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Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy
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Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Mechanical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2020) | Viewed by 140918

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Redha Taiar

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physical Education and Sports (EPS), University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
Interests: biomechanics of health disease and rehabilitation; industry engineering for medicine and high-level sport
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Mario Bernardo-Filho

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Interests: integrative and complementary medicine (auriculotherapy and acupuncture), mechanical vibrations
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The purpose of this special issue is to specify the principles of mathematics, functional anatomy and mechanics to explore and understand biological problems. This can be an augmented human research in biomechanics. Our objective is to summarize the most important biomechanical parameters influencing human performance related to the health sciences for all age groups, throughout their lives. We encourage papers aims to promote the latest researches in the field of biomechanics and to summarize the better recommendations. Help to prevent functional decline and frailty following a Life Course Perspective Approach through the utilisation of the latest research in biomechanics and their applications targeted to all stages of life aimed at the prevention, improve performance and management of diseases. Biomechanical tools and methods permit to quantify and improve the discriminate parameters characterizing movement in different cases such as sport level, work and patients daily lives. The aim is to effectively combine and coordinate biomechanical research and results in order to understand and improve human mechanics in medicine, sport and at work.

Prof. Redha Taiar
Prof. Mario Bernardo-Filho
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • sport performance
  • sport science
  • Mechanical analyses of sports
  • sport medicine
  • gait and posture
  • injury biomechanics
  • musculoskeletal and neuromuscular biomechanics
  • human behavior
  • musculoskeletal disorders
  • ergonomy science

Published Papers (35 papers)

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10 pages, 1006 KiB  
Article
Impact of High Intensity Interval Training Using Elastic Bands on Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: A Pilot Study
by Rodrigo Martín-San Agustín, Alejandro José Laguna Sanz, Jorge Bondia, Enrique Roche, Josep C. Benítez Martínez and F. Javier Ampudia-Blasco
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(19), 6988; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10196988 - 07 Oct 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2401
Abstract
High intensity interval training (HIIT) using elastic bands is easy to do, but no data on its impact on glycemic control in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are available. Six males with T1D performed three weekly sessions of HIIT using elastic bands [...] Read more.
High intensity interval training (HIIT) using elastic bands is easy to do, but no data on its impact on glycemic control in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are available. Six males with T1D performed three weekly sessions of HIIT using elastic bands for 12 weeks. Each session consisted of eight exercises. Glycemic control was evaluated by using intermittent scanning continuous glucose monitoring two weeks before study onset (baseline) and during the intervention period in the first two (first stage) and last two weeks (last stage). In the 24 h post-exercise, time-in-range (70–180 mg/dL) was reduced from baseline to the end of the study (67.2% to 63.0%), and time-above-range (>180 mg/dL) seemed to increase from baseline across the study (20.8% → 27.5% → 22.1%, from baseline → first → last stage), but did not show any statistical significance. Time in hypoglycemia (either < 70 mg/dL or <54 mg/dL) did not show statistically significant differences. This study shows that a HIIT program with elastic bands is safe and effective to perform in T1D patients, keeping blood glucose levels in a safe range. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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19 pages, 2572 KiB  
Article
Selection of Posture for Time-Trial Cycling Events
by Alejandra P. Polanco, Luis E. Muñoz, Alberto Doria and Daniel R. Suarez
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(18), 6546; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10186546 - 19 Sep 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3970
Abstract
Cyclists usually define their posture according to performance and comfort requirements. However, when modifying their posture, cyclists experience a trade-off between these requirements. In this research, an optimization methodology is developed to select the posture of cyclists giving the best compromise between performance [...] Read more.
Cyclists usually define their posture according to performance and comfort requirements. However, when modifying their posture, cyclists experience a trade-off between these requirements. In this research, an optimization methodology is developed to select the posture of cyclists giving the best compromise between performance and comfort. Performance was defined as the race time estimated from the power delivery capacity and resistive forces. Comfort was characterized using pressure and vibration indices. The optimization methodology was implemented to select the aerobars’ height for five cyclists riding on 20-km time-trial races with different wind speed and road grade conditions. The results showed that the reduction of the aerobars’ height improved the drag area (−10.7% ± 3.1%) and deteriorated the power delivery capacity (−9.5% ± 5.4%), pressure on the saddle (+16.5% ± 11.5%), and vibrations on the saddle (+6.5% ± 4.0%) for all the tested cyclists. It was observed that the vibrations on the saddle imposed the greatest constraint for the cyclists, limiting the feasible exposure time and, in some cases, modifying the result obtained if the posture was selected considering only performance. It was concluded that optimal posture selection should be performed specifically for each cyclist and race condition due to the dependence of the results on these factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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14 pages, 1602 KiB  
Article
Development and Application of a Motion Analysis Protocol for the Kinematic Evaluation of Basic and Functional Hand and Finger Movements Using Motion Capture in a Clinical Setting—A Repeatability Study
by Gabriella Fischer, Diana Jermann, Renate List, Lisa Reissner and Maurizio Calcagni
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(18), 6436; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10186436 - 16 Sep 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2906
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a motion analysis protocol that allows the simultaneous assessment of all hand and finger joint movements. The objective was to demonstrate repeatability for future clinical applications in functional assessments. This study includes selection of marker [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to develop a motion analysis protocol that allows the simultaneous assessment of all hand and finger joint movements. The objective was to demonstrate repeatability for future clinical applications in functional assessments. This study includes selection of marker positions, movement tasks, kinematic approaches and a comparison of the two most commonly used finger marker sets. By using a test–retest measurement of the range of motion in twenty healthy volunteers, the repeatability of the developed protocol was validated. Estimated errors of the presented method ranged from 1.2° to 6.4°. Finger joint angles derived from the marker set with two markers per segment showed better repeatability (3.7°) than with markers located on the joints (5.1°). Given the high repeatability found, the presented method appears to be suitable for clinical applications. For the fingers, measurement repeatability can be improved by using at least two markers per segment. Within this study, advanced kinematic approaches, such as functional determination of joint centers and axes, are applied to the analysis of hand movements. The provided standard values and estimate of the minimal detectable differences provide a valuable basis for meaningful data interpretation and may be used for future comparison with other protocols. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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12 pages, 1562 KiB  
Article
Assessing Stiffness, Joint Torque and ROM for Paretic and Non-Paretic Lower Limbs during the Subacute Phase of Stroke Using Lokomat Tools
by Betsy D. M. Chaparro-Rico, Daniele Cafolla, Paolo Tortola and Giuseppe Galardi
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(18), 6168; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10186168 - 04 Sep 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2922
Abstract
The efficacy of Lokomat on motor recovery in stroke patients is well known. However, few studies have examined Lokomat tools to assess stiffness, joint torque and range of motion (ROM) during the subacute phase of stroke. The purpose of this retrospective observational study [...] Read more.
