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Applied Sciences
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Additive Manufacturing and System: From Methods to Applications
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Additive Manufacturing and System: From Methods to Applications

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Mechanical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (5 September 2021) | Viewed by 70024

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Namhun Kim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
The School of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea
Interests: design for additive manufacturing; simulations for additive manufacturing
Prof. Dr. Seung Ki Moon

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore
Interests: Advanced modeling and simulation; Design for additive manufacturing; Embedded sensor design for 3D Printing; Digital twins; Smart factory
Prof. Dr. Rohan Shirwaiker

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
Interests: 3D biofabrication and bioprinting; tissue engineering and regenerative medicine manufacturing; orthopaedic medical product development

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Additive manufacturing (AM or 3D printing) has been regarded as integral to the future manufacturing technologies of the fourth industrial revolution. Its limitless capability for incorporating complexities in design, processes, materials, and functionalities is gaining huge attention from both research and industry sectors. However, in reality, applying additive manufacturing in actual systems requires tremendous costs and efforts. The successful implementation and application of AM technologies in real systems requires that the breadth and depth of knowledge span the whole process of integrating and realizing a system, or a part, from design to production (and even to validation, maintenance, and quality assurance). The seamless combination of the design, simulation, process planning, and production for AM is essential from the perspective of implementing effective and efficient manufacturing systems.

In this Special Issue, we aim to cover additive manufacturing technology from method to application, especially in the fields of automotive, aerospace, and biomedical engineering, and sharing insights toward the industrial implementation of AM technology. The breadth and diversity of AM methods and applications are expected to provide a snapshot of some of the exciting research currently happening all over the globe.

Prof. Dr. Namhun Kim
Prof. Dr. Seung Ki Moon
Prof. Dr. Rohan Shirwaiker
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • design for additive manufacturing (DFAM)
  • simulation for additive manufacturing
  • additive manufacturing methods
  • additive manufacturing applications
  • advanced modeling and simulation for additive manufacturing process
  • material characterization for additive manufacturing
  • additive manufacturing in smart factories
  • industrial applications in automotive and aerospace
  • inspection and testing for additive manufacturing
  • quality assurance in additive manufacturing process
  • design and redesign methods for additive manufacturing
  • artificial intelligent approaches in additive manufacturing
  • data mining and knowledge discovery in additive manufacturing
  • optimization in additive manufacturing process
  • supply chain management involving additive manufacturing
  • life cycle analysis of additive manufactured products
  • medical applications of additive manufacturing

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 10632 KiB  
Article
An Integrative Experimental Approach to Design Optimization and Removal Strategies of Supporting Structures Used during L-PBF of SS316L Aortic Stents
by Marius Grad, Naresh Nadammal, Ulrich Schultheiss, Philipp Lulla and Ulf Noster
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 9176; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11199176 - 02 Oct 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2072
Abstract
One of the fundamental challenges in L-PBF of filigree geometries, such as aortic stents used in biomedical applications, is the requirement for a robust yet easily removable support structure that allows each component to be successfully fabricated without distortion. To solve this challenge, [...] Read more.
One of the fundamental challenges in L-PBF of filigree geometries, such as aortic stents used in biomedical applications, is the requirement for a robust yet easily removable support structure that allows each component to be successfully fabricated without distortion. To solve this challenge, an integrative experimental approach was attempted in the present study by identifying an optimal support structure design and an optimized support removal strategy for this design. The specimens were manufactured using four different support structure designs based on the geometry exposed to the laser beam during the L-PBF. Support removal procedures included sand blasting (SB), glass bead blasting (GB), and electrochemical polishing (ECP). The two best-performing designs (line and cross) were chosen due to shorter lead times and lower material consumption. As an additional factor that indicates a stable design, the breaking load requirement to remove the support structures was determined. A modified line support with a 145° included angle was shown to be the best support structure design in terms of breaking load, material consumption, and manufacturing time. All three procedures were used to ensure residue-free support removal for this modified line support design, with ECP proving to be the most effective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and System: From Methods to Applications)
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21 pages, 7050 KiB  
Article
A Robot-Centered Path-Planning Algorithm for Multidirectional Additive Manufacturing for WAAM Processes and Pure Object Manipulation
by Markus Schmitz, Jan Wiartalla, Markus Gelfgren, Samuel Mann, Burkhard Corves and Mathias Hüsing
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(13), 5759; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11135759 - 22 Jun 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3578
Abstract
Previous algorithms for slicing, path planning or trajectory planning of additive manufacturing cannot be used consistently for multidirectional additive manufacturing with pure object manipulation in wire-arc additive manufacturing. This work presents a novel path planning approach that directly takes robot kinematics into account [...] Read more.
Previous algorithms for slicing, path planning or trajectory planning of additive manufacturing cannot be used consistently for multidirectional additive manufacturing with pure object manipulation in wire-arc additive manufacturing. This work presents a novel path planning approach that directly takes robot kinematics into account and thus ensures the reachability of all critical path poses. In an additional step, the planned path segments are smoothed so that joint velocity limits are respected. It is shown that the implemented path planner generates executable robot paths and at the same time maintains the process quality (in this case, sufficient coverage of the slice area). While the introduced method enables the generation of reachable printing paths, the smoothing algorithm allows for the execution of the path with respect to the robot’s velocity limits and at the same time improves the slice coverage. Future experiments will show the realization of the real robot setup presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and System: From Methods to Applications)
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23 pages, 3422 KiB  
Article
Estimation and Improvement of the Achievable Tolerance Interval in Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing through a Multi-State Machine Performance Perspective
by Natalia Beltrán, Braulio J. Álvarez, David Blanco, Álvaro Noriega and Pedro Fernández
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(12), 5325; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11125325 - 08 Jun 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1707
Abstract
Dimensional quality is still a major concern in additive manufacturing (AM) processes and its improvement is key to closing the gap between prototype manufacturing and industrialized production. Mass production requires the full working space of the machine to be used, although this arrangement [...] Read more.
Dimensional quality is still a major concern in additive manufacturing (AM) processes and its improvement is key to closing the gap between prototype manufacturing and industrialized production. Mass production requires the full working space of the machine to be used, although this arrangement could lead to location-related differences in part quality. The present work proposes the application of a multi-state machine performance perspective to reduce the achievable tolerance intervals of features of linear size in material extrusion (MEX) processes. Considering aspecific dimensional parameter, the dispersion and location of the distribution of measured values between different states are analyzed to determine whether the production should be treated as single-state or multi-state. A design for additive manufacturing strategy then applies global or local size compensations to modify the 3D design file and reduce deviations between manufactured values and theoretical values. The variation in the achievable tolerance range before and after the optimization of design is evaluated by establishing a target machine performance index. This strategy has been applied to an external MEX-manufactured cylindrical surface in a case study. The results show that the multi-state perspective provides a better understanding of the sources of quality variability and allows for a significant reduction in the achievable tolerance interval. The proposed strategy could help to accelerate the industrial adoption of AM process by reducing differences in quality with respect to conventional processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and System: From Methods to Applications)
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12 pages, 3422 KiB  
Article
Design and Validation of an Open Source 3D Printer Based on Digital Ultraviolet Light Processing (DLP), for the Improvement of Traditional Artistic Casting Techniques for Microsculptures
by Jose Luis Saorin, Manuel Drago Diaz-Alemán, Jorge De la Torre-Cantero, Cecile Meier and Ithaisa Pérez Conesa
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(7), 3197; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11073197 - 02 Apr 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3087
Abstract
The adoption of open-source digital manufacturing technologies in small art workshops may improve their competitiveness. Pieces modeled by computer and made with FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) 3D printers that use PLA (polylactic acid) can be implemented in the procedures of artistic casting. However, [...] Read more.
The adoption of open-source digital manufacturing technologies in small art workshops may improve their competitiveness. Pieces modeled by computer and made with FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) 3D printers that use PLA (polylactic acid) can be implemented in the procedures of artistic casting. However, models printed by PLA are limited to approximate minimum sizes of 3 cm, and the optimal layer height resolution is 0.1 mm. These sizes and resolutions are not suitable for creating microsculptures used, in many cases, in jewelry. An alternative to solve this limitation, is to use a DMLS (Direct Metal Laser Sintering) 3D printer. However, due to its high cost, it is a technology that is difficult to introduce in small artistic foundries. This work detailed the design and validation of a DLP (Digital Light Processing) 3D printer, using backlit LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screens with ultraviolet light. Its development is totally “open source” and is proposed as a kit made up of electronic components, based on Arduino and easy to access mechanical components in the market. Most parts can be manufactured in low cost FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) 3D printers. The result is an affordable, high resolution (0.021 mm), and open-design printer that can be implemented in artistic contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and System: From Methods to Applications)
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15 pages, 1101 KiB  
Article
Review on Quality Control Methods in Metal Additive Manufacturing
by Jungeon Lee, Hyung Jun Park, Seunghak Chai, Gyu Ri Kim, Hwanwoong Yong, Suk Joo Bae and Daeil Kwon
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(4), 1966; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11041966 - 23 Feb 2021
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4648
Abstract
Metal additive manufacturing (AM) has several similarities to conventional metal manufacturing, such as welding and cladding. During the manufacturing process, both metal AM and welding experience repeated partial melting and cooling, referred to as deposition. Owing to deposition, metal AM and welded products [...] Read more.
Metal additive manufacturing (AM) has several similarities to conventional metal manufacturing, such as welding and cladding. During the manufacturing process, both metal AM and welding experience repeated partial melting and cooling, referred to as deposition. Owing to deposition, metal AM and welded products often share common product quality issues, such as layer misalignment, dimensional errors, and residual stress generation. This paper comprehensively reviews the similarities in quality monitoring methods between metal AM and conventional metal manufacturing. It was observed that a number of quality monitoring methods applied to metal AM and welding are interrelated; therefore, they can be used complementarily with each other. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and System: From Methods to Applications)
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11 pages, 2751 KiB  
Article
Forecasting Warping Deformation Using Multivariate Thermal Time Series and K-Nearest Neighbors in Fused Deposition Modeling
by Donghwan Song, Adrian Matias Chung Baek, Jageon Koo, Moise Busogi and Namhun Kim
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(24), 8951; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10248951 - 15 Dec 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2301
Abstract
Over the past decades, additive manufacturing has rapidly advanced due to its advantages in enabling diverse material usage and complex design production. Nevertheless, the technology has limitations in terms of quality, as printed products are sometimes different from their desired designs or are [...] Read more.
Over the past decades, additive manufacturing has rapidly advanced due to its advantages in enabling diverse material usage and complex design production. Nevertheless, the technology has limitations in terms of quality, as printed products are sometimes different from their desired designs or are inconsistent due to defects. Warping deformation, a defect involving layer shrinkage induced by the thermal residual stress generated during manufacturing processes, is a major factor in lowering the quality and raising the cost of printed products. This study utilized a variety of thermal time series data and the K-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm with dynamic time warping (DTW) to detect and predict the warping deformation in the printed parts using fused deposition modeling (FDM) printers. Multivariate thermal time series data extracted from thermocouples were trained using DTW-based KNN to classify warping deformation. The results showed that the proposed approach can predict warping deformation with an accuracy of over 80% by only using thermal time series data corresponding to 20% of the whole printing process. Additionally, the classification accuracy exhibited the promising potential of the proposed approach in warping prediction and in actual manufacturing processes, so the additional time and cost resulting from defective processes can be reduced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and System: From Methods to Applications)
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17 pages, 5091 KiB  
Article
Improvement of Radiant Heat Efficiency of the Radiant Tube Used for Continuous Annealing Line by Application of Additive Manufacturing Technology
by Won Ha, Jaehyun Ha, Yonghoon Roh and Youngseog Lee
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(22), 8132; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10228132 - 17 Nov 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2654
Abstract
This study presents the application of additive manufacturing (AM) technology to a W-type INCONEL radiant tube (RT) used to improve its radiant heat efficiency. Appropriate dimensions of honeycomb structure were determined from finite element (FE) analysis and the resulting increase in radiant heat [...] Read more.
