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Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ
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Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Acoustics and Vibrations".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2022) | Viewed by 65362

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Claudio Guarnaccia

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Civil Engineering Department, University of Salerno, 4084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
Interests: acoustics; environmental acoustics; room acoustics; field measurements; modeling and simulation; data analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Modeling and simulation in acoustics problems are gathering more and more importance. In fact, with the development and improvement of innovative computational techniques, and with the growing need for predictive models, an impressive boost has been observed in this domain. The design of a model needs a proper conversion of reality to functions and parameters. On the other hand, once a model has been designed, an adequate simulation must be run, in terms of modeling and computational parameters. Keeping in mind the limitations and the approximations of any model, data analysis, both online and offline, is the last step of this process, and it can be extremely important to extract the required output from the process. This Special Issue is aimed at the collection of original research papers on theoretical and applicative studies on acoustics modeling, simulation, and data analysis. An interdisciplinary approach is encouraged. Research topics to be considered for a valid submission are all the issues related to the above description. Authors are invited to submit their work related to the following topics (but not limited to them):

  • Modeling and simulation in environmental acoustics;
  • Modeling and simulation in room acoustics;
  • Modeling and simulation in musical acoustics;
  • Online and offline data analysis;
  • Predictive model implementation and validation;
  • Residuals and Error evaluation and statistics;
  • Signal analysis and parameters evaluation.

Prof. Dr. Claudio Guarnaccia
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Acoustics 
  • Vibration 
  • Environmental acoustics 
  • Room Acoustics 
  • Modelling
  • Simulation 
  • Data Analysis 
  • Error evaluation and metrics

Published Papers (23 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 5084 KiB  
Article
Transient Acoustic Wave Propagation Problems in Multilayered Pavement Using a Time Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Method
by Jinchao Yue, Lei Guo, Pan Guo and Xiaofeng Wang
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(11), 5438; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12115438 - 27 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 998
Abstract
This paper presents a modified time discontinuous Galerkin finite element method (MDGFEM) for transient acoustic wave propagation problem of multilayered pavement. The pavement consists of cement concrete pavement, semi-rigid base, and natural soil. The multilayered pavement is modeled as poroelastic mediums and assumed [...] Read more.
This paper presents a modified time discontinuous Galerkin finite element method (MDGFEM) for transient acoustic wave propagation problem of multilayered pavement. The pavement consists of cement concrete pavement, semi-rigid base, and natural soil. The multilayered pavement is modeled as poroelastic mediums and assumed to be water-saturated. The well-known generalized Biot’s theory is employed to describe the wave propagation problem. The present MDGFEM, based on the artificial damping scheme, employs the Hermite (P3) functions and the linear (P1) shape functions to interpolate the global nodal vector and its temporal gradient respectively in a time step. Numerical results of 1D and 2D problems show that the MDGFEM can filter out spurious numerical oscillations before and after waves, boundaries of the hole, and the interface between the layers more effectively for the propagation of acoustic waves in multilayered pavement. Compared with widely used time-continuous methods such as the Newmark method, the method proposed in this paper presents better capabilities in the fluid–structure interaction behavior of multilayer pavements and provides a more accurate solution, which contributes to the further development of non-destructive testing of multilayer pavement structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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11 pages, 2077 KiB  
Article
Analysis and Identification of Nonlinear Acoustic Damping in Miniature Loudspeakers
by Jie Huang, Ke-Yu Pan, Xue-Lei Feng and Yong Shen
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7713; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11167713 - 21 Aug 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1797
Abstract
Nonlinear acoustic damping is a key nonlinearity in miniature loudspeakers when the air velocity is at a high amplitude. Measurement of nonlinear acoustic damping is beneficial for predicting and analyzing the performance of miniature loudspeakers. However, the general measuring methods for acoustic impedance, [...] Read more.
Nonlinear acoustic damping is a key nonlinearity in miniature loudspeakers when the air velocity is at a high amplitude. Measurement of nonlinear acoustic damping is beneficial for predicting and analyzing the performance of miniature loudspeakers. However, the general measuring methods for acoustic impedance, such as the standing-wave tube method or the impedance tube method, are not applicable in this scenario because the nonlinear acoustic damping in miniature loudspeakers is coupled with other system nonlinearities. In this study, a measurement method based on nonlinear system identification was constructed to address this issue. The nonlinear acoustic damping was first theoretically analyzed and then coupled in an equivalent circuit model (ECM) to describe the full dynamics of miniature loudspeakers. Based on the ECM model, the nonlinear acoustic damping was identified using measured electrical data and compared with theoretical calculations. The satisfactory agreement between the identification and theoretical calculations confirms the validity of the proposed identification method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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17 pages, 1562 KiB  
Article
Machine Learning-Based Tools for Wind Turbine Acoustic Monitoring
by Giuseppe Ciaburro, Gino Iannace, Virginia Puyana-Romero and Amelia Trematerra
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(14), 6488; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11146488 - 14 Jul 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2330
Abstract
The identification and separation of sound sources has always been a difficult problem for acoustic technicians to tackle. This is due to the considerable complexity of a sound that is made up of many contributions at different frequencies. Each sound has a specific [...] Read more.