The efficacy of Lokomat on motor recovery in stroke patients is well known. However, few studies have examined Lokomat tools to assess stiffness, joint torque and range of motion (ROM) during the subacute phase of stroke. The purpose of this retrospective observational study is to assess the changes of joint torque, ROM and stiffness that were estimated with Lokomat tools, namely L-FORCE (lower limb-force), L-ROM (lower limb-range of motion)and L-STIFF (lower limb-stiff), for paretic and non-paretic lower limbs in the subacute phase of stroke, assuming that the tools were able to measure these changes. The data come from 10 subjects in the subacute phase who had their first ever-stroke and followed a treatment that included Lokomat. The measurements came from basal assessments (T0) and one-month follow-up (T1). The measures were compared between paretic and non-paretic legs, and between T0 and T1. Significant differences in stiffness, joint torque and ROM were obtained between the paretic and non-paretic limbs at both T0 and T1. A non-significant trend was obtained for reduced stiffness and increased torque and ROM between T0 and T1 of the paretic limbs. The Lokomat tools were able to measure the changes between paretic and non-paretic legs and the small changes between T0 and T1 measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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16 pages, 2135 KiB  
Article
Acute Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Exercise on Pain Level, Functionality, and Rating of Exertion of Elderly Obese Knee Osteoarthritis Individuals: A Randomized Study
by Marcia Cristina Moura-Fernandes, Eloá Moreira-Marconi, Alexandre Gonçalves de Meirelles, Aline Reis-Silva, Luiz Felipe Ferreira de Souza, Adriana Lírio Pereira da Silva, Bruno Bessa Monteiro de Oliveira, Marco Antonio de Souza Gama, Ana Carolina Coelho de Oliveira, Daniel Batouli-Santos, Ygor Teixeira da Silva, Luiza Torres-Nunes, Vanessa da Silva Caiado, Maria Eduarda de Souza Melo-Oliveira, Eliane de Oliveira Guedes de Aguiar, Liszt Palmeira de Oliveira, Alan de Paula Mozella, Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos, Mario José dos Santos Pereira, Vinicius Layter Xavier, Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda, Vanessa Amaral Mendonça, Borja Sañudo, Adérito Seixas, Redha Taiar, Danúbia da Cunha de Sá-Caputo and Mario Bernardo-Filhoadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(17), 5870; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10175870 - 25 Aug 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3211
Abstract
Introduction: Among chronic diseases, knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a joint disease that causes important progressive alterations in the articular and periarticular structures, including synovial inflammation. Exercise has been suggested as an intervention to KOA individuals, and studies suggest that whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise [...] Read more.
Introduction: Among chronic diseases, knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a joint disease that causes important progressive alterations in the articular and periarticular structures, including synovial inflammation. Exercise has been suggested as an intervention to KOA individuals, and studies suggest that whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise decreases pain levels and favours the functionality of KOA individuals. Objective: The aim of the present study is to analyze the acute effects of WBV exercise on pain levels, functionality (Timed Up and Go (TUG test), anterior trunk flexion (ATF)), and rating of exertion of elderly obese KOA individuals. Methods: Thirty-seven individuals with KOA were allocated to a WBV exercise group (WBVEG), n = 19 (15 females/4 males), and a control group (CG), n = 18 (15 females/3 males). WBVEG performed one session of WBV exercise (11 min, using 5 Hz, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mm, 0.12, 0.25, and 0.37 g). Three bouts were performed (working time of 3 min and rest time of 1 min) using a side-alternating vibrating platform (VP). The same position was used in CG; however, the VP was turned off and there was equipment coupled to the VP that emitted a sound like the vibrations. The pain level was evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS). Functionality was evaluated with a TUG test and ATF. The rating of subjectively perceived exertion was measured with the category ratio CR-10 (BORG Scale CR-10), Results: A reduction of pain levels in WBVEG after the intervention (p = 0.001) and intergroups (p = 0.041) was found. A decrease of TUG test time in both groups (p = 0.001) and intergroups (p = 0.045) was found, while no statistical changes were observed in the Borg Scale score. Significant improvements of flexibility in both groups (p = 0.001) and intergroups (p = 0.043) were found. Conclusion: One session of WBV exercise can lead to important improvements in individuals with KOA, possibly triggered by physiological responses. However, more studies are needed, in this clinical context, to confirm these results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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15 pages, 1461 KiB  
Article
Test-Retest, Inter-Rater and Intra-Rater Reliability for Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters Using SANE (an eaSy gAit aNalysis systEm) as Measuring Instrument
by Betsy D. M. Chaparro-Rico and Daniele Cafolla
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(17), 5781; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10175781 - 20 Aug 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3843
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated the validity of Kinect-based systems to measure spatiotemporal parameters of gait. However, few studies have addressed test-retest, inter-rater and intra-rater reliability for spatiotemporal gait parameters. This study aims to assess test-retest, inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of SANE (eaSy gAit aNalysis [...] Read more.
Studies have demonstrated the validity of Kinect-based systems to measure spatiotemporal parameters of gait. However, few studies have addressed test-retest, inter-rater and intra-rater reliability for spatiotemporal gait parameters. This study aims to assess test-retest, inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of SANE (eaSy gAit aNalysis system) as a measuring instrument for spatiotemporal gait parameters. SANE comprises a depth sensor and a software that automatically estimates spatiotemporal gait parameters using distances between ankles without the need to manually indicate where each gait cycle begins and ends. Gait analysis was conducted by 2 evaluators for 12 healthy subjects during 4 sessions. The reliability was evaluated using Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC). In addition, the Standard Error of the Measurement (SEM), and Smallest Detectable Change (SDC) was calculated. SANE showed from an acceptable to an excellent test-retest, inter-rater and intra-rater reliability; test-retest reliability ranged from 0.62 to 0.81, inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.70 to 0.95 and intra-rater ranged from 0.74 to 0.92. The subject behavior had a greater effect on the reliability of SANE than the evaluator performance. The reliability values of SANE were comparable with other similar studies. SANE, as a feasible and markerless system, has large potential for assessing spatiotemporal gait parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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12 pages, 3504 KiB  
Article
Validation of a Bar Linkage Model for Joint Angle Estimation during Cycling
by Sien Dieltiens, Kurt Claeys, Jordi D’hondt, Henri Devroey, Marc Juwet and Eric Demeester
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(15), 5104; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10155104 - 24 Jul 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1841
Abstract
Measuring lower extremity joint angles during cycling is interesting to derive joint loading from contact forces at the pedals and to determine the cause of cycling injuries. Traditionally, joint angles are determined in a stationary setup with high-resolution cameras that track marker movement [...] Read more.
Measuring lower extremity joint angles during cycling is interesting to derive joint loading from contact forces at the pedals and to determine the cause of cycling injuries. Traditionally, joint angles are determined in a stationary setup with high-resolution cameras that track marker movement in a lab environment. Alternatively, joint angles can be estimated mathematically in-situ: the lower extremities, bicycle frame and pedal arms are presented as a 5 bar linkage system which is fully defined by the lower extremity segment lengths, seat height and pedal position. As most instrumented pedals for power measurements include pedal orientation measurements, the bar linkage system demands no special equipment to derive joint loadings from pedal loads. The aim of this study is to validate the bar linkage system for joint angle estimation in the sagittal plane during in-situ cycling. Ten subjects cycled on a stationary bike while the hip, knee and ankle angles were measured with a Vicon optoelectronic motion capture system and simultaneously calculated with the bar linkage system. The results were averaged to subject-specific and method-specific ensemble average curves in the function of the phase in the pedal cycle and compared by a correlation analysis, Bland Altman plot, and Spm1D paired T-test. The hip and knee angle estimation of the bar linkage system showed no statistically significant difference from the optoelectronic system. Moreover, the ankle showed a statistically significant difference in the last half of the recovery phase of the pedal cycle. As the difference was maximally 3°, it has no clinical significance when deriving joint loading from contact forces at the pedal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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13 pages, 2132 KiB  
Communication
Biomechanically-Informed Training: The Four Pillars for Knee and ACL Injury Prevention Built Upon Behavior Change and Motivation Principles
by Cyril J. Donnelly, Ben S. Jackson, Daniel F. Gucciardi and Jeff Reinbolt
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(13), 4470; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10134470 - 28 Jun 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3851
Abstract
Injury prevention frameworks are critical for preventing musculoskeletal injury and improving rehabilitation outcomes. However, their relative successes in translation arguably rely on two interlinked components: (1) the quality of the empirical evidence used to develop the intervention (content), and (2) the effective application [...] Read more.