This study presents the application of additive manufacturing (AM) technology to a W-type INCONEL radiant tube (RT) used to improve its radiant heat efficiency. Appropriate dimensions of honeycomb structure were determined from finite element (FE) analysis and the resulting increase in radiant heat was computed. The honeycomb patterns on the RT surfaces were printed using the directed energy deposition (DED) method. Radiant heat efficiency of a prototype RT with a honeycomb pattern printed was examined in a pilot furnace emulating the continuous annealing line (CAL). Finally, soundness of the prototype RT was tested on-site on the actual the CAL of No. 3 CGL in POSCO Gwangyang Steel Works. The results revealed that partial FE analysis, which predicts the amount of radiant heat by partially modeling the RT structure rather than modeling the entire RT structure, is suitable for overcoming the limitation of the computer memory capacity and calculating the design parameters of honeycomb patterns. The DED is suitable for printing honeycomb patterns on RT with large and curved surfaces. The average amount of gas consumed to maintain 780 °C and 880 °C for 1440 min was reduced by 10.42% and 12.31%, respectively. There were no cracks and no gas leaks on the RT surface in an annual inspection over three years. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and System: From Methods to Applications)
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18 pages, 4753 KiB  
Article
Data-Driven Adaptive Control for Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing with Automatic Controller Tuning
by Lequn Chen, Xiling Yao, Youxiang Chew, Fei Weng, Seung Ki Moon and Guijun Bi
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(22), 7967; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10227967 - 10 Nov 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3168
Abstract
Closed-loop control is desirable in direct energy deposition (DED) to stabilize the process and improve the fabrication quality. Most existing DED controllers require system identifications by experiments to obtain plant models or layer-dependent adaptive control rules, and such processes are cumbersome and time-consuming. [...] Read more.
Closed-loop control is desirable in direct energy deposition (DED) to stabilize the process and improve the fabrication quality. Most existing DED controllers require system identifications by experiments to obtain plant models or layer-dependent adaptive control rules, and such processes are cumbersome and time-consuming. This paper proposes a novel data-driven adaptive control strategy to adjust laser voltage with the melt pool size feedback. A multitasking controller architecture is developed to incorporate an autotuning unit that optimizes controller parameters based on the DED process data automatically. Experimental validations show improvements in the geometric accuracy and melt pool consistency of controlled samples. The main advantage of the proposed controller is that it can adapt to DED processes with different part shapes, materials, tool paths, and process parameters without tweaking. System identification is not required even when process conditions are changed, which reduces the controller implementation time and cost for end-users. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and System: From Methods to Applications)
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11 pages, 2127 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation of Deposition Pattern on the Temperature and Distortion of Direct Energy Deposition-Based Additive Manufactured Part
by Jaemin Lee and Hyun Chung
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7653; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10217653 - 29 Oct 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2772
Abstract
The effect of deposition pattern on the temperature and global distortion of Direct Metal Tooling (DMT) based Additive Manufactured (AM) is investigated through the experimental results of laser deposited SUS316. DMT is one of the Directed Energy Deposition (DED) processes. In situ temperature [...] Read more.