The identification and separation of sound sources has always been a difficult problem for acoustic technicians to tackle. This is due to the considerable complexity of a sound that is made up of many contributions at different frequencies. Each sound has a specific frequency spectrum, but when many sounds overlap it becomes difficult to discriminate between the different contributions. In this case, it can be extremely useful to have a tool that is capable of identifying the operating conditions of an acoustic source. In this study, measurements were made of the noise emitted by a wind turbine in the vicinity of a sensitive receptor. To identify the operating conditions of the wind turbine, average spectral levels in one-third octave bands were used. A model based on a support vector machine (SVM) was developed for the detection of the operating conditions of the wind turbine; then a model based on an artificial neural network was used to compare the performance of both models. The high precision returned by the simulation models supports the adoption of these tools as a support for the acoustic characterization of noise in environments close to wind turbines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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16 pages, 3001 KiB  
Article
Application of Machine Learning to Include Honking Effect in Vehicular Traffic Noise Prediction
by Daljeet Singh, Antonella B. Francavilla, Simona Mancini and Claudio Guarnaccia
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(13), 6030; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11136030 - 29 Jun 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2476
Abstract
A vehicular road traffic noise prediction methodology based on machine learning techniques has been presented. The road traffic parameters that have been considered are traffic volume, percentage of heavy vehicles, honking occurrences and the equivalent continuous sound pressure level. Leq A method [...] Read more.
A vehicular road traffic noise prediction methodology based on machine learning techniques has been presented. The road traffic parameters that have been considered are traffic volume, percentage of heavy vehicles, honking occurrences and the equivalent continuous sound pressure level. Leq A method to include the honking effect in the traffic noise prediction has been illustrated. The techniques that have been used for the prediction of traffic noise are decision trees, random forests, generalized linear models and artificial neural networks. The results obtained by using these methods have been compared on the basis of mean square error, correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination and accuracy. It has been observed that honking is an important parameter and contributes to the overall traffic noise, especially in congested Indian road traffic conditions. The effects of honking noise on the human health cannot be ignored and it should be included as a parameter in the future traffic noise prediction models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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24 pages, 8635 KiB  
Article
Using Machine Learning to Predict Indoor Acoustic Indicators of Multi-Functional Activity Centers
by Chiu-Yu Yeh and Yaw-Shyan Tsay
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(12), 5641; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11125641 - 18 Jun 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2214
Abstract
In Taiwan, activity centers such as school auditoriums and gymnasiums are common multi-functional spaces that are often used for performances, singing, and speeches. However, most cases are designed using only Sabine’s equation for architectural acoustics. Although that estimation formula is simple and fast, [...] Read more.
In Taiwan, activity centers such as school auditoriums and gymnasiums are common multi-functional spaces that are often used for performances, singing, and speeches. However, most cases are designed using only Sabine’s equation for architectural acoustics. Although that estimation formula is simple and fast, the calculation process ignores many details. Furthermore, while more accurate analysis can be obtained through acoustics simulation software, it is more complicated and time-consuming and thus is rarely used in practical design. The purpose of this study is to use machine learning to propose a predictive model of acoustic indicators as a simple evaluation tool for the architectural design and interior decoration of multi-functional activity centers. We generated 800 spaces using parametric design, adopting Odeon to obtain acoustic indicators. The machine learning model was trained with basic information of the space. We found that through GBDT and ANN algorithms, almost all acoustic indicators could be predicted within JND ± 2, and the JND of C50, C80, STI, and the distribution of SPL could reach within ±1. Through machine learning methods, we established a convenient, fast, and accurate prediction model and were able to obtain various acoustic indicators of the space without 3D-modeling or simulation software. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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13 pages, 8997 KiB  
Article
A Green’s Function for Acoustic Problems in Pekeris Waveguide Using a Rigorous Image Source Method
by Zhiwen Qian, Dejiang Shang, Yuan Hu, Xinyang Xu, Haihan Zhao and Jingsheng Zhai
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(6), 2722; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11062722 - 18 Mar 2021
Viewed by 2301
Abstract
The Green’s function (GF) directly eases the efficient computation for acoustic radiation problems in shallow water with the use of the Helmholtz integral equation. The difficulty in solving the GF in shallow water lies in the need to consider the boundary effects. In [...] Read more.
