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Applied Sciences
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Trends in Sub-Microsecond X-ray Science with Coherent Beams
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Trends in Sub-Microsecond X-ray Science with Coherent Beams

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Optics and Lasers".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 January 2022) | Viewed by 18192

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Sooheyong Lee

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 305-340, Republic of Korea
2. Department of Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 305-340, Republic of Korea
Interests: time-resolved X-ray measurement; X-ray speckle measurement; ultrafast detection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Eric Landahl

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physics, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
Interests: ultrafast laser; synchrotron X-rays; time-resolved studies; nonlinear optics; X-ray detectors
Dr. Wojciech Roseker

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
Interests: coherent x-ray scattering; X-ray optics; X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy; X-ray detectors

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Diffraction limited light sources are planned worldwide which will increase the spatial coherence of hard X-rays nearly 1000-fold, while delivering X-ray pulses at repetition rates of tens to hundreds of MHz. These new machines will make possible investigations of real-world materials at both atomic length and time-scales by extending the techniques of X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) and coherent X-ray diffraction (CXD) to the nanosecond timescale and below. 

For this Special Issue, we are inviting submissions exploring both the opportunities for and realization of sub-microsecond XPCS and CXD. Improving source coherence by three orders of magnitude puts equal demands on light sources, X-ray optics, detectors, data processing and storage, as well as data analysis and modeling. There has been some acknowledgement that X-ray optics need development in order to preserve this new level of coherence and that the detector frame-rate may become the ultimate limit of time resolution. However, several additional issues remain undiscussed related to the practical difficulties of performing measurements with high-coherence beams: parasitic speckle, unwanted spatio-temporal correlations from the source, and handling an impending 1000-fold explosion of data rates. It remains to be seen what exemplary systems can be used as standards and benchmarks in this regime. Opportunities in quantum X-ray optics, nanosecond X-ray ptychography, artificial intelligence for data analysis, and other novel approaches remain wide open. We invite submission in all these areas, as well as reviews of diffraction limited light sources and their applications at sub-microsecond timescales.

Prof. Dr. Sooheyong Lee
Prof. Dr. Eric Landahl
Dr. Wojciech Roseker
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • high spatial coherence X-rays
  • time-resolved, sub-microsecond, high-speed detector
  • X-ray speckle
  • spatial correlation
  • temporal correlation

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

2 pages, 156 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue on Trends in Sub-Microsecond X-ray Science with Coherent Beams
by Sooheyong Lee, Eric C. Landahl and Wojciech Roseker
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(18), 9127; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12189127 - 11 Sep 2022
Viewed by 828
Abstract
Large increases in synchrotron brightness have brought notable breakthroughs in measurement techniques that exploit transverse coherence, such as X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS), coherent diffraction imaging (CDI), diffraction microscopy, and ptychography [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Sub-Microsecond X-ray Science with Coherent Beams)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

