Editorial

2 pages, 173 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Nanobiomaterials Revolutionizing Biomedical Science: Special Issue—“Nanotechnology for Biomedical Applications”

by Carla Sardo

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(10), 6123; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app13106123 - 17 May 2023

Viewed by 755

The field of nanotechnology applied to biomedicine has witnessed unprecedented growth in recent years owing to the development of new nanobiomaterials and the exploration of novel strategies for tackling medical problems at the nanoscale [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology for Biomedical Applications)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

13 pages, 2767 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Beyond the Dilemmas: Design of PLA-PEG Assemblies Based on pH-Reversible Boronic Ester for the Synchronous PEG De-Shielding and Ligand Presentation to Hepatocytes

by Carla Sardo, Carmela Tommasino, Giulia Auriemma, Tiziana Esposito and Rita Patrizia Aquino

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(9), 4225; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12094225 - 22 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1446

Abstract

A new polymeric construct is proposed as a starting material for a liver-targeted delivery system in the present communication. The polymeric material has been designed to be sensitive to pH variations and potentially loaded with hydrophobic antitumoral agents. It is based on one [...] Read more.

A new polymeric construct is proposed as a starting material for a liver-targeted delivery system in the present communication. The polymeric material has been designed to be sensitive to pH variations and potentially loaded with hydrophobic antitumoral agents. It is based on one of the most used copolymers in the field of nanomedicine: PEG-PLA. The latter, usually obtained by polymerization of lactic acid on the hydroxyl-terminated polyether, is assembled by the pH-reversible condensation between a phenylboronic acid-ended methoxy PEG 2000 (MeO-PEG2000-PBA) and a galactose-capped PLA of 1–10 kDa (PLA-Gal). Our approach is based on the strategic assumption that would allow a new ligand presentation strategy in which Gal is both a structural element for the stimulus-responsive PEG de-shielding and the targeting moiety. Indeed, Gal has a vicinal diol able to form a reversible boronate ester with a B(OH) 2 residue, which is cleavable at the acidic pH of the tumor microenvironment, and it is also recognized by the asialoglycoprotein receptor, which is hyper-expressed on the membrane of hepatocytes. The functionalization of the two blocks is presented here, and they are characterized using NMR, FTIR, and GPC. The analytical evaluation of the ability of the boronated PEG and Gal to condense in a pH sensible way completes the study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology for Biomedical Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Entomopathogenic Fungi Biomass Production and Extracellular Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles for Bioinsecticide Action

by Tárcio S. Santos, Eliana M. dos Passos, Matheus G. de Jesus Seabra, Eliana B. Souto, Patrícia Severino and Marcelo da Costa Mendonça

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(6), 2465; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11062465 - 10 Mar 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2522

Abstract

Entomopathogenic fungi are microbial agents of insect control in nature. They have been used as biologic strategies to manage insect invasion; however, the challenge is to maintain their shelf life and viability when exposed to high temperatures, ultraviolet radiation, and humidity. Synthesized silver [...] Read more.

Entomopathogenic fungi are microbial agents of insect control in nature. They have been used as biologic strategies to manage insect invasion; however, the challenge is to maintain their shelf life and viability when exposed to high temperatures, ultraviolet radiation, and humidity. Synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from fungal extracellular enzymes are an alternative using these microorganisms to obtain nanoparticles with insecticidal action. The present study evaluates the biomass production and the potential to synthesize silver nanoparticles using entomopathogenic fungi isolates. Sixteen isolates of entomopathogenic fungi were used in this study. The fungi pathogenicity and virulence were evaluated using the insect model Tenebrio molitor, at a concentration of 5 × 10⁶ conidia/mL. The fungal biomass was produced in a liquid medium, dried, and weighed. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles was performed with aqueous extracts of the entomopathogenic fungi and silver nitrate solution (1 mM), following characterization by a UV/vis spectrophotometer, mean size, and polydispersity index. The results showed a significant variation in pathogenicity, virulence, and biomass production among the evaluated fungi isolates; however, only one of the isolates did not have the potential to synthesize silver nanoparticles. Pearson’s correlation showed significant correlation values only between virulence × biosynthesis potential and biomass production × biosynthesis potential, both with negative values, indicating an inverse correlation. Thus, AgNPs with entomopathogenic fungus extract can produce an innovative bioinsecticide product using a green production process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology for Biomedical Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1621 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Depth Dose Enhancement on Flattening-Filter-Free Photon Beam: A Monte Carlo Study in Nanoparticle-Enhanced Radiotherapy

by James C. L. Chow

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7052; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10207052 - 11 Oct 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2130

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the variations of depth dose enhancement (DDE) on different nanoparticle (NP) variables, when using the flattening-filter-free (FFF) photon beam in nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy. Monte Carlo simulation under a macroscopic approach was used to determine the DDE [...] Read more.