Injury prevention frameworks are critical for preventing musculoskeletal injury and improving rehabilitation outcomes. However, their relative successes in translation arguably rely on two interlinked components: (1) the quality of the empirical evidence used to develop the intervention (content), and (2) the effective application of behavior change and motivation principles to optimise participant adherence and engagement (delivery). The purpose of this commentary is to develop an injury prevention and rehabilitation framework using the best available physics-based simulation, biomechanics, and behavior change research. The intervention as a whole is entitled biomechanically-informed training (BIT). While investigators have previously examined the relative merits of different training genres (e.g., plyometric, balance, resistance), what makes BIT novel is that it explicitly targets the biomechanical mechanisms that mitigate musculoskeletal injury risk (i.e., force) in ways that are underpinned by established behavior change principles. The four pillars of BIT refer to focused exercise use, irrespective of the training genre, to improve an individual’s: (1) knee flexion dynamics, (2) dynamic trunk control, (3) gastrocnemius muscle strength, and (4) hip muscular strength. We also present experimental data from two independent training studies verifying the efficacy of BIT for the prevention of knee and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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13 pages, 1300 KiB  
Article
Effect of Whole-Body Vibration on the Functional Responses of the Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis by the Electromyographic Profile of the Vastus Lateralis Muscles during the Five-Repetition Chair Stand Test: A Randomized Crossover Trial
by Eloá Moreira-Marconi, Ygor Teixeira-Silva, Alexandre Gonçalves de Meirelles, Marcia Cristina Moura-Fernandes, Patrícia Lopes-Souza, Aline Reis-Silva, Renata Marques Marchon, Eliane de Oliveira Guedes-Aguiar, Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos, Danúbia da Cunha de Sá-Caputo, Maria Eduarda de Souza Melo-Oliveira, Bruno Bessa Monteiro de Oliveira, Marco Antônio de Souza Gama, Roges Alvim-Oliveira, Daniel Batouli-Santos, Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda, Vanessa Amaral Mendonça, Vinicius Layter Xavier, Liszt Palmeira de Oliveira, Alan de Paula Mozella, Borja Sañudo, Adérito Seixas, Redha Taiar, Darryl Cochrane and Mario Bernardo-Filhoadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(12), 4302; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10124302 - 23 Jun 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2605
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) can cause functional disability. Neuromuscular function is relevant in the development and progression of KOA. It can be evaluated by the analysis of the surface electromyography (sEMG), which has an important role in the understanding of KOA. Whole-body vibration (WBV) [...] Read more.
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) can cause functional disability. Neuromuscular function is relevant in the development and progression of KOA. It can be evaluated by the analysis of the surface electromyography (sEMG), which has an important role in the understanding of KOA. Whole-body vibration (WBV) is an intervention suggested to treat KOA. The objective of this work was to verify the effectiveness of WBV on the functionality of lower limbs by the electromyographic profile of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscles during the five-repetition chair stand test (5CST) in patients with KOA. This was a two-period crossover trial study (8-week washout). Nineteen patients with KOA were allocated to the group submitted to WBV (WBVG), with peak-to-peak displacement of 2.5 to 7.5 mm, frequency from 5 to 14 Hz, and acceleration peak from 0.12 to 2.95 g, or to the control group (0 Hz) (2 days per week for 5 weeks). The 5CST and the sEMG of the VL during 5CST were evaluated before and after the interventions. Results: Significant differences in 5CST were evident only in WBVG (p = 0.018), showing a decrease of the execution time. The sEMG profile showed no significative difference. Therefore, only 10 sessions of WBV with comfortable posture can bring about improvement in functionality of KOA patients without alteration of the muscle excitation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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18 pages, 6510 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study of a Customized Transtibial Prosthesis Based on an Analytical Design under a Flex-Foot® Variflex® Architecture
by Marco Antonio Hernández-Acosta, Christopher René Torres-San Miguel, Armando Josue Piña-Díaz, Juan Carlos Paredes-Rojas, Luis Antonio Aguilar-Peréz and Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(12), 4275; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10124275 - 22 Jun 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2713
Abstract
This work addresses the design, analysis, and validation of a transtibial custom prosthesis. The methodology consists of the usage of videometry to analyze angular relationships between joints, moments, and reaction forces in the human gait cycle. The customized geometric model of the proposed [...] Read more.
This work addresses the design, analysis, and validation of a transtibial custom prosthesis. The methodology consists of the usage of videometry to analyze angular relationships between joints, moments, and reaction forces in the human gait cycle. The customized geometric model of the proposed prosthesis was defined by considering healthy feet for the initial design. The prosthesis model was developed by considering the Flex-Foot® Variflex® architecture on a design basis. By means of the analytical method, the size and material of the final model were calculated. The behavior of the prosthesis was evaluated analytically by a curved elements analysis and the Castigliano theorem, and numerically by the Finite Element Method (FEM). The outcome shows the differences between the analytical and numerical methods for the final prosthesis design, with an error rate no greater than 6.5%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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12 pages, 7174 KiB  
Article
A New Method of Contact Stress Measurement for Analyzing Internal Impingement Syndrome of the Shoulder: Potentials and Preliminary Evaluation
by Seong-wook Jang, Yon-Sik Yoo and Yoon Sang Kim
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(12), 4165; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10124165 - 17 Jun 2020
Viewed by 3239
Abstract
Shoulder impingement syndrome causes critical disorders such as rotator cuff tear or superior labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesion in both the general public and in athletes whose sports involve throwing. Nevertheless, the biomechanics of the syndrome still have not been clarified. Contact [...] Read more.
Shoulder impingement syndrome causes critical disorders such as rotator cuff tear or superior labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesion in both the general public and in athletes whose sports involve throwing. Nevertheless, the biomechanics of the syndrome still have not been clarified. Contact stress measurement in vivo during shoulder motion is essential to identifying the biomechanics of the syndrome. There have been no reports to date regarding internal impingement syndrome among the syndrome studied by using the finite element method (FEM). The proposed method simulates the internal impingement syndrome according to shoulder motion using the FEM. The method solves the critical process zone error at the supraspinatus tendon insertion according to impingement of the 3D biomechanical model by relaxing the boundary condition for representation of shoulder motion. The simulation results confirmed that the proposed method allowed for the analysis of internal impingement syndrome by measuring contact stress (23.13 MPa) during shoulder motion. The performance of the proposed method was examined through the differential displacement (maximum 3.28 mm) in shoulder motion by boundary condition relaxation. The result of the simulation was consistent with the clinical findings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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10 pages, 1317 KiB  
Article
Do Progressive Sensorimotor Training Devices Produce A Graded Increase in Centre of Mass Displacement During Unipedal Balance Exercises in Athletes
by Nina Gras, Torsten Brauner, Scott Wearing and Thomas Horstmann
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(11), 3893; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10113893 - 04 Jun 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2266
Abstract
Progression of the difficulty of agility exercises in sport is often achieved by changing the stability of the support surface via graded sensorimotor training devices. However, little is known about the challenge imposed to postural equilibrium by these graded devices. This study quantified [...] Read more.
Progression of the difficulty of agility exercises in sport is often achieved by changing the stability of the support surface via graded sensorimotor training devices. However, little is known about the challenge imposed to postural equilibrium by these graded devices. This study quantified the instability provided by four sensorimotor training devices typically used to enhance athletic performance; three progressively unstable balance pads (ST1–3) and an oscillatory platform (PM). Twenty-five (13 female, 12 male) young adults (age, 26 ± 3 yr; height, 1.76 ± 0.10 m; and weight, 69 ± 12 kg), completed seven unipedal balance conditions involving stable and progressively unstable surfaces that involved four sensorimotor training devices (ST1-3, PM) and their combination (PM-ST1, PM-ST2). An inertial sensor, mounted over the lumbar spine, was used to monitor Centre of Mass (COM) displacement in each condition. Potential differences in COM displacement between conditions were assessed using a mixed-model analysis of variance. COM displacement differed between training devices; with a progressive, though non-linear, increase in COM displacement from the most (ST1) to the least (ST3) stable balance pad. However, there was no significant difference in COM displacement between the least stable balance pad (ST3) and the oscillatory platform used in isolation (PM) or in combination with balance pads (PM-ST1, PM-ST2). These novel findings have important practical implications for the design of progressive sensorimotor training programs in sport. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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13 pages, 1642 KiB  
Article
Effects of Basketball Shoe Midsole Hardness on Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Perception during Drop Jumping from Different Heights
by Rebecca Alonzo, Crosby Teo, Jing Wen Pan, Phillis Soek Po Teng, Thorsten Sterzing and Pui Wah Kong
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(10), 3594; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10103594 - 22 May 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5093
Abstract
This study investigated how midsole hardness of basketball footwear affects lower extremity biomechanics and impacts perception in drop vertical jumps. Eighteen male basketball players performed drop vertical jumps from three heights (31 cm, 46 cm, 61 cm) in basketball shoes of different midsole [...] Read more.