8 pages, 701 KiB  
Communication
Towards a Counting Point Detector for Nanosecond Coherent X-ray Science
by Sooheyong Lee, Hyusang Kwon, Byeong-Gwan Cho and Eric C. Landahl
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(17), 8886; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12178886 - 05 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1233
Abstract
We present the technical realization of a high-speed hard X-ray single-photon counting-detection scheme based on a commercial avalanche silicon photodiode and high-speed oscilloscope. The development is motivated by the need to perform pulse-resolved photon-correlation and pump-probe studies at synchrotron sources with densely packed [...] Read more.
We present the technical realization of a high-speed hard X-ray single-photon counting-detection scheme based on a commercial avalanche silicon photodiode and high-speed oscilloscope. The development is motivated by the need to perform pulse-resolved photon-correlation and pump-probe studies at synchrotron sources with densely packed pulse patterns that result in high repetition rate pulses on the order of hundreds of MHz. Commissioning experiments are performed at the 1C PAL-KRISS beamline at PLS-II of South Korea operating at a burst mode maximum repetition rate of 500 MHz. In such a high count-rate measurement, detector dead-time can lead to a distortion of counting statistics. We are able to model the counting behavior of our detector under these conditions with a detector dead-time comparable to time between X-ray pulses, implying that nanosecond X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy should be possible at diffraction-limited light sources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Sub-Microsecond X-ray Science with Coherent Beams)
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11 pages, 3736 KiB  
Article
Characteristics of Photon Beam and Preservation of Coherence in Fourth-Generation Light Sources
by Bonghoon Oh, Jinjoo Ko, Jaeyu Lee, Gyeongsu Jang and Seunghwan Shin
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(24), 11896; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112411896 - 14 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2266
Abstract
Fourth-generation storage rings (4GSRs) that exploit the multi-bend achromat lattice concept may be able to surpass the brightness and coherence that are attained using the present third-generation storage rings. This paper presents the characteristics of photon beams and an analysis of their coherence [...] Read more.
Fourth-generation storage rings (4GSRs) that exploit the multi-bend achromat lattice concept may be able to surpass the brightness and coherence that are attained using the present third-generation storage rings. This paper presents the characteristics of photon beams and an analysis of their coherence properties in Korea-4GSR to represent 4GSRs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Sub-Microsecond X-ray Science with Coherent Beams)
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10 pages, 2744 KiB  
Article
A Contrast Calibration Protocol for X-ray Speckle Visibility Spectroscopy
by Yanwen Sun, Vincent Esposito, Philip Adam Hart, Conny Hansson, Haoyuan Li, Kazutaka Nakahara, James Paton MacArthur, Silke Nelson, Takahiro Sato, Sanghoon Song, Peihao Sun, Paul Fuoss, Mark Sutton and Diling Zhu
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 10041; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112110041 - 27 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1587
Abstract
X-ray free electron lasers, with their ultrashort highly coherent pulses, opened up the opportunity of probing ultrafast nano- and atomic-scale dynamics in amorphous and disordered material systems via speckle visibility spectroscopy. However, the anticipated count rate in a typical experiment is usually low. [...] Read more.
X-ray free electron lasers, with their ultrashort highly coherent pulses, opened up the opportunity of probing ultrafast nano- and atomic-scale dynamics in amorphous and disordered material systems via speckle visibility spectroscopy. However, the anticipated count rate in a typical experiment is usually low. Therefore, visibility needs to be extracted via photon statistics analysis, i.e., by estimating the probabilities of multiple photons per pixel events using pixelated detectors. Considering the realistic X-ray detector responses including charge cloud sharing between pixels, pixel readout noise, and gain non-uniformity, speckle visibility extraction relying on photon assignment algorithms are often computationally demanding and suffer from systematic errors. In this paper, we present a systematic study of the commonly-used algorithms by applying them to an experimental data set containing small-angle coherent scattering with visibility levels ranging from below 1% to ∼60%. We also propose a contrast calibration protocol and show that a computationally lightweight algorithm can be implemented for high-speed correlation evaluation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Sub-Microsecond X-ray Science with Coherent Beams)
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12 pages, 2166 KiB  
Article
Analysis Strategies for MHz XPCS at the European XFEL
by Francesco Dallari, Mario Reiser, Irina Lokteva, Avni Jain, Johannes Möller, Markus Scholz, Anders Madsen, Gerhard Grübel, Fivos Perakis and Felix Lehmkühler
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(17), 8037; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11178037 - 30 Aug 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2664
Abstract
The nanometer length-scale holds precious information on several dynamical processes that develop from picoseconds to seconds. In the past decades, X-ray scattering techniques have been developed to probe the dynamics at such length-scales on either ultrafast (sub-nanosecond) or slow ((milli-)second) time scales. With [...] Read more.
The nanometer length-scale holds precious information on several dynamical processes that develop from picoseconds to seconds. In the past decades, X-ray scattering techniques have been developed to probe the dynamics at such length-scales on either ultrafast (sub-nanosecond) or slow ((milli-)second) time scales. With the start of operation of the European XFEL, thanks to the MHz repetition rate of its X-ray pulses, even the intermediate μs range have become accessible. Measuring dynamics on such fast timescales requires the development of new technologies such as the Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector (AGIPD). μs-XPCS is a promising technique to answer many scientific questions regarding microscopic structural dynamics, especially for soft condensed matter systems. However, obtaining reliable results with complex detectors at free-electron laser facilities is challenging and requires more sophisticated analysis methods compared to experiments at storage rings. Here, we discuss challenges and possible solutions to perform XPCS experiments with the AGIPD at European XFEL; in particular, at the Materials Imaging and Dynamics (MID) instrument. We present our data analysis pipeline and benchmark the results obtained at the MID instrument with a well-known sample composed by silica nanoparticles dispersed in water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Sub-Microsecond X-ray Science with Coherent Beams)
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11 pages, 3217 KiB  
Article
Single-Shot Coherent X-ray Imaging Instrument at PAL-XFEL
by Daeho Sung, Daewoong Nam, Myong-jin Kim, Seonghan Kim, Kyung Sook Kim, Sang-Youn Park, Sun Min Hwang, Chulho Jung, Heemin Lee, Do Hyung Cho, Minseok Kim, Intae Eom, Su Yong Lee, Changyong Song and Sangsoo Kim
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 5082; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11115082 - 30 May 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2742
Abstract
We developed a single-shot coherent X-ray imaging instrument at the hard X-ray beamline of the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory X-ray Free Electron Laser (PAL-XFEL). This experimental platform was established to conduct a variety of XFEL experiments, including coherent diffraction imaging (CDI), X-ray photon correlation [...] Read more.
We developed a single-shot coherent X-ray imaging instrument at the hard X-ray beamline of the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory X-ray Free Electron Laser (PAL-XFEL). This experimental platform was established to conduct a variety of XFEL experiments, including coherent diffraction imaging (CDI), X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS), and coherent X-ray scattering (CXS). Based on the forward-scattering geometry, this instrument utilizes a fixed-target method for sample delivery. It is well optimized for single-shot-based experiments in which one expects to observe the ultrafast phenomena of nanoparticles at picosecond temporal and nanometer spatial resolutions. In this paper, we introduce a single-shot coherent X-ray imaging instrument and report pump–probe coherent diffraction imaging (PPCDI) of Ag nanoparticles as an example of its applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Sub-Microsecond X-ray Science with Coherent Beams)
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Review