The aim of this study is to investigate the variations of depth dose enhancement (DDE) on different nanoparticle (NP) variables, when using the flattening-filter-free (FFF) photon beam in nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy. Monte Carlo simulation under a macroscopic approach was used to determine the DDE ratio (DDER) with variables of NP material (gold (Au) and iron (III) oxide (Fe₂O₃)), NP concentration (3–40 mg/mL) and photon beam (10 MV flattening-filter (FF) and 10 MV FFF). It is found that Au NPs had a higher DDER than Fe₂O₃ NPs, when the depths were shallower than 6 and 8 cm for the 10 MV FF and 10 MV FFF photon beams, respectively. However, in a deeper depth range of 10–20 cm, DDER for the Au NPs was lower than Fe₂O₃ NPs mainly due to the beam attenuation and photon energy distribution. It is concluded that DDER for the Au NPs and Fe₂O₃ NPs decreased with an increase of depth in the range of 10–20 cm, with rate of decrease depending on the NP material, NP concentration and the use of FF in the photon beam. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology for Biomedical Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

18 pages, 1619 KiB

Open AccessReview

Copper Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Characterization, Physiology, Toxicity and Antimicrobial Applications

by Michaela Corina Crisan, Mocan Teodora and Mocan Lucian

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 141; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12010141 - 24 Dec 2021

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 16119

Abstract

Metallic nanoparticles are a new class of materials with applications in medicine, pharmaceutical and agriculture. Using biological, chemical and physical approaches, nanoparticles with amazing properties are obtained. Copper is one of the most-found elements and plays an important part in the normal functioning [...] Read more.

Metallic nanoparticles are a new class of materials with applications in medicine, pharmaceutical and agriculture. Using biological, chemical and physical approaches, nanoparticles with amazing properties are obtained. Copper is one of the most-found elements and plays an important part in the normal functioning of organisms. Coper nanoparticles have superior antibacterial properties when comparing them to present day antibiotics. Moreover, apart from their antibacterial role, antifungal, antiviral and anticancer properties have been described. Although the mechanism of actions is not completely understood, copper nanoparticles can become a viable alternative in fighting multi-resistant bacteria strains. We hereby review the already existing data on copper nanoparticle synthesis, effects and mechanisms of action as well as toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology for Biomedical Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 7780 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ion Beam Nanopatterning of Biomaterial Surfaces

by Yu Yang and Adrian Keller

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(14), 6575; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11146575 - 17 Jul 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2860

Abstract

Ion beam irradiation of solid surfaces may result in the self-organized formation of well-defined topographic nanopatterns. Depending on the irradiation conditions and the material properties, isotropic or anisotropic patterns of differently shaped features may be obtained. Most intriguingly, the periodicities of these patterns [...] Read more.

Ion beam irradiation of solid surfaces may result in the self-organized formation of well-defined topographic nanopatterns. Depending on the irradiation conditions and the material properties, isotropic or anisotropic patterns of differently shaped features may be obtained. Most intriguingly, the periodicities of these patterns can be adjusted in the range between less than twenty and several hundred nanometers, which covers the dimensions of many cellular and extracellular features. However, even though ion beam nanopatterning has been studied for several decades and is nowadays widely employed in the fabrication of functional surfaces, it has found its way into the biomaterials field only recently. This review provides a brief overview of the basics of ion beam nanopatterning, emphasizes aspects of particular relevance for biomaterials applications, and summarizes a number of recent studies that investigated the effects of such nanopatterned surfaces on the adsorption of biomolecules and the response of adhering cells. Finally, promising future directions and potential translational challenges are identified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology for Biomedical Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 12063 KiB

Open AccessReview

Surface Functionalization of PLGA Nanoparticles to Increase Transport across the BBB for Alzheimer’s Disease

by Laura Del Amo, Amanda Cano, Miren Ettcheto, Eliana B. Souto, Marta Espina, Antoni Camins, Maria Luísa García and Elena Sánchez-López

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(9), 4305; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11094305 - 10 May 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5067

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that accounts for about 60% of all diagnosed cases of dementia worldwide. Although there are currently several drugs marketed for its treatment, none are capable of slowing down or stopping the progression of AD. The [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that accounts for about 60% of all diagnosed cases of dementia worldwide. Although there are currently several drugs marketed for its treatment, none are capable of slowing down or stopping the progression of AD. The role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a key role in the design of a successful treatment for this neurodegenerative disease. Nanosized particles have been proposed as suitable drug delivery systems to overcome BBB with the purpose of increasing bioavailability of drugs in the brain. Biodegradable poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA-NPs) have been particularly regarded as promising drug delivery systems as they can be surface-tailored with functionalized molecules for site-specific targeting. In this review, a thorough discussion about the most recent functionalization strategies based on PLGA-NPs for AD and their mechanisms of action is provided, together with a description of AD pathogenesis and the role of the BBB in brain targeting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology for Biomedical Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2344 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Present and Future Role of Microfluidics for Protein and Peptide-Based Therapeutics and Diagnostics

by Edward Weaver, Shahid Uddin, David K. Cole, Andrew Hooker and Dimitrios A. Lamprou

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(9), 4109; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11094109 - 30 Apr 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3184

Abstract

The implementation of peptide-based molecules within the medical field has vast potential, owing to their unique nature and predictable physicochemical profiles. However, peptide therapeutic usage is hindered by delivery-related challenges, meaning that their formulations must be altered to overcome these limitations. This process [...] Read more.