This study investigated how midsole hardness of basketball footwear affects lower extremity biomechanics and impacts perception in drop vertical jumps. Eighteen male basketball players performed drop vertical jumps from three heights (31 cm, 46 cm, 61 cm) in basketball shoes of different midsole hardness (50, 60 Asker C). Biomechanical variables of the lower extremity and subjective perception were measured. This study found a significant drop height effect on the lower extremity biomechanics (p < 0.05), with greater ground reaction forces, joint kinetics, and prelanding muscle activation levels observed at higher drop heights. Basketball shoes with a softer midsole led to higher forefoot peak force (p = 0.028) amid lower rearfoot peak force (p = 0.046), lower peak flexion moments at the ankle (p = 0.024) and hip joints (p = 0.029), and greater prelanding muscle activation in the rectus femoris (p = 0.042) and tibialis anterior (p = 0.043). It is concluded that changing midsole hardness within a commercially relevant range triggered a different prelanding muscle activation strategy and hence altered the magnitudes of ground reaction forces and joint loadings during landing. Subjectively, participants perceived higher landing impacts with greater drop heights, though the strength of the associations were weak. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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15 pages, 5103 KiB  
Article
EMG-Assisted Algorithm to Account for Shoulder Muscles Co-Contraction in Overhead Manual Handling
by Najoua Assila, Claudio Pizzolato, Romain Martinez, David G. Lloyd and Mickaël Begon
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(10), 3522; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10103522 - 20 May 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3561
Abstract
Glenohumeral stability is essential for a healthy function of the shoulder. It is ensured partly by the scapulohumeral muscular balance. Accordingly, modelling muscle interactions is a key factor in the understanding of occupational pathologies, and the development of ergonomic interventions. While static optimization [...] Read more.
Glenohumeral stability is essential for a healthy function of the shoulder. It is ensured partly by the scapulohumeral muscular balance. Accordingly, modelling muscle interactions is a key factor in the understanding of occupational pathologies, and the development of ergonomic interventions. While static optimization is commonly used to estimate muscle activations, it tends to underestimate the role of shoulder’s antagonist muscles. The purpose of this study was to implement experimental electromyographic (EMG) data to predict muscle activations that could account for the stabilizing role of the shoulder muscles. Kinematics and EMG were recorded from 36 participants while lifting a box from hip to eye level. Muscle activations and glenohumeral joint reactions were estimated using an EMG-assisted algorithm and compared to those obtained using static optimization with a generic and calibrated model. Muscle activations predicted with the EMG-assisted method were generally larger. Additionally, more interactions between the different rotator cuff muscles, as well as between primer actuators and stabilizers, were predicted with the EMG-assisted method. Finally, glenohumeral forces calculated from a calibrated model remained within the boundaries of the glenoid stability cone. These findings suggest that EMG-assisted methods could account for scapulohumeral muscle co-contraction, and thus their contribution to the glenohumeral stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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13 pages, 2760 KiB  
Article
Exercise-Induced Hemodynamic Changes in Muscle Tissue: Implication of Muscle Fatigue
by Qitao Tan, Yan Wang, Tony Lin-Wei Chen, Duo Wai-Chi Wong, Fei Yan, Zengyong Li and Ming Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(10), 3512; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10103512 - 19 May 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2971
Abstract
This research aims to investigate the development of muscle fatigue and the recovery process revealed by tissue oxygenation. The tissue hemodynamics were measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during a 30-min pre-exercise rest, a 40-cycle heel-lift exercise and a 30-min post-exercise recovery. Wavelet transform [...] Read more.
This research aims to investigate the development of muscle fatigue and the recovery process revealed by tissue oxygenation. The tissue hemodynamics were measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during a 30-min pre-exercise rest, a 40-cycle heel-lift exercise and a 30-min post-exercise recovery. Wavelet transform was used to obtain the normalized wavelet energy in six frequency intervals (I–VI) and inverse wavelet transform was applied to extract exercise-induced oscillations from the hemodynamic signals. During the exercise phase, the contraction-related oscillations in the total hemoglobin signal (ΔtHb) showed a decreasing trend while the fluctuations in the tissue oxygenation index (TOI) displayed an increasing tendency. The mean TOI value was significantly higher (p < 0.001) under recovery (65.04% ± 2.90%) than that under rest (62.35% ± 3.05%). The normalized wavelet energy of the ΔtHb signal in frequency intervals I (p < 0.001), II (p < 0.05), III (p < 0.05) and IV (p < 0.01) significantly increased by 43.4%, 23.6%, 18.4% and 21.6% during the recovery than that during the pre-exercise rest, while the value in interval VI (p < 0.05) significantly decreased by 16.6%. It could be concluded that NIRS-derived hemodynamic signals can provide valuable information related to muscle fatigue and recovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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9 pages, 1259 KiB  
Article
Gait Analysis and Knee Kinematics in Patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture: Before and After Reconstruction
by Dmitry Skvortsov, Sergey Kaurkin, Alexander Akhpashev, Aljona Altukhova, Alexander Troitskiy and Nikolay Zagorodniy
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(10), 3378; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10103378 - 13 May 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2724
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the clinical, functional, and biomechanical symptoms in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture before and after ACL reconstruction. The study enrolled 20 patients and 20 healthy subjects as controls. Walking biomechanics was assessed at [...] Read more.
The objective of the study was to evaluate the clinical, functional, and biomechanical symptoms in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture before and after ACL reconstruction. The study enrolled 20 patients and 20 healthy subjects as controls. Walking biomechanics was assessed at three time points: before surgery and three months and a year or more after surgical reconstruction. Impact loads on both sides differed significantly from the respective values before surgery (p<0.05). Walking cycle duration decreased with time after surgery. On both sides (affected and unaffected), hip movement amplitudes were significantly smaller than in control (p<0.05). They remained so in the follow-up periods after the reconstruction. Before ACL reconstruction, the amplitude of the main flexion of the knee was significantly reduced both on the affected and unaffected sides. The amplitude gradually increased after the reconstruction, and a year post-surgery, it reached, on the operated side, the same values as in the control group. Complete functional recovery of the knee joint was not achieved within a year after the ACL surgical reconstruction. The remaining changes, however, were not clinically pronounced and could only be detected by instrumental gait analysis. The compensatory processes developed bilaterally, in both the hip and knee joints. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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17 pages, 8242 KiB  
Article
Computational Method to Optimize Design of Gripping Part of Products via Grasping Motion Simulation to Maximize Gripping Comfort
by Kazuki Hokari, Jonas A. Pramudita, Masato Ito, Kazuya Okada and Yuji Tanabe
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(9), 3265; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10093265 - 08 May 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2944
Abstract
In this study, a grasping motion simulation method based on finite element analysis was developed for the virtual evaluation of gripping comfort while gripping a cylindrical object. The validity of the grasping motion simulation was verified by comparing the contact pressure distribution generated [...] Read more.