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33 pages, 15001 KiB  
Review
From Femtoseconds to Hours—Measuring Dynamics over 18 Orders of Magnitude with Coherent X-rays
by Felix Lehmkühler, Wojciech Roseker and Gerhard Grübel
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(13), 6179; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11136179 - 02 Jul 2021
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5426
Abstract
X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) enables the study of sample dynamics between micrometer and atomic length scales. As a coherent scattering technique, it benefits from the increased brilliance of the next-generation synchrotron radiation and Free-Electron Laser (FEL) sources. In this article, we will [...] Read more.
X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) enables the study of sample dynamics between micrometer and atomic length scales. As a coherent scattering technique, it benefits from the increased brilliance of the next-generation synchrotron radiation and Free-Electron Laser (FEL) sources. In this article, we will introduce the XPCS concepts and review the latest developments of XPCS with special attention on the extension of accessible time scales to sub-μs and the application of XPCS at FELs. Furthermore, we will discuss future opportunities of XPCS and the related technique X-ray speckle visibility spectroscopy (XSVS) at new X-ray sources. Due to its particular signal-to-noise ratio, the time scales accessible by XPCS scale with the square of the coherent flux, allowing to dramatically extend its applications. This will soon enable studies over more than 18 orders of magnitude in time by XPCS and XSVS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Sub-Microsecond X-ray Science with Coherent Beams)
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