The Green’s function (GF) directly eases the efficient computation for acoustic radiation problems in shallow water with the use of the Helmholtz integral equation. The difficulty in solving the GF in shallow water lies in the need to consider the boundary effects. In this paper, a rigorous theoretical model of interactions between the spherical wave and the liquid boundary is established by Fourier transform. The accurate and adaptive GF for the acoustic problems in the Pekeris waveguide with lossy seabed is derived, which is based on the image source method (ISM) and wave acoustics. First, the spherical wave is decomposed into plane waves in different incident angles. Second, each plane wave is multiplied by the corresponding reflection coefficient to obtain the reflected sound field, and the field is superposed to obtain the reflected sound field of the spherical wave. Then, the sound field of all image sources and the physical source are summed to obtain the GF in the Pekeris waveguide. The results computed by this method are compared with the standard wavenumber integration method, which verifies the accuracy of the GF for the near- and far-field acoustic problems. The influence of seabed attenuation on modal interference patterns is analyzed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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15 pages, 1911 KiB  
Article
Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Effect on MIO-M1 Cell Viability: Setup Validation and Standing Waves Analysis
by Irais Poblete-Naredo, Mario Ibrahin Gutierrez, Diana Estela Mendoza-Sánchez, Arturo Ortega, Arnulfo Albores, Josefina Gutiérrez-Martínez, Lorenzo Leija and Arturo Vera
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(1), 271; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11010271 - 30 Dec 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2114
Abstract
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been proposed for novel therapies still under study, where similar parameters and protocols have been used for producing opposite effects that range from increasing cell viability to provoking cell death. Those divergent outcomes make the generalization of expected [...] Read more.
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been proposed for novel therapies still under study, where similar parameters and protocols have been used for producing opposite effects that range from increasing cell viability to provoking cell death. Those divergent outcomes make the generalization of expected effects difficult for cell models not yet studied. This paper presents the effect of LIPUS on the viability of the MIO-M1 cell line for two well-established setups and different protocols; the acoustic intensities, duty factors, and treatment duration were varied. Measurements and models for acoustic and thermal analysis are included for proposing a solution to improve the reproducibility of this kind of experiments. Results indicate that MIO-M1 viability is less affected for the cells treated through a dish that is partially immersed in water; in these conditions, the cells neither show detrimental nor proliferative effects at intensities lower than 0.4 W/cm2 at 20% duty factor. However, cell viability was reduced when LIPUS was followed by cell subculturing. Treating the cells through a gel, with the culture dish placed on the transducer, increases cell mortality by the production of standing waves and mixed vibration-acoustical effects. Using the water-based setup with a 1° dish inclination reduces the effects of standing waves. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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15 pages, 8688 KiB  
Article
Acoustic Reconstruction of Eszterháza Opera House Following New Archival Research
by Lamberto Tronchin, Francesca Merli and Marco Dolci
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(24), 8817; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10248817 - 09 Dec 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2012
Abstract
The Eszterháza Opera House was a theatre built by the will of the Hungarian Prince Nikolaus Esterházy in the second half of the 18th century that had to compete in greatness and grandeur against Austrian Empire. The composer that inextricably linked his name [...] Read more.
The Eszterháza Opera House was a theatre built by the will of the Hungarian Prince Nikolaus Esterházy in the second half of the 18th century that had to compete in greatness and grandeur against Austrian Empire. The composer that inextricably linked his name to this theatre was Haydn that served the prince and composed pieces for him for many years. The Opera House disappeared from the palace complex maps around 1865 and was destroyed permanently during the Second World War. This study aims to reconstruct the original shape and materials of the theatre, thanks to the documents founded by researchers in the library of the Esterházy family at Forchtenstein, the Hungarian National Library, and analyze its acoustic behavior. With the 3D model of the theatre, acoustic simulations were performed using the architectural acoustic software Ramsete to understand its acoustical characteristics and if the architecture of the Eszterháza Opera House could favor the Prince’s listening. The obtained results show that the union between the large volume of the theatre and the reflective materials makes the Opera House a reverberant space. The acoustic parameters are considered acoustically favorable both for the music and for the speech transmission too. Moreover, the results confirm that the geometry and the shape of the Eszterháza Opera House favored the Prince’s view and listening, amplifying onstage voices and focusing the sound into his box. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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16 pages, 4747 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Acoustic Similarities in Two Italian Churches Honored to S. Dominic
by Lamberto Tronchin and Antonella Bevilacqua
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7043; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10207043 - 11 Oct 2020
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2288
Abstract
This paper compares two acoustical projects, applied to the S. Dominic church of Foligno and Imola, which are subject to a permanent and temporary conversion respectively, to places dedicated for listening to live music. Sets of measurements have been undertaken before the acoustical [...] Read more.