In this study, a grasping motion simulation method based on finite element analysis was developed for the virtual evaluation of gripping comfort while gripping a cylindrical object. The validity of the grasping motion simulation was verified by comparing the contact pressure distribution generated on the palm of a hand using a finite element model with the measured result obtained via experiments on a human subject. The mean absolute difference between the simulation and experimental results at 23 regions was 7.4 kPa, which was considered to be significantly low and an acceptable value for use in assessment of the gripping comfort score. Furthermore, topology optimization was introduced into the simulation to propose an easy method for obtaining a rough shape of the gripping part of a product that is comfortable to grip. An objective function during the optimization process was defined to minimize the contact pressure concentration level, and this was observed to have a negative correlation with the gripping comfort. The optimization result indicated low element density at the parts in contact with the tips of the index and middle fingers as well as high element density at the parts in contact with the proximal part of the palm. The method allows a designer to evaluate the gripping comfort of a product during the design process and aids in developing a shape that can provide better gripping comfort. Additionally, the method can also be used to reevaluate the gripping comfort of existing products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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14 pages, 2947 KiB  
Article
Joint Torques and Tibiofemoral Joint Reaction Force in the Bodyweight “Wall Squat” Therapeutic Exercise
by Andrea Biscarini, Samuele Contemori, Cristina V. Dieni and Roberto Panichi
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(9), 3019; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10093019 - 26 Apr 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3919
Abstract
This study provides a biomechanical analysis of the bodyweight wall-squat exercise considering four exercise variants: knee angle; horizontal hip-ankle distance (d); shift between the rearfoot and forefoot of the centre of pressure (xGR) of the ground reaction force; [...] Read more.
This study provides a biomechanical analysis of the bodyweight wall-squat exercise considering four exercise variants: knee angle; horizontal hip-ankle distance (d); shift between the rearfoot and forefoot of the centre of pressure (xGR) of the ground reaction force; back supported via the scapular or pelvic zone. The ankle and hip angles corresponding to a given knee angle can be modulated, changing the distance d, to manage limitation in lumbopelvic and ankle mobility. The knee-extensor muscles can be overloaded (250 Nm muscle torque) with knees flexed at 90°, back supported through the pelvic zone, and feet away from the wall (d = 50 cm). Scapular support, xGR at forefoot, and d = 50 cm, yield a higher level of muscle-torque for hip-extension (130 Nm) and knee-flexion (65 Nm), with knees at 90° of flexion or near full extension, respectively. Ankle-dorsiflexion (plantarflexion) muscle torque up to 40 Nm is reached with xGR at the forefoot (rearfoot). This study may aid trainers and therapists to finely modulate the muscle torques (up to the above-mentioned levels) by an appropriate selection of exercise variants for training or rehabilitation purposes. Low levels (60 N) of anterior tibial pull may occur near 25° of knee flexion with x GR at the rearfoot. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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15 pages, 2193 KiB  
Article
Cup-To-Neck Contact and Range of Motion after Total Hip Arthroplasty with Large Head Diameters: An Original Three-Dimensional Combined Gait and Videofluoroscopy Analysis
by Claudio Belvedere, Giada Lullini, Maurizio Ortolani, Andrea Ensini, Stefano Durante, Francesco Ruberto, Emma Turner and Alberto Leardini
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(8), 2695; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10082695 - 14 Apr 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2039
Abstract
After a total hip arthroplasty, a limited range of motion and lower-limb disability continue to be observed, with these being mainly associated with the implant design and the head-to-neck ratio. Larger diameters of the head bearings were assumed to provide better stability, a [...] Read more.
After a total hip arthroplasty, a limited range of motion and lower-limb disability continue to be observed, with these being mainly associated with the implant design and the head-to-neck ratio. Larger diameters of the head bearings were assumed to provide better stability, a larger range of motion, and smaller risks of dislocation and stem-to-liner impingement. However, these claims have never been demonstrated in real patients. The specific aim of this study was to assess, via multi-instrumental analysis, whether the range of motion of a replaced hip is limited by the stem-to-liner contact in patients with large femoral head diameters. Twenty-three patients with a total hip arthroplasty were evaluated at their one-year follow-ups using clinical and instrumental examinations. A combined three-dimensional gait analysis of the full body and videofluoroscopy analysis of the replaced hip were performed during the execution of standard, i.e., daily living, and more demanding motor tasks. The latter were meant to reach the extreme range of motion at the replaced hip site, thus revealing possible stem-to-liner contact. An original technique based on imaging and computer-aided design (CAD) models of the prosthesis components was developed to calculate the stem-to-liner distance. Excellent clinical scores were observed in the study. The gait analysis showed that the range of motion of the replaced hip in the sagittal plane, averaged over all patients, ranged from 28° to 78° in standard activities. In more demanding tasks, single peaks were as high as 110°, 39°, and 60° in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse anatomical planes, respectively. In all motor tasks, the stem-to-liner distances ranged from 8.7 to 13.0 mm on average, with one outlier minimum distance being 2.2 mm. This study shows that, even in demanding motor tasks and with an extreme range of motion, the hip joint replaced with large femoral head diameters did not experience impingement between the prosthesis components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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11 pages, 2915 KiB  
Article
An Evidence Basis for Future Equestrian Helmet Lateral Crush Certification Tests
by Thomas A. Connor, J. Michio Clark, Pieter Brama, Matt Stewart, Aisling Ní Annaidh and Michael D. Gilchrist
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(7), 2623; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10072623 - 10 Apr 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2947
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine what loads are likely to be applied to the head in the event of a horse falling onto it and to determine by how much a typical equestrian helmet reduces these loads. An instrumented headform [...] Read more.
The aim of this study is to determine what loads are likely to be applied to the head in the event of a horse falling onto it and to determine by how much a typical equestrian helmet reduces these loads. An instrumented headform was designed and built to measure applied dynamic loads from a falling horse. Two differently weighted equine cadavers were then dropped repeatedly from a height of 1 m (theoretical impact velocity of 4.43 m/s) onto both the un-helmeted and helmeted instrumented headforms to collect primary force–time history data. The highest mean peak loads applied to the headform by the lighter horse were measured at the bony sacral impact location (15.57 kN ± 1.11 SD). The lowest mean peak loads were measured at the relatively fleshier right hind quarter (7.91 kN ± 1.84 SD). For the heavier horse, highest mean peak loads applied to the headform were measured at the same bony sacral impact location (16.02 kN ± 0.83 SD), whilst lowest mean peak loads were measured at the more compliant left hind quarter (10.47 kN ± 1.08 SD). When compared with the un-helmeted mean values, a reduction of 29.7% was recorded for the sacral impact location and a reduction of 43.3% for the lumbosacral junction location for helmeted tests. Notably, all measured loads were within or exceeded the range of published data for the fracture of the adult lateral skull bone. Current helmet certification tests are not biofidelic and inadequately represent the loading conditions of real-world “lateral crush” accidents sustained in equestrian sports. This work presents the first ever evidence basis upon which any future changes to a certification standards test method might be established, thereby ensuring that such a test would be both useful, biofidelic, and could ensure the desired safety outcome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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9 pages, 555 KiB  
Article
Plantar Loads of Habitual Forefoot Strikers during Running on Different Overground Surfaces
by Zhiwang Zhang, Yu Zhang, Weijie Fu, Zhen Wei, Jiayi Jiang and Lin Wang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(7), 2271; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10072271 - 26 Mar 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5319
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate plantar loads characteristics of habitual forefoot strike runners while running on different surfaces. Twenty-six runners (age: 28.2 ± 6.8 y, height: 172.9 ± 4.1 cm, weight: 67.7 ± 9.6 kg, BMI (body mass index): 22.6 [...] Read more.