The implementation of peptide-based molecules within the medical field has vast potential, owing to their unique nature and predictable physicochemical profiles. However, peptide therapeutic usage is hindered by delivery-related challenges, meaning that their formulations must be altered to overcome these limitations. This process could be propelled by applying microfluidics (MFs) due to its highly controllable and adaptable attributes; however, therapeutic research within this field is extremely limited. Peptides possess multifunctional roles within therapeutic formulations, ranging from enhancing target specificity to acting as the active component of the medicine. Diagnostically, MFs are well explored in the field of peptides, as MFs provide an unsullied platform to provide fast yet accurate examinations. The capacity to add attributes, such as integrated sensors and microwells, to the MF chip, only enhances the attractiveness of MFs as a diagnostic platform. The structural individuality of peptides makes them prime candidates for diagnostic purposes, for example, antigen detection and isolation. Therefore, this review provides a useful insight into the current applications of MFs for peptide-based therapy and diagnostics and highlights potential gaps in the field that are yet to be explored or optimized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology for Biomedical Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2034 KiB

Open AccessReview

Erythrocytes and Nanoparticles: New Therapeutic Systems

by Clara Guido, Gabriele Maiorano, Carmen Gutiérrez-Millán, Barbara Cortese, Adriana Trapani, Stefania D’Amone, Giuseppe Gigli and Ilaria Elena Palamà

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(5), 2173; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11052173 - 02 Mar 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5953

Abstract

Nano-delivery systems represent one of the most studied fields, thanks to the associated improvement in the treatment of human diseases. The functionality of nanostructures is a crucial point, which the effectiveness of nanodrugs depends on. A hybrid approach strategy using synthetic nanoparticles (NPs) [...] Read more.

Nano-delivery systems represent one of the most studied fields, thanks to the associated improvement in the treatment of human diseases. The functionality of nanostructures is a crucial point, which the effectiveness of nanodrugs depends on. A hybrid approach strategy using synthetic nanoparticles (NPs) and erythrocytes offers an optimal blend of natural and synthetic materials. This, in turn, allows medical practitioners to exploit the combined advantages of erythrocytes and NPs. Erythrocyte-based drug delivery systems have been investigated for their biocompatibility, as well as the long circulation time allowed by specific surface receptors that inhibit immune clearance. In this review, we will discuss several methods—whole erythrocytes as drug carriers, red blood cell membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles and nano-erythrosomes (NERs)—while paying attention to their application and specific preparation methods. The ability to target cells makes erythrocytes excellent drug delivery systems. They can carry a wide range of therapeutic molecules while also acting as bioreactors; thus, they have many applications in therapy and in the diagnosis of many diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology for Biomedical Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1046 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nanomedicine Interventions in Clinical Trials for the Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer

by Rita Moreira, Andreia Granja, Marina Pinheiro and Salette Reis

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(4), 1624; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11041624 - 11 Feb 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2216

Abstract

Breast cancer was responsible for the deaths of 626,679 women in 2018. After decades of research, the mortality rates remain high. While the barrier of selectively killing tumor cells is not yet overcome, the search for targeted therapeutics continues. The use of nanomedicine [...] Read more.

Breast cancer was responsible for the deaths of 626,679 women in 2018. After decades of research, the mortality rates remain high. While the barrier of selectively killing tumor cells is not yet overcome, the search for targeted therapeutics continues. The use of nanomedicine in cancer treatment has opened up new possibilities for more precise drug-delivery systems. This review aimed to gather information and analyze recent clinical trials evaluating the therapeutic effects of nanoparticles in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. To accomplish this, the clinicaltrials.gov database was consulted, and after employing specific exclusion criteria, 11 clinical trials were selected. Nanoparticle albumin-stabilized paclitaxel was evaluated in ten clinical trials and paclitaxel-incorporating polymeric micelles were assessed in one clinical trial. Overall, this review confirmed a clinical benefit in the use of nanoparticle albumin-stabilized paclitaxel for the treatment of breast cancer, with reduced toxicity when compared to first-line treatments. Three studies did not meet the primary endpoint, however, and so the authors advised further evaluations. Although the use of nanomedicine is revolutionizing the cancer field, to integrate this regimen into generalized clinical treatment, additional clinical trials must be performed to achieve a favorable safety and efficacy profile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology for Biomedical Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Nanotechnology for Biomedical Applications

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (10 papers)

Editorial

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI