New Trends in Sport and Exercise Medicine II

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 August 2022) | Viewed by 9650
Related Special Issue: New Trends in Sport and Exercise Medicine

Special Issue Editor

Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
Interests: sport medicine; physical activity; training; skeletal and cardiac muscle biology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is a pleasure to announce a second volume of “New Trends in Sport and Exercise Medicine”. We have decided to widen the subjects of the first issue here by adding cellular mechanisms, rehabilitation, gait and posture, and motor control into the scope. In fact, uncovering the mechanisms behind muscle and cardiac cell biology is fundamental to understand the effects of physical activity on the organisms. To this end, studies performed in animal models also fit into the scope of the second edition of our issue. Additionally, studies concerning rehabilitation and posture are highly desirable because of their importance for public health.

Obviously, the aims of the first issue will still apply for the second edition. Thus, studies on the effect of physical activity to reduce the risks of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and depression will be held in high regard. Moreover, since physical exercise is fundamental in weight control and energy expenditure to contrast the increase in obesity, studies on diet and physical activity (for example, different training modalities, i.e., aerobic, resistance, concentric, and eccentric) both in humans and animals will be kept in consideration. Finally, sport and physical activity are determinants in several disciplines, from wellness and public health to physiotherapy. Thus, advances in motor control also from an engineering point of view will be welcome as they could be of high clinical relevance for general sport practitioners, physicians, and athletes.

In this Special Issue, we look for original manuscripts and reviews to cover novel insights in sport and exercise medicine.

Dr. Daniela Galli
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • physical activity
  • sport
  • nutrition
  • training
  • skeletal muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • posture
  • animal model
  • cellular mechanisms
  • motor control
  • rehabilitation
  • chronic diseases
  • molecular markers

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1217 KiB  
Article
Estimating Muscle Power of the Lower Limbs through the 5-Sit-to-Stand Test: A Comparison of Field vs. Laboratory Method
by Luca Ferrari, Gianluca Bochicchio, Alberto Bottari, Francesco Lucertini, Alessandra Scarton and Silvia Pogliaghi
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(22), 11577; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app122211577 - 15 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1313
Abstract
The 5-Sit-to-stand test (5STS) is used for lower limb muscle power (MP) determination in field/clinical setting. From the time taken to perform five standing movements and three partially verified assumptions (vertical displacement, mean concentric time, and mean force), MP is estimated as the [...] Read more.
The 5-Sit-to-stand test (5STS) is used for lower limb muscle power (MP) determination in field/clinical setting. From the time taken to perform five standing movements and three partially verified assumptions (vertical displacement, mean concentric time, and mean force), MP is estimated as the body’s vertical velocity x force. By comparison with a gold standard, laboratory approach (motion capture system and force plate), we aimed to: (1) verify the assumptions; (2) assess the accuracy of the field-estimated MP (MPfield); (3) develop and validate an optimized estimation (MPfield-opt). In 63 older adults (67 ± 6 years), we compared: (i) estimated and measured assumptions (2-WAY RM ANOVA), (ii) MPfield and MPfield-opt with the reference/laboratory method (MPlab) (2-WAY RM ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r), Bland-Altman analysis). There was a significant difference between estimated and measured assumptions (p < 0.001). Following the implementation of the optimized assumptions, MPfield-opt (205.1 ± 55.3 W) was not significantly different from Mlab (199.5 ± 57.9 W), with a high correlation (r = 0.86, p < 0.001) and a non-significant bias (5.64 W, p = 0.537). Provided that corrected assumptions are used, 5STS field test is confirmed a valid time- and cost-effective field method for the monitoring of lower limbs MP, a valuable index of health status in aging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Sport and Exercise Medicine II)
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14 pages, 2602 KiB  
Article
Multiobject Optimization of National Football League Drafts: Comparison of Teams and Experts
by Attila Gere, Dorina Szakál and Károly Héberger
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(13), 6303; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12136303 - 21 Jun 2022
Viewed by 979
Abstract
Predicting the success of National Football League drafts has always been an exciting issue for the teams, fans and even for scientists. Among the numerous approaches, one of the best techniques is to ask the opinion of sport experts, who have the knowledge [...] Read more.
Predicting the success of National Football League drafts has always been an exciting issue for the teams, fans and even for scientists. Among the numerous approaches, one of the best techniques is to ask the opinion of sport experts, who have the knowledge and past experiences to rate the drafts of the teams. When asking a set of sport experts to evaluate the performances of teams, a multicriteria decision making problem arises unavoidably. The current paper uses the draft evaluations of the 32 NFL teams given by 18 experts: a novel multicriteria decision making tool has been applied: the sum of ranking differences (SRD). We introduce a quick and easy-to-follow approach on how to evaluate the performance of the teams and the experts at the same time. Our results on the 2021 NFL draft data indicate that Green Bay Packers has the most promising drafts for 2021, while the experts have been grouped into three distinct groups based on the distance to the hypothetical best evaluation. Even the coding options can be tailored according to the experts’ opinions. Statistically correct (pairwise or group) comparisons can be made using analysis of variance (ANOVA). A comparison to TOPSIS ranking revealed that SRD gives a more objective ranking due to the lack of predefined weights. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Sport and Exercise Medicine II)
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9 pages, 1543 KiB  
Article
Differential Expression of Genes Associated with Chromatin Modifications in Skeletal Muscle during Aerobic Training Program
by Yecid Mina-Paz, Alejandra Rodríguez-Ortiz, Daniela Hernández-Pérez, Julio César Montoya-Villegas, Adalberto Sánchez-Gómez and Felipe García-Vallejo
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 1159; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12031159 - 23 Jan 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1286
Abstract
Introduction: Skeletal muscle plasticity in exercise can be modulated by epigenomic events such as gene silencing, histone modifications and DNA methylation. In this context, our objective was to analyze the expression of genes associated with chromatin modifications in human muscle biopsies of vastus [...] Read more.
Introduction: Skeletal muscle plasticity in exercise can be modulated by epigenomic events such as gene silencing, histone modifications and DNA methylation. In this context, our objective was to analyze the expression of genes associated with chromatin modifications in human muscle biopsies of vastus lateralis after a 20 week training program. Methods: Using data from DNA microarray experiments registered in the NCBI GEO DataSet database GSE117070, we calculated the Z ratio values as the criterion to evaluate the differential expression of genes associated with chromatin modification during aerobic training in skeletal muscle. Using the web interface GENEMANIA, we built a co-expression interaction network with the overexpressed genes. We compared Z-score values obtained from pre-trained and post-trained samples through nonparametric tests. Results: We found 10 overexpressed genes after the 20 week training program, namely, EZH1, KMT2A, KMT2D, KDM4C, KDM6A, CREBBP, HDAC10, HDAC4, DNMT3L, and H2AX. The most relevant biological processes obtained from the network included chromatin organization (FDR 9.04 × 10−9) and histone modification (FDR 9.04 × 10−9). Conclusions: In skeletal muscle, after aerobic training, there is overexpression of genes associated with the modification of the chromatin through alterations in histones and DNA, resulting in epigenetic transcriptional changes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Sport and Exercise Medicine II)
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Review