The objective of this study is to investigate plantar loads characteristics of habitual forefoot strike runners while running on different surfaces. Twenty-six runners (age: 28.2 ± 6.8 y, height: 172.9 ± 4.1 cm, weight: 67.7 ± 9.6 kg, BMI (body mass index): 22.6 ± 2.8 kg/m2, running age: 5.0 ± 4.2 y, running distance per week: 14.6 ± 11.7 km) with habitual forefoot strike participated in the study. Runners were instructed to run at 3.3 ± 0.2 m/s on three surfaces: grass, synthetic rubber and concrete. An in-shoe pressure measurement system was used to collect and analyze plantar loads data. Running on the synthetic rubber surface produced a lower plantar pressure in the lateral forefoot (256.73 kPa vs. 281.35 kPa, p = 0.006) than running on concrete. Compared with the concrete surface, lower pressure–time integrals were shown at the central forefoot (46.71 kPa⋅s vs. 50.73 kPa⋅s, p = 0.001) and lateral forefoot (36.13 kPa⋅s vs. 39.36 kPa⋅s, p = 0.004) when running on the synthetic rubber surface. The different surfaces influence plantar loads of habitual forefoot strikers and runners should choose appropriate overground surface to reduce the risk of lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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13 pages, 1305 KiB  
Article
Lifting Activity Assessment Using Kinematic Features and Neural Networks
by Tiwana Varrecchia, Cristiano De Marchis, Francesco Draicchio, Maurizio Schmid, Silvia Conforto and Alberto Ranavolo
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(6), 1989; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10061989 - 14 Mar 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3276
Abstract
Work-related low-back disorders (WLBDs) can be caused by manual lifting tasks. Wearable devices used to monitor these tasks can be one possible way to assess the main risk factors for WLBDs. This study aims at analyzing the sensitivity of kinematic data to the [...] Read more.
Work-related low-back disorders (WLBDs) can be caused by manual lifting tasks. Wearable devices used to monitor these tasks can be one possible way to assess the main risk factors for WLBDs. This study aims at analyzing the sensitivity of kinematic data to the risk level changes, and to define an instrument-based tool for risk classification by using kinematic data and artificial neural networks (ANNs). Twenty workers performed lifting tasks, designed by following the rules of the revised NIOSH lifting equation, with an increasing lifting index (LI). From the acquired kinematic data, we computed smoothness parameters together with kinetic, potential and mechanical energy. We used ANNs for mapping different set of features on LI levels to obtain an automatic risk estimation during these tasks. The results show that most of the calculated kinematic indexes are significantly affected by changes in LI and that all the lifting condition pairs can be correctly distinguished. Furthermore, using specific set of features, different topologies of ANNs can lead to a reliable classification of the biomechanical risk related to lifting tasks. In particular, the training sets and numbers of neurons in each hidden layer influence the ANNs performance, which is instead independent from the numbers of hidden layers. Reliable biomechanical risk estimation can be obtained by using training sets combining body and load kinematic features. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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13 pages, 3722 KiB  
Article
Effect of the Combined Intervention with Passive Whole-Body Vibration and Auriculotherapy on the Quality of Life of Individuals with Knee Osteoarthritis Assessed by the WHOQOL-Bref: A Multi-Arm Clinical Trial
by Marcia Cristina Moura-Fernandes, Eloá Moreira-Marconi, Alexandre Gonçalves de Meirelles, Ana Paula Ferreira de Oliveira, Aline Reis Silva, Luiz Felipe Ferreira de Souza, Adriana Lírio Pereira da Silva, Carmen dos Santos-Fernandes, Bruno Bessa Monteiro de Oliveira, Marco Antonio de Souza Gama, Maria Eduarda de Souza Melo-Oliveira, Eliane de Oliveira Guedes de Aguiar, Liszt Palmeira de Oliveira, Alan de Paula Mozella, Danúbia da Cunha de Sá-Caputo, Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos, Mario José dos Santos Pereira, Vinicius Layter Xavier, Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda, Vanessa Amaral Mendonça, Borja Sañudo, Redha Taiar and Mario Bernardo-Filhoadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(6), 1956; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10061956 - 12 Mar 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3287
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect on the quality of life of two non-pharmacological interventions isolated or in combination: (i) passive whole-body vibration exercise (WBVE), and (ii) auriculotherapy (AT). One hundred three participants with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) were allocated [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect on the quality of life of two non-pharmacological interventions isolated or in combination: (i) passive whole-body vibration exercise (WBVE), and (ii) auriculotherapy (AT). One hundred three participants with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) were allocated to: (a) a vibration group (WBVEG; n = 17) that performed WBVE (peak-to-peak displacement: 2.5 to 7.5 mm, frequency: 5 to 14 Hz, Peak acceleration: 0.12 to 2.95 g), two days/weekly for five weeks, (b) an AT group (ATG; n = 21), stimulation of three specific auriculotherapy points (Kidney, Knee and Shenmen) in each ear pavilion, (c) WBVE + AT (WBVE + AT; n = 20) and (d) respective control groups (WBVE_CG, n = 15; AT_CG, n = 12; WBVE + AT_CG, n = 18). The participants filled out the WHOQOL-bref Questionnaire before the first and after the last sessions. Statistical differences in the various domains of the WHOQOL-bref were not found. In conclusion, WBVE or AT alone or combined did not contribute in altering the quality of life of individuals exposed to these interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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13 pages, 5795 KiB  
Article
A Biomechanical Investigation of Athletic Footwear Traction Performance: Integration of Gait Analysis with Computational Simulation
by Kao-Shang Shih, Shu-Yu Jhou, Wei-Chun Hsu, Ching-Chi Hsu, Jun-Wen Chen, Jui-Chia Yeh and Yi-Chun Hung
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(5), 1672; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10051672 - 02 Mar 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 8037
Abstract
Evaluations are vital to quantify the functionalities of athletic footwear, such as the performance of slip resistance, shock absorption, and rebound. Computational technology has progressed to become a promising solution for accelerating product development time and providing customized products in order to keep [...] Read more.
Evaluations are vital to quantify the functionalities of athletic footwear, such as the performance of slip resistance, shock absorption, and rebound. Computational technology has progressed to become a promising solution for accelerating product development time and providing customized products in order to keep up with the competitive contemporary footwear market. In this research, the effects of various tread pattern designs on traction performance in a normal gait were analyzed by employing an approach that integrated computational simulation and gait analysis. A state-of-the-art finite element (FE) model of a shoe was developed by digital sculpting technology. A dynamic plantar pressure distribution was automatically applied to interpret individualized subject conditions. The traction performance and real contact area between the shoe and the ground during the gait could be characterized and predicted. The results suggest that the real contact area and the structure of the outsole tread design influence the traction performance of the shoe in dry conditions. This computational process is more efficient than mechanical tests in terms of both cost and time, and it could bring a noticeable benefit to the footwear industry in the early design phases of product development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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13 pages, 2588 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Hamstring: Quadriceps Coactivation without the Use of Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction
by Gonzalo Torres, David Chorro, Archit Navandar, Javier Rueda, Luís Fernández and Enrique Navarro
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(5), 1615; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10051615 - 29 Feb 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4083
Abstract
This study aimed to study the coactivation patterns of the hamstring and quadriceps muscle groups during submaximal strength exercises commonly used in injury prevention in soccer without the use of maximum voluntary isometric contraction testing. This was used to compare: (i) the inter-limb [...] Read more.
