bone tissue deformation after drilling under variable conditions in three different dental implant systems in a microscopic analysis. Straumann, Osstem, and S-Wide systems were used to drill boreholes in 27 porcine ribs at three different rotation speeds and under three different cooling conditions. The material was analyzed using a Nikon 80i microscope. The analysis concerned the morphological quality of the obtained boreholes. The statistical analysis revealed that satisfactory results in all drilling systems were obtained when the rotational speed did not exceed 800 revolutions per minute (rpm) regardless of the cooling temperature. However, increased rotational speed and cooling at 4 °C produced better results than without cooling in all the tested systems. Different implant systems have unique drill geometry and therefore generate differences in tissue damage under various conditions. In the experiment, a sufficient required structure was obtained in all systems, but the Straumann system yielded the best results under all the examined conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation)

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10 pages, 2360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Determination of the Fusion Zone between the Distal Maxilla and the Pterygoid Plate of the Sphenoid Bone and Considerations for Implant Treatment Procedure

by Stefan Ihde, Łukasz Pałka, Sławomir Jarząb, Maciej Janeczek, Karolina Goździewska-Harłajczuk, Joanna Klećkowska-Nawrot, Izabela Janus and Maciej Dobrzyński

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(1), 30; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11010030 - 23 Dec 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4485

Abstract

During pre-operation planning, an implantologist has to decide about the location of a dental implant based on the available bone, anatomical structures and future prosthetics. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the configurations of the junction zone of the pterygoid process, maxillary tuberosity and pyramidal process among the population and to determine the usefulness of 3D model visualization in regard to precision of anatomical structure projections for clinical planning. A total of 72 cases were analyzed for seven measurements (lateral, medial, rostral, caudal, area, line-1 longitudinal, line-2 transverse) on both body sides—right (R) and left (L). In 57 cases, age and sex of the patient were given. In 15 cases this information was missing. Among the group of 57 cases with complete data, there were 30 females (F) and 27 males (M). A total of 57 models of upper jaws including the adjacent pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone were taken for investigation. The results of the comparison between the right and left side showed no differences (p > 0.05) in values of the measured parameters. The results of the comparison between males and females showed a statistically significant difference when assessing the line-2 transverse (p < 0.05)—in the male group the average was 8.22 mm, in the female group the average was lower (7.83 mm). No statistically significant differences in values of the measured parameters for females and males were found for the left side nor for the right side. In all examined specimens there was enough bone surface in the fusion zone to allow for the stable placement of one tuberopterygoid implant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation)

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13 pages, 268 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Falls Are the Leading Cause of Injuries among Farmers—Limitations of Practicing Judo in Preventing These Incidents

by Wieslaw Blach, Dawid Dobosz, Bartlomiej Gasienica-Walczak, Juris Grants and Artur Litwiniuk

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7324; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11167324 - 10 Aug 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 1911

Abstract

Benefits related to doing martial arts go beyond health-related and constitute very useful life skills. One of them is ability to fall safely. It is an important skill since falls are a common cause of injuries. The aim of the study is knowledge regarding the burden of falls in a population of farmers. This systematic review was prepared according to PRISMA guidelines. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer Link, Web of Science. A total of 21 articles met eligibility criteria. The common general observation was that fall (regardless of type) caused various body injuries in populations of agriculture workers. Fall was the leading cause of injuries in only one population, and the most frequently classified second or third causes among all other listed injuries. People employed in the agriculture sector constitute an occupational group with an increased risk of injury as a result of accidental fall, which may lead to disability or even death (in extreme situations). Safe fall training would be an important addition to traditional fall prophylaxis applied on farms. The authors indicate the limitations of judo as a base of such a program, such as with superficial analysis of this issue in scientific publications. There is a need for a critical and wary approach to recommendations that are limited to prophylaxis of the effects of accidental falls that are founded on judo or other combat sports and martial arts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation)

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