This paper compares two acoustical projects, applied to the S. Dominic church of Foligno and Imola, which are subject to a permanent and temporary conversion respectively, to places dedicated for listening to live music. Sets of measurements have been undertaken before the acoustical treatments in order to calibrate the digital model; in Foligno, the measurements have also been performed after the installation of the acoustical features, to check if the aims have been achieved. Between the proposed acoustical projects, only one has been realized in Foligno, with the artistic activity still running inside the auditorium. The challenge to adjust the acoustics of reverberant rooms like churches to host musical venues has been achieved with a good quality of sound perception. In particular, in S. Dominic church of Foligno, the goal has been hit after many digital simulations that calibrated the redirection of the sound towards the sitting areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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15 pages, 5004 KiB  
Article
Sound Quality Estimation of Electric Vehicles Based on GA-BP Artificial Neural Networks
by Kun Qian, Zhichao Hou and Dengke Sun
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(16), 5567; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10165567 - 11 Aug 2020
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3244
Abstract
The sound quality (SQ) and sound perception assessments of electric vehicles (EVs) clearly differ from those of conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Therefore, it is essential to describe and evaluate the SQ of EVs. To evaluate the SQ in EVs, it is [...] Read more.
The sound quality (SQ) and sound perception assessments of electric vehicles (EVs) clearly differ from those of conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Therefore, it is essential to describe and evaluate the SQ of EVs. To evaluate the SQ in EVs, it is necessary to organize evaluators for conducting subjective jury tests, which are time-consuming and labor-intensive. In addition, the evaluation results are subject to the evaluators themselves and other external interferences. With the advancement of machine learning and artificial neural networks (ANNs), this problem can be well solved. This paper outlines a model for SQ estimation in EVs based on a genetic algorithm-optimized back propagation artificial neural network (GA-BP ANN). Moreover, the correlation between the physical-psychoacoustical parameters and the subjective SQ estimations obtained from the jury tests was investigated in this study. It was found that the GA-BP ANN SQ model has many advantages in comparison with the multiple linear regression (MLR) model in terms of precision and generalization. In addition, this method is ready to be applied for rapidly evaluating the SQ in EVs without jury tests, and it can also be of high significance in dealing with the acoustical designs and improvements of EVs in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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18 pages, 5749 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Performance of the Multi-Beam Echo-Sounder Bathymetric Uncertainty Prediction Model
by Tannaz H. Mohammadloo, Mirjam Snellen and Dick G. Simons
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(13), 4671; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10134671 - 07 Jul 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4201
Abstract
Realistic predictions of the contribution of the various sources affecting the quality of the bathymetric measurements prior to a survey are of importance to ensure sufficient accuracy of the soundings. To this end, models predicting these contributions have been developed. The objective of [...] Read more.
Realistic predictions of the contribution of the various sources affecting the quality of the bathymetric measurements prior to a survey are of importance to ensure sufficient accuracy of the soundings. To this end, models predicting these contributions have been developed. The objective of the present paper is to assess the performance of the bathymetric uncertainty prediction model for modern Multi-Beam Echo-Sounder (MBES) systems. Two datasets were acquired at water depths of 10 m and 30 m with three pulse lengths equaling 27 s , 54 s , and 134 s in the Oosterschelde estuary (The Netherlands). The comparison between the bathymetric uncertainties derived from the measurements and those predicted using the current model indicated a relatively good agreement except for the most outer beams. The performance of the uncertainty prediction model improved by accounting for the most recent insights into the contributors to the MBES depth uncertainties, i.e., the Doppler effect, baseline decorrelation (accounting for the pulse shape), and the signal-to-noise ratio. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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14 pages, 20351 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of Vacuum Leak Jet and Jet Noise
by Ruo-Fan Zhang, Yong Chen, Lei Qi, Xiang Zhang and Zong-Yu Wu
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(10), 3640; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10103640 - 25 May 2020
Viewed by 3021
Abstract
With the explosive growth of space debris, collisions among space debris and spacecrafts seem to be inevitable, which may greatly threaten the structure of on-orbit spacecrafts as well as astronauts’ safety. It is of crucial importance to locate the leak source and evaluate [...] Read more.