This study aimed to study the coactivation patterns of the hamstring and quadriceps muscle groups during submaximal strength exercises commonly used in injury prevention in soccer without the use of maximum voluntary isometric contraction testing. This was used to compare: (i) the inter-limb differences in muscle activation; (ii) the intra-muscular group activation pattern and (iii) the activation pattern during different phases of the exercise. Muscle activation was recorded by surface electromyography in 19 elite, male, youth soccer players. Participants performed the following: Bulgarian squat, lunge and squat. Electrical activity was recorded for the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris and semitendinosus. No significant inter-limb differences were found (F1, 13 = 619; p = 0.82; η2 = 0.045). Significant differences were found in the muscle activation between individual muscles within the quadriceps and hamstrings muscle group for each of the exercises: Bulgarian squat (F1,18 = 331: p < 0.001; η2 = 0.80), lunge (F4,72 = 114.5; p < 0.001; η2 = 0.86) and squat (F1,16 = 247.31; p < 0.001; η2 = 0.93). Differences were found between the different phases of each of the exercises (F2,26 = 52.27; p = 0.02; η2 = 0.80). The existence of an activation pattern of each of the muscles in the three proposed exercises could be used for muscle assessment and as a tool for reconditioning post-injury. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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13 pages, 1374 KiB  
Article
A Longitudinal Investigation of Muscle Injuries in an Elite Spanish Male Academy Soccer Club: A Hamstring Injuries Approach
by Javier Raya-González, Mark de Ste Croix, Paul Read and Daniel Castillo
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(5), 1610; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10051610 - 28 Feb 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3813
Abstract
The aims of this study were to analyze the muscle injury incidence in an elite Spanish soccer academy during three consecutive seasons attending to different chronological age groups (i.e., U14, U16, U19 and senior) and to examine the hamstring injury incidence in this [...] Read more.
The aims of this study were to analyze the muscle injury incidence in an elite Spanish soccer academy during three consecutive seasons attending to different chronological age groups (i.e., U14, U16, U19 and senior) and to examine the hamstring injury incidence in this elite soccer academy. Elite male youth soccer players (227) participated in this study. A total of 207 time-loss injuries (i.e., injuries that involve at least one absence day) were observed during this study period. The overall incidence rate of muscle injury was 1.74 muscle injuries/1000 h. In addition, higher muscle injury incidence was observed during match play in comparison to training sessions (6.78 vs. 3.20 muscle injuries/1000 h, p < 0.05). The oldest age group presented the highest injury rate (2.73 muscle injuries/1000 h, p < 0.05), with the burden (i.e., number of absence days per 1000 h of exposure) peak values recorded in the U16 age group (26.45 absence days/1000 h). In addition, muscle tears accounted for the greatest percentage of muscle injuries (43.5%), and the most frequent anatomical site of injury was the hamstring (30.4%). Muscle tear was the most common type of hamstring injury (49.2%), with the biceps femoris the most commonly injured muscle of the hamstring complex (39.7%). Fullbacks (FB), wide midfielders (WM) and forwards (F) suffered a greater number of hamstring injuries. Hamstring injury incidence showed a seasonal variation, as indicated by peaks in August and October. Specifically, the highest injury incidence was observed in the final part of each period during match play. These results reinforce the necessity to implement individual preventive strategies according to each specific injury profile across the youth soccer development phase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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11 pages, 1869 KiB  
Article
Forced Swim Alters the Radiolabeling of Blood Constituents from Wistar Rats
by Adenilson S. da Fonseca, Gabrielle S. Rocha, Márcia O. Pereira, André L. B. D. Cardoso, Eric H. F. F. Frederico, Márcia C. Moura-Fernandes, Daniel Batouli-Santos, Alexandre G. Meirelles, Carmem Santos-Fernandes, Tiago Eduardo-Santos, Marco A. S. Gama, Laisa L. Paineiras-Domingos, Danúbia C. Sá-Caputo, Redha Taiar, Nasser R. Asad and Mario Bernardo-Filho
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(3), 1116; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10031116 - 07 Feb 2020
Viewed by 1964
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of forced swimming on the technetium-99m (99mTc) labeling of blood constituents (BloCs). Rats (Wistar) were submitted to forced swim. In previous experiments, swimming animals would recover for different periods of time. Animals not [...] Read more.
The present study investigated the effects of forced swimming on the technetium-99m (99mTc) labeling of blood constituents (BloCs). Rats (Wistar) were submitted to forced swim. In previous experiments, swimming animals would recover for different periods of time. Animals not submitted to swimming were used as control. Blood samples were obtained and the 99mTc labeling of BloCs was carried out. Blood cells (BCs), plasma (P), insoluble fractions (IF-P and IF-BCs), and soluble fractions (SF-P and SF-BC) were isolated. Radioactivity was determined, and the percentage of 99mTc incorporated (%ATI) was calculated in each fraction. Results showed that forced swimming decreased the percentage of 99mTc incorporated (%ATI) in IF-P (p < 0.05). It is suggested that the 99mTc labeling of BloCs could be used to verify the effects of the stress conditions on BloCs and that the radionuclide fixation on plasma proteins might be altered in rats submitted to acute stress induced by forced swimming, returning to control levels after recovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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13 pages, 1652 KiB  
Article
Biological Effects of Paullinia cupana (Guarana) in Combination with Whole-Body Vibration Exercise in Wistar Rats
by André L.B.D. Cardoso, Éric H.F.F. Frederico, Carlos A.S. Guimarães, Aline Reis-Silva, Eliane de Oliveira Guedes-Aguiar, Arlete Francisca Santos, Márcia Cristina Moura-Fernandes, Luiz Felipe Ferreira-Souza, Tiago Eduardo-Santos, Diego Eduardo-Santos, Rubens Guimarães Mendonça, Danúbia da Cunha de Sá-Caputo, Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos, Redha Taiar, Nasser R. Asad and Mario Bernardo-Filho
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(3), 1104; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10031104 - 07 Feb 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3369
Abstract
In addition to its nutritional value, Paullinia cupana (guarana) is commonly used in traditional medicine, known for its stimulant and medicinal properties. This investigation evaluated the effects of a guarana extract in combination with whole-body vibration (WBV) exercises on Wistar rats. Rats (male, [...] Read more.
In addition to its nutritional value, Paullinia cupana (guarana) is commonly used in traditional medicine, known for its stimulant and medicinal properties. This investigation evaluated the effects of a guarana extract in combination with whole-body vibration (WBV) exercises on Wistar rats. Rats (male, n = 20) were divided into the following four groups: control (CON), treated with guarana (GUA), submitted to 50 Hz of WBV (WBV-E), treated with guarana and submitted to 50 Hz of WBV (GUA + WBV-E), daily for 6-weeks. Guarana altered (p < 0.05) the uptake of the radiopharmaceutical sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4) in muscle. Additionally, it modified the stool consistency, and in combination with WBV decreased the food intake without modifying body mass. The levels of calcium increased in the groups submitted to WBV exercises (WBV-E and GUA + WBV-E) as compared with the GUA group. The outcomes provide additional evidence of the biological effects of guarana separately or in combination with WBV and supports the use of guarana as a functional food. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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Graphical abstract

8 pages, 429 KiB  
Article
Correlations between Performance in a Virtual Reality Game and the Movement Assessment Battery Diagnostics in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder
by Rasha Wattad, Lidia V. Gabis, Shahar Shefer, Sarit Tresser and Sigal Portnoy
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(3), 833; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10030833 - 24 Jan 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2483
Abstract
We aimed to compare the performance in a Virtual Reality (VR) game between Typically Developed (TD) children and children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). We then compared the performance in a VR game with the sub-grades of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children [...] Read more.