The effect of deposition pattern on the temperature and global distortion of Direct Metal Tooling (DMT) based Additive Manufactured (AM) is investigated through the experimental results of laser deposited SUS316. DMT is one of the Directed Energy Deposition (DED) processes. In situ temperature measurements were used to monitor the temperature of the substrates and global distortion patterns were analyzed using CMM (coordinate Measuring Machine) after the deposition. Six different patterns combining long raster and short raster patterns were considered for the case studies. The results showed that the deposition pattern affects the temperature gradient and that the peak temperature of each layer can increase or decrease according to the sequence of the deposition pattern. Also, the pattern of the first layer had a dominant influence on the longitudinal bending deflection that occurs. Based on these results, appropriate tool path schedule can be utilized to control not only the distortion but also the peak temperature of the DMT-based AM parts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and System: From Methods to Applications)
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16 pages, 3668 KiB  
Article
Experimental Characterization and Finite Element Modeling of the Effects of 3D Bioplotting Process Parameters on Structural and Tensile Properties of Polycaprolactone (PCL) Scaffolds
by Lokesh Karthik Narayanan and Rohan A. Shirwaiker
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(15), 5289; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10155289 - 30 Jul 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2250
Abstract
In this study we characterized the process–structure interactions in melt extrusion-based 3D bioplotting of polycaprolactone (PCL) and developed predictive models to enable the efficient design and processing of scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. First, the effects of pneumatic extrusion pressure (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, [...] Read more.
In this study we characterized the process–structure interactions in melt extrusion-based 3D bioplotting of polycaprolactone (PCL) and developed predictive models to enable the efficient design and processing of scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. First, the effects of pneumatic extrusion pressure (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 N/mm2), nozzle speed (0.1, 0.4, 1.0, 1.4 mm/s), strand lay orientation (0°, 45°, 90°, 135°), and strand length (10, 20, 30 mm) on the strand width were investigated and a regression model was developed to map strand width to the two significant parameters (extrusion pressure and nozzle speed; p < 0.05). Then, proliferation of NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells in scaffolds with two different stand widths fabricated with different combinations of the two significant parameters was assessed over 7 days, which showed that the strand width had a significant effect on proliferation (p < 0.05). The effect of strand lay orientation (0° and 90°) on tensile properties of non-porous PCL specimens was determined and was found to be significantly higher for specimens with 0° lay orientation (p < 0.05). Finally, these data were used to develop and experimentally validate a finite element model for a porous PCL specimen with 1:1 ratio of inter-strand spacing to strand width. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and System: From Methods to Applications)
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21 pages, 2960 KiB  
Article
A Decision-Support Model for Additive Manufacturing Scheduling Using an Integrative Analytic Hierarchy Process and Multi-Objective Optimization
by Kasin Ransikarbum, Rapeepan Pitakaso and Namhun Kim
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(15), 5159; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10155159 - 27 Jul 2020
Cited by 59 | Viewed by 3803
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) became widespread through several organizations due to its benefits in providing design freedom, inventory improvement, cost reduction, and supply chain design. Process planning in AM involving various AM technologies is also complicated and scarce. Thus, this study proposed a decision-support [...] Read more.
Additive manufacturing (AM) became widespread through several organizations due to its benefits in providing design freedom, inventory improvement, cost reduction, and supply chain design. Process planning in AM involving various AM technologies is also complicated and scarce. Thus, this study proposed a decision-support tool that integrates production and distribution planning in AM involving material extrusion (ME), stereolithography (SLA), and selective laser sintering (SLS). A multi-objective optimization approach was used to schedule component batches to a network of AM printers. Next, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique was used to analyze trade-offs among conflicting criteria. The developed model was then demonstrated in a decision-support system environment to enhance practitioners’ applications. Then, the developed model was verified through a case study using automotive and healthcare parts. Finally, an experimental design was conducted to evaluate the complexity of the model and computation time by varying the number of parts, printer types, and distribution locations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and System: From Methods to Applications)
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Review

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31 pages, 29073 KiB  
Review
Advances in Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review of Common Processes, Industrial Applications, and Current Challenges
by Ana Vafadar, Ferdinando Guzzomi, Alexander Rassau and Kevin Hayward
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(3), 1213; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11031213 - 28 Jan 2021
Cited by 241 | Viewed by 28260
Abstract
In recent years, Additive Manufacturing (AM), also called 3D printing, has been expanding into several industrial sectors due to the technology providing opportunities in terms of improved functionality, productivity, and competitiveness. While metal AM technologies have almost unlimited potential, and the range of [...] Read more.