With the explosive growth of space debris, collisions among space debris and spacecrafts seem to be inevitable, which may greatly threaten the structure of on-orbit spacecrafts as well as astronauts’ safety. It is of crucial importance to locate the leak source and evaluate the corresponding damage quickly and accurately to ensure the safety of astronauts and spacecraft equipment. It is widely accepted that acoustic emission method can be used to detect on-orbit leak for space station; however, accurate prediction of vacuum leak noise in space station is difficult as jet and jet noise in vacuum environments are different from those in terrestrial environment. Therefore, this paper tries to investigate sound generations of vacuum leak jet by numerically analyzing dynamics of unsteady vacuum jet flow. Specifically, numerical simulation based on realizable k-ε model is adopted to study the aerodynamic properties and the aeroacoustic characteristics. Results show that RANS turbulent model can capture the pressure fluctuation with high computation efficiency and acceptable accuracy. Secondly, leak from 1 atm to vacuum forms a supersonic flow with Mach number ranging from 2 to 3, accompanied by obvious gradients of steady density, pressure, and temperature. However, the terrestrial leak from 2 atm to 1 atm forms subsonic jet flow with gradually varying gradients of density, pressure, and temperature. Thirdly, obvious reflections of pressure perturbations at the surface, with the mean free path of air molecule being 0.6 mm, can be found and form cavity-like acoustic resonance. Such resonant mechanism contributes to harmonic acoustic properties of the vacuum jet noises besides the broadband turbulent mixing noises. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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14 pages, 3095 KiB  
Article
Study of Low-Frequency Hydroacoustic Waves’ Behavior at the Shelf of Decreasing Depth
by Grigory I. Dolgikh, Shengchun Piao, Sergey S. Budrin, Yang Song, Stanislav G. Dolgikh, Vladimir A. Chupin, Sergey V. Yakovenko, Yang Dong and Xiaohan Wang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(9), 3183; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10093183 - 02 May 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1986
Abstract
In research into various hydrophysical and hydroacoustic wave processes, it is extremely important to know the regularities of their propagation in the sea at decreasing depths, especially in the shelf areas, and also to know the regularities of their transformation into seismoacoustic processes [...] Read more.
In research into various hydrophysical and hydroacoustic wave processes, it is extremely important to know the regularities of their propagation in the sea at decreasing depths, especially in the shelf areas, and also to know the regularities of their transformation into seismoacoustic processes in the earth crust. In the course of the processing and analysis of the experimental data of our complex experiment, in this paper we investigate these regularities. In our experiment, we used a low-frequency hydroacoustic transmitter that generated harmonic oscillations at the frequency of 22 Hz and received hydroacoustic systems with a shore laser strainmeter. It was established that hydroacoustic waves, propagating at the shelf of decreasing depth, transform into seismoacoustic waves at the depth of the sea equal to or less than a half-length of the hydroacoustic wave. A comparison of the results of this work with earlier-obtained results allows us to state that such regularities should be inherent to all hydrophysical and hydroacoustic processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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12 pages, 5666 KiB  
Article
A Depth-Bistatic Bottom Reverberation Model and Comparison with Data from an Active Triplet Towed Array Experiment
by Youngcheol Jung, Woojae Seong, Keunhwa Lee and Seongil Kim
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(9), 3080; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10093080 - 28 Apr 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2169
Abstract
In this paper, a depth-bistatic bottom reverberation model that employs the ray theory is presented. The model can be applied to an active towed array in the ocean. The reverberation time series are modeled under the depth-bistatic assumption and their Doppler shift is [...] Read more.
In this paper, a depth-bistatic bottom reverberation model that employs the ray theory is presented. The model can be applied to an active towed array in the ocean. The reverberation time series are modeled under the depth-bistatic assumption and their Doppler shift is calculated based on the actual source–receiver geometry. This model can handle N × 2D range-dependent bathymetry, the geometry of a triplet array, and the Doppler motion of the source, targets, and receiver. The model predictions are compared with the mid-frequency reverberation data measured by an active triplet towed array during August 2015 in the East Sea, Korea. These data are collected with a variable depth source at mid-frequency and the triplet line array in a deep-water environment. Model predictions of the beam time series and its spectrogram are in good agreement with the measurement. In particular, we discuss the effects of the source and receiver depths on the reverberation in deep water observed in both the measured and modeled results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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15 pages, 3253 KiB  
Article
Classification of Urban Road Traffic Noise based on Sound Energy and Eventfulness Indicators
by Giovanni Brambilla, Roberto Benocci, Chiara Confalonieri, Hector Eduardo Roman and Giovanni Zambon
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(7), 2451; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10072451 - 03 Apr 2020
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2567
Abstract
Noise energetic indicators, like Lden, show good correlations with long term annoyance, but should be supplemented by other parameters describing the sound fluctuations, which are very common in urban areas and negatively impact noise annoyance. Thus, in this paper, the hourly [...] Read more.