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13 pages, 1169 KiB  
Review
Molecular Basis of Irisin Regulating the Effects of Exercise on Insulin Resistance
by Junjie Lin, Xu Liu, Yalan Zhou, Baishu Zhu, Yuanxin Wang, Wei Cui, Yan Peng, Bin Wang, Chen Zhao and Renqing Zhao
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(12), 5837; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12125837 - 08 Jun 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2220
Abstract
Insulin resistance is recognized as one major feature of metabolic syndrome, and frequently emerges as a difficult problem encountered during long-term pharmacological treatment of diabetes. Insulin resistance often causes organs or tissues, such as skeletal muscle, adipose, and liver, to become less responsive [...] Read more.
Insulin resistance is recognized as one major feature of metabolic syndrome, and frequently emerges as a difficult problem encountered during long-term pharmacological treatment of diabetes. Insulin resistance often causes organs or tissues, such as skeletal muscle, adipose, and liver, to become less responsive or resistant to insulin. Exercise can promote the physiological function of those organs and tissues and benefits insulin action via increasing insulin receptor sensitivity, glucose uptake, and mitochondrial function. This is done by decreasing adipose tissue deposition, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress. However, understanding the mechanism that regulates the interaction between exercise and insulin function becomes a challenging task. As a novel myokine, irisin is activated by exercise, released from the muscle, and affects multi-organ functions. Recent evidence indicates that it can promote glucose uptake, improve mitochondrial function, alleviate obesity, and decrease inflammation, as a result leading to the improvement of insulin action. We here will review the current evidence concerning the signaling pathways by which irisin regulates the effect of exercise on the up-regulation of insulin action in humans and animals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Sport and Exercise Medicine II)
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Other

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24 pages, 1190 KiB  
Systematic Review
Are We Able to Match Non Sport-Specific Strength Training with Endurance Sports? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis to Plan the Best Training Programs for Endurance Athletes
by Luca Ambrosini, Valentina Presta, Matteo Goldoni, Daniela Galli, Prisco Mirandola, Marco Vitale and Giuliana Gobbi
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7280; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11167280 - 07 Aug 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3088
Abstract
Non-sport-specific strength training is a way to increase endurance performance; however, which kind of exercise (maximal, plyometric, explosive or resistance strength training) gives the best results is still under debate. Scientific publications were analyzed according to the PRISMA checklist and statement. The initial [...] Read more.
Non-sport-specific strength training is a way to increase endurance performance; however, which kind of exercise (maximal, plyometric, explosive or resistance strength training) gives the best results is still under debate. Scientific publications were analyzed according to the PRISMA checklist and statement. The initial search yielded 500 studies, 17 of which were included in this review using the PEDro Scale. Maximal strength training boosted the ability to express strength particularly in cross-country skiing and cycling, increasing endurance performance, measured as a decrease of the endurance performance tests. In running, explosive strength training did not generate advantages, whereas plyometric strength training led to an improvement in the endurance performance tests and work economy. In running it was possible to compare different types of non sport-specific strength training and the plyometric one resulted the best training methodology to enhance performance. However, studies on other sports only investigated the effects of maximal strength training. It resulted more effective in cross-country skiing (although only one study was eligible according to the inclusion criteria) and in the cycling component of the triathlon and, by contrast, induced modest effects on cyclists’ performance, suggesting different type of strength would probably be more effective. In conclusion, each sport might optimize performance by using appropriate non sport-specific strength training, which, however, should be studied individually. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Sport and Exercise Medicine II)
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