In recent years, Additive Manufacturing (AM), also called 3D printing, has been expanding into several industrial sectors due to the technology providing opportunities in terms of improved functionality, productivity, and competitiveness. While metal AM technologies have almost unlimited potential, and the range of applications has increased in recent years, industries have faced challenges in the adoption of these technologies and coping with a turbulent market. Despite the extensive work that has been completed on the properties of metal AM materials, there is still a need of a robust understanding of processes, challenges, application-specific needs, and considerations associated with these technologies. Therefore, the goal of this study is to present a comprehensive review of the most common metal AM technologies, an exploration of metal AM advancements, and industrial applications for the different AM technologies across various industry sectors. This study also outlines current limitations and challenges, which prevent industries to fully benefit from the metal AM opportunities, including production volume, standards compliance, post processing, product quality, maintenance, and materials range. Overall, this paper provides a survey as the benchmark for future industrial applications and research and development projects, in order to assist industries in selecting a suitable AM technology for their application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and System: From Methods to Applications)
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26 pages, 4612 KiB  
Review
Review and New Aspects in Combining Multipoint Moulding and Additive Manufacturing
by Thomas Herzog and Carsten Tille
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(3), 1201; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11031201 - 28 Jan 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2028
Abstract
Additive manufacturing has become a very important manufacturing method in the last years. With additive manufacturing, a higher level of function integration can be achieved compared to traditional manufacturing technologies. However, the manufacturing of larger parts leads to long construction times. A possible [...] Read more.
Additive manufacturing has become a very important manufacturing method in the last years. With additive manufacturing, a higher level of function integration can be achieved compared to traditional manufacturing technologies. However, the manufacturing of larger parts leads to long construction times. A possible solution is the combination of multipoint moulding with additive manufactured form elements. This article reviews the state of technology for multipoint moulding and additive manufacturing. Moreover, the state of technology is analysed to outline the possibilities and challenges of combining both technologies. The review shows that there has been research on different challenges of the new production process. On the other hand, it turns out clearly that there are many open points at the intersections of both technologies. Finally, the areas where further research is necessary are described in detail. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and System: From Methods to Applications)
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17 pages, 4451 KiB  
Review
3D and 4D Printing of Multistable Structures
by Hoon Yeub Jeong, Soo-Chan An, Yeonsoo Lim, Min Ji Jeong, Namhun Kim and Young Chul Jun
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7254; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10207254 - 16 Oct 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5867
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a new paradigm in customized manufacturing and allows the fabrication of complex structures that are difficult to realize with other conventional methods. Four-dimensional (4D) printing adds active, responsive functions to 3D-printed components, which can respond to various environmental stimuli. [...] Read more.
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a new paradigm in customized manufacturing and allows the fabrication of complex structures that are difficult to realize with other conventional methods. Four-dimensional (4D) printing adds active, responsive functions to 3D-printed components, which can respond to various environmental stimuli. This review introduces recent ideas in 3D and 4D printing of mechanical multistable structures. Three-dimensional printing of multistable structures can enable highly reconfigurable components, which can bring many new breakthroughs to 3D printing. By adopting smart materials in multistable structures, more advanced functionalities and enhanced controllability can also be obtained in 4D printing. This could be useful for various smart and programmable actuators. In this review, we first introduce three representative approaches for 3D printing of multistable structures: strained layers, compliant mechanisms, and mechanical metamaterials. Then, we discuss 4D printing of multistable structures that can help overcome the limitation of conventional 4D printing research. Lastly, we conclude with future prospects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and System: From Methods to Applications)
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