Noise energetic indicators, like Lden, show good correlations with long term annoyance, but should be supplemented by other parameters describing the sound fluctuations, which are very common in urban areas and negatively impact noise annoyance. Thus, in this paper, the hourly values of continuous equivalent level LAeqh and the intermittency ratio (IR) were both considered to describe the urban road traffic noise, monitored in 90 sites in the city of Milan and covering different types of road, from motorways to local roads. The noise data have been processed by clustering methods to detect similarities and to figure out a criterion to classify the urban sites taking into account both equivalent noise levels and road traffic noise events. Two clusters were obtained and, considering the cluster membership of each site, the decimal logarithm of the day-time (06:00–22:00) traffic flow was used to associate each new road with the clusters. In particular, roads with average day-time hourly traffic flow ≥1900 vehicles/hour were associated with the cluster with high traffic flow. The described methodology could be fruitfully applied on road traffic noise data in other cities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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24 pages, 11918 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation of Locating and Identifying Pipeline Reflectors Based on Guided-Wave Circumferential Scanning and Phase Characteristics
by Weixu Liu, Zhifeng Tang, Fuzai Lv, Yang Zheng, Pengfei Zhang and Xiangxian Chen
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(5), 1799; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10051799 - 05 Mar 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2235
Abstract
The methodology based on reflected guided-wave by a reflector associated with an increase or a decrease in the cross-sectional area has the challenge of determining their location and identity. This paper presents a numerical investigation of a method for locating and identifying the [...] Read more.
The methodology based on reflected guided-wave by a reflector associated with an increase or a decrease in the cross-sectional area has the challenge of determining their location and identity. This paper presents a numerical investigation of a method for locating and identifying the reflector based on guided-wave circumferential scanning and phase characteristics. To determine the axial and circumferential positions of the reflector within the pipeline, the procedures of the guided wave-based circumferential scanning were presented, including data preprocessing, median filter, image smoothing and binary processing. Through theoretical analysis, we obtained the phase relationship between the guided-wave excitation signal and reflection signals generated by a reflector, such as corrosion, crack, weld and support, which caused the change in the cross-sectional area. Consequently, an algorithm based on the phase characteristics was proposed to determine the change and type of reflector. The spatial distances were calculated between the guided wave excitation signals with different phases and the concerned reflection signals, subsequently identifying the change and type of the reflector by comparing the distance values. An identification index named the reliable index for the character of the reflector (RICR) was defined to evaluate the reliability of the predicted results. Numerical and finite element simulation validations of the proposed method were performed. It has been found that if RICR was larger than 1.05, the results predicting the reflector type were reliable. The proposed method was found to be superior relative to the conventional correlation coefficient method according to the numerical results. Finally, the simulation results demonstrated that the proposed method could be potentially applied for locating and identifying reflectors in pipelines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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17 pages, 13126 KiB  
Article
MASS: Microphone Array Speech Simulator in Room Acoustic Environment for Multi-Channel Speech Coding and Enhancement
by Rui Cheng, Changchun Bao and Zihao Cui
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(4), 1484; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10041484 - 21 Feb 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4897
Abstract
Multi-channel speech coding and enhancement is an indispensable technology in speech communication. In order to verify the effectiveness of multi-channel speech coding and enhancement methods in the research and development, a microphone array speech simulator (MASS) used in room acoustic environment is proposed. [...] Read more.
Multi-channel speech coding and enhancement is an indispensable technology in speech communication. In order to verify the effectiveness of multi-channel speech coding and enhancement methods in the research and development, a microphone array speech simulator (MASS) used in room acoustic environment is proposed. The proposed MASS is the improvement and extension of the existing multi-channel speech simulator. It aims to simulate clean speech, noisy speech, clean speech with reverberation, noisy speech with reverberation, and noise signals by microphone array used for multi-channel coding and enhancement of speech signal in room acoustic environment. The experimental results of the multi-channel speech coding and enhancement prove that the MASS could well simulate the signals used in real room acoustic environment and can be applied to the research of the related fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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14 pages, 6730 KiB  
Article
Force and Sound Pressure Sensors Used for Modeling the Impact of the Firearm with a Suppressor
by Jaroslaw Selech, Artūras Kilikevičius, Kristina Kilikevičienė, Sergejus Borodinas, Jonas Matijošius, Darius Vainorius, Jacek Marcinkiewicz and Zaneta Staszak
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(3), 961; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10030961 - 02 Feb 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5014
Abstract
In this paper, a mathematical model for projectiles shooting in any direction based on sensors distributed stereoscopically is put forward. It is based on the characteristics of a shock wave around a supersonic projectile and acoustical localization. Wave equations for an acoustic monopole [...] Read more.
In this paper, a mathematical model for projectiles shooting in any direction based on sensors distributed stereoscopically is put forward. It is based on the characteristics of a shock wave around a supersonic projectile and acoustical localization. Wave equations for an acoustic monopole point source of a directed effect used for physical interpretation of pressure as an acoustic phenomenon. Simulation and measurements of novel versatile mechanical and acoustical damping system (silencer), which has both a muzzle break and silencer properties studied in this paper. The use of the proposed damping system can have great influence on the acoustic pressure field intensity from the shooter. A silencer regarded as an acoustic transducer and multi-holes waveguide with a chamber. Wave equations for an acoustic monopole point source of a directed effect used for the physical interpretation of pressure as an acoustic phenomenon. The numerical simulation results of the silencer with different configurations presented allow trends to be established. A measurement chain was used to compare the simulation results with the experimental ones. The modeling and experimental results showed an increase in silencer chamber volume results in a reduction of recorded pressure within the silencer chamber. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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18 pages, 2267 KiB  
Article
Modified Structures for Hybrid Active Sound Quality Control System Disturbed by Gaussian Random Noise
by Shanjun Li, Guoyong Jin, Xiaobo Li and Tiangui Ye
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 510; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10020510 - 10 Jan 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2132
Abstract
A hybrid active sound quality control system, in which a hybrid feedforward and feedback structure is applied, can not only be used in cases where the line-spectrum noise is obtained easily with reference sensors, but it can also improve the comfortability of noise [...] Read more.
A hybrid active sound quality control system, in which a hybrid feedforward and feedback structure is applied, can not only be used in cases where the line-spectrum noise is obtained easily with reference sensors, but it can also improve the comfortability of noise and eliminate unexpected Gaussian random noise. However, the traditional structure for a hybrid active sound quality control system, whereby a reference signal in the feedback control structure is synthesized by the output signals of the feedforward control filter, feedback control filter, and line-spectrum noise cancellation control filter, introduces couplings of the three control filters. To remove the coupling interactions of the feedforward and feedback control structures and to reduce the complexity of the control system, two modified structures with less computational complexity or a smaller increase in computation are investigated in this paper. The first one involves a simplified structure in which the reference signal in the feedback control structure is replaced by the summation of the residual error signal and the output signal of the line-spectrum noise cancellation control filter, and the second one is a modified structure which integrates the output signals of the feedback control filter and the line-spectrum noise cancellation control filter for the reference signal in the feedback control structure. Numerical simulations are carried out to show the performance of the modified structures. The results illustrate that the two modified structures have the ability to cancel Gaussian random noise and to reduce or enhance the amplitude of line-spectrum noise to promote sound quality. Moreover, a simplified structure with a new leaky filtered-x least mean square (FxLMS) algorithm is proposed to upgrade the noise reduction performance and elevate stability in the feedback control structure. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm also is proven by the simulation results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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17 pages, 12230 KiB  
Article
Measuring the Reduction of the Confinement along the Evolution of a Burn Cut
by Alberto Godio and Jacopo Seccatore
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(23), 5013; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app9235013 - 21 Nov 2019
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3888
Abstract
We provide an analysis of a tunnel opening cut in a tunnel face. In particular, we focus on the effect of a “burn cut,” which is a typical parallel hole cut. As the evolution of the opening consists of an increase in the [...] Read more.
We provide an analysis of a tunnel opening cut in a tunnel face. In particular, we focus on the effect of a “burn cut,” which is a typical parallel hole cut. As the evolution of the opening consists of an increase in the volume of the cut prism and the consequent reduction of confinement of the holes along the initiation sequence, we analyze such an evolution using photographic documentation, as well as evaluating the reduction of confinement by measuring the energy transferred from the explosive charge to the rock mass. The energy was estimated by monitoring and analyzing the vibrations induced by the blasting at three different points. We adopted low-cost shock sensors for monitoring the effect of the detonation times at short distance from the blast (about 10 m). The results show an evident reduction of the shock transfer to the rock mass (i.e., a reduction of confinement) with the increase of the cavity opening. Nevertheless, when only the response of the piezometric sensors was considered, a disparity in behavior among the sensors was noted. On the other hand, when the sensor response was integrated over time, the behavior of all sensors normalized, showing the need to focus both on the oscillation and the duration to properly address the shock effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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20 pages, 7512 KiB  
Article
Parameter Optimization for Composite Structures of Microperforated Panel and Porous Metal for Optimal Sound Absorption Performance
by Haiqin Duan, Xinmin Shen, Fei Yang, Panfeng Bai, Xiaofang Lou and Zhizhong Li
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(22), 4798; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app9224798 - 09 Nov 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2464
Abstract
The composite structure of a microperforated panel and porous metal is a promising sound absorber for industrial noise reduction, sound absorption performance of which can be improved through parameter optimization. A theoretical model is constructed for the composite structure of a microperforated panel [...] Read more.
The composite structure of a microperforated panel and porous metal is a promising sound absorber for industrial noise reduction, sound absorption performance of which can be improved through parameter optimization. A theoretical model is constructed for the composite structure of a microperforated panel and porous metal based on Maa’s theory and the Johnson–Champoux–Allard model. When the limited total thickness is 30 mm, 50 mm, and 100 mm respectively, dimensional optimization of structural parameters of the proposed composite structure is conducted for the optimal average sound absorption coefficient in the frequency range (2000 Hz, 6000 Hz) through a cuckoo search algorithm. Simulation models of the composite structures with optimal structural parameters are constructed based on the finite element method. Validations of the optimal composite structures are conducted based on the standing wave tube method. Comparative analysis of the theoretical data, simulation data, and experimental data validates feasibility and effectiveness of the parameter optimization. The optimal sandwich structure with an actual total thickness of 36.8 mm can obtain the average sound absorption coefficient of 97.65% in the frequency range (2000 Hz, 6000 Hz), which is favorable to promote practical application of the composite structures in the fields of sound absorption and noise reduction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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13 pages, 5861 KiB  
Article
Rib Design for Improving the Local Stiffness of Gearbox Housing for Agricultural Electric Vehicles
by Gwan-Hee Son, Seung-Je Cho and Young-Jun Park
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(21), 4571; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app9214571 - 28 Oct 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4386
Abstract
In this work, a rib design process is proposed to improve the local stiffness of gearbox housing for agricultural electric vehicles. Unlike conventional engines, electric powertrain noise includes high frequency factors and pure tones. Considering these characteristics, local stiffness was evaluated in the [...] Read more.
In this work, a rib design process is proposed to improve the local stiffness of gearbox housing for agricultural electric vehicles. Unlike conventional engines, electric powertrain noise includes high frequency factors and pure tones. Considering these characteristics, local stiffness was evaluated in the frequency range of interest for the prediction of dynamic behavior. The local stiffness of the gearbox housing was evaluated using the finite element (FE) model. Experimental modal analysis and FE model update were conducted to ensure the reliability of the results. Using the results of local stiffness evaluations, the stiffness weak point was identified, and the rib design location was selected through a strain analysis. The shape of the ribs was parameterized by width, length, and height, and parameter studies were used to compare the local stiffness increase rate according to the rib design pattern. According to the results, the stiffness increase rate against the same mass was distributed differently according to the rib shape, and the most efficient rib shape was selected from a manufacturing perspective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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11 pages, 4490 KiB  
Article
Prediction and Sound Quality Analysis of Tire Pattern Noise Based on System Identification by Utilizing an Optimal Adaptive Filter
by Sang-Kwon Lee, Kanghyun An, Hye-Young Cho and Sung-Uk Hwang
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(19), 3995; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app9193995 - 24 Sep 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2704
Abstract
Identifying the cause of vehicle noise is a basic requirement for the development of low-noise vehicles. The tire pattern noise depends on the tire itself and causes complex and unpredictable sounds. In pneumatic tire pattern design, the prediction technology of the tire pattern [...] Read more.
Identifying the cause of vehicle noise is a basic requirement for the development of low-noise vehicles. The tire pattern noise depends on the tire itself and causes complex and unpredictable sounds. In pneumatic tire pattern design, the prediction technology of the tire pattern noise according to pattern shape design is important. The conventional method of predicting tire pattern noise is to simply scan the pattern shape of tire and to analyze its spectrum. However, this method has limitations because it does not consider the transfer function and precise mechanism of tire pattern noise. In this study, adaptive filter theory was applied to identify the transfer function between the grooves of patterns and measured acoustic data. To predict the waveform of an actual pattern noise in the time domain, the impulse response of this transfer function was convolved by the scanned pattern input of tires. The predicted waveform of pattern noise was validated with the waveforms of measured noise data. Finally, a sound quality index (SQI) of tire pattern noise was developed using the measured pattern noises and was applied to estimate the sound quality of pattern noise. Eventually, using the prediction method from this study, we hope to reduce the time and cost spent on tire pattern design and verification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Acoustical Problems Ⅱ)
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