We aimed to compare the performance in a Virtual Reality (VR) game between Typically Developed (TD) children and children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). We then compared the performance in a VR game with the sub-grades of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC). Twenty TD children (10 boys; mean and SD age 5.1 ± 0.6) and 10 children with DCD (4 boys; mean and SD age 5.6 ± 0.6) participated in the study. The parents filled out the DCD questionnaire. The MABC was administered. Each subject stood on a pressure pad and played a non-immersive VR game. The game score, hand path length, and movement of center of pressure were recorded. The game score achieved by the control group was ~22% higher compared to the game score achieved by the research group (p = 0.042). The path length of the right hand strongly correlated with the visual-motor coordination MABC subcategory score (r = 0.902, p < 0.001), with the balance MABC subcategory score (r = 0.769, p = 0.009), and with the total MABC score (r = 0.667, p = 0.035). This VR game might provide a preliminary distinction between TD children and children with DCD. Furthermore, investigation of hand path length may reflect the visual-motor coordination impairment of the child. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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10 pages, 1343 KiB  
Article
Acute Effects of Midsole Bending Stiffness on Lower Extremity Biomechanics during Layup Jumps
by Zhiqiang Zhu, Weijie Fu, En Shao, Lu Li, Linjie Song, Wei Wang and Yu Liu
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(1), 397; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10010397 - 05 Jan 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2800
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to investigate the acute effects of shoe midsole stiffness on the joint biomechanics of the lower extremities during specific basketball movements. Methods: Thirty participants wearing stiff midsole shoes (SS) and control shoes (CS) performed layup jumps (LJs) while the [...] Read more.
Purpose: This study aims to investigate the acute effects of shoe midsole stiffness on the joint biomechanics of the lower extremities during specific basketball movements. Methods: Thirty participants wearing stiff midsole shoes (SS) and control shoes (CS) performed layup jumps (LJs) while the kinematics and ground reaction forces were simultaneously collected via the Vicon motion capture system and Kistler force plates. Furthermore, the joint angles, range of motion (ROM), joint power, joint energy, and jump height were calculated. Results: No significant differences were observed between SS and CS conditions for both jump height and the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint biomechanics except that the minimum angular velocity of the MTP joint was significantly lower in SS the condition. However, the ROM in the ankle joint was significantly greater in the SS condition than in the CS condition (p < 0.05). Additionally, the maximum plantarflexion power, energy absorption (EA), and energy generation (EG) in the ankle joint were significantly greater in the SS condition than in the CS condition (p < 0.05). Compared with the CS condition, jump height in the SS condition did not increase. Conclusion: During a single LJ, the longitudinal midsole stiffness did not influence the jump height and MTP joint biomechanical patterns but significantly increased the maximum power, EA, and EG during the push-off phase of the ankle joint. These preliminary results indicate that wearing SS could change the ankle joint mechanical patterns by modulating the lower extremity kinetic chain, and may enhance muscle strength in the ankle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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10 pages, 1891 KiB  
Article
Biomechanical Characteristics of Single Leg Jump in Collegiate Basketball Players Based on Approach Technique
by Weihsun Tai, Hsiente Peng, Jianzhi Lin, Shinliang Lo, Haibin Yu and Jianlong Huang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(1), 309; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10010309 - 31 Dec 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4794
Abstract
Our study investigated the characteristics of the biomechanics of lower extremities during running single leg jump (RSJ) in collegiate basketball players. Twelve division III male basketball players voluntarily participated in this study. They performed three trials of the running single leg jump with [...] Read more.
Our study investigated the characteristics of the biomechanics of lower extremities during running single leg jump (RSJ) in collegiate basketball players. Twelve division III male basketball players voluntarily participated in this study. They performed three trials of the running single leg jump with two approach speeds (fast and preferred) randomly. The kinematic data were collected by motion analysis system (200 Hz), and kinetic data were collected using the AMTI force platform (1000 Hz), and electromyography (EMG) data were recorded by the Delsys surface Electromyography (EMG) system (2000 Hz). Kinematic, kinetic and EMG signal were synchronized using EvaRT 4.6. Peak Ground reaction force, eccentric loading rate (ELR), gastrocnemius (GA) of pre-activation phase, and tibialis anterior (TA) of push-off phase were found significantly larger in the fast approach speed (p < 0.05). RSJ improves muscle activation level and stretch reflex. Higher activation of TA and GA during RSJ may have the benefit of decreasing risk of injury and jump training. Thus, it is helpful in muscle stretch adaptation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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20 pages, 7697 KiB  
Article
The Effect of External Fixator Configurations on the Dynamic Compression Load: An Experimental and Numerical Study
by Ana Martins Amaro, Maria Fátima Paulino, Luis Manuel Roseiro and Maria Augusta Neto
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(1), 3; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10010003 - 18 Dec 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 9104
Abstract
(1) Objective: External fixation systems are commonly used by surgeons to ensure stabilization and consolidation of bone fractures, especially in patients who are at high risk for systematic complications. Both rigid and elastic external fixations are important in the fracture healing process. This [...] Read more.
(1) Objective: External fixation systems are commonly used by surgeons to ensure stabilization and consolidation of bone fractures, especially in patients who are at high risk for systematic complications. Both rigid and elastic external fixations are important in the fracture healing process. This study aims to evaluate the behavior of the Orthofix Limb Reconstruction System (LRS)® in the dynamic compression mode. (2) Methods: Experimental and numerical setups were developed using a simplified model of a human tibia which consisted of a nylon bar with a diameter of 30 mm. The bone callus was included in both setups by means of a load cell-based system, which consisted of two carbon epoxy laminated composite plates with a final stiffness of 220 N/mm. The system was evaluated experimentally and numerically, considering different numbers of pins and comparing distances between the external fixator frame and the bone, achieving a good correlation between experimental and numerical results. (3) Results: The results identified and quantified the percental load transferred to the fracture and its sensibility to the distance between the external fixator and bone. Additionally, LRS locking stiffness was evaluated which resulted from the clamp-rail clearances. The results show that the blocking effects of the free clamp movement are directly related to the fixator configuration and are responsible for changes in the amount of load that crosses the bone callus. (4) Conclusions: From the biomechanical point of view, the results suggest that the average bending span of Schanz pins and the weights of the patients should be included into clinical studies of external fixators comparisons purpose. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

15 pages, 1450 KiB  
Review
Cycling Biomechanics and Its Relationship to Performance
by Nicolas A. Turpin and Bruno Watier
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(12), 4112; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10124112 - 15 Jun 2020
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 15240
Abstract
State-of-the-art biomechanical laboratories provide a range of tools that allow precise measurements of kinematic, kinetic, motor and physiologic characteristics. Force sensors, motion capture devices and electromyographic recording measure the forces exerted at the pedal, saddle, and handlebar and the joint torques created by [...] Read more.
State-of-the-art biomechanical laboratories provide a range of tools that allow precise measurements of kinematic, kinetic, motor and physiologic characteristics. Force sensors, motion capture devices and electromyographic recording measure the forces exerted at the pedal, saddle, and handlebar and the joint torques created by muscle activity. These techniques make it possible to obtain a detailed biomechanical analysis of cycling movements. However, despite the reasonable accuracy of such measures, cycling performance remains difficult to fully explain. There is an increasing demand by professionals and amateurs for various biomechanical assessment services. Most of the difficulties in understanding the link between biomechanics and performance arise because of the constraints imposed by the bicycle, human physiology and musculo-skeletal system. Recent studies have also pointed out the importance of evaluating not only output parameters, such as power output, but also intrinsic factors, such as the cyclist coordination. In this narrative review, we present various techniques allowing the assessment of a cyclist at a biomechanical level, together with elements of interpretation, and we show that it is not easy to determine whether a certain technique is optimal or not. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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8 pages, 909 KiB  
Review
Copenhagen Adduction Exercise to Increase Eccentric Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Jorge Pérez-Gómez, Santos Villafaina, José Carmelo Adsuar, Jorge Carlos-Vivas, Miguel Ángel Garcia-Gordillo and Daniel Collado-Mateo
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(8), 2863; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10082863 - 21 Apr 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7434
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to systematically review the scientific literature about the benefits of using the Copenhagen Adductor (CA) exercise to improve eccentric hip adduction strength (EHAD), as well as to provide directions for training. Methods: A systematic [...] Read more.
Background: The purpose of this study was to systematically review the scientific literature about the benefits of using the Copenhagen Adductor (CA) exercise to improve eccentric hip adduction strength (EHAD), as well as to provide directions for training. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in three electronic databases following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The inclusion criteria were: (a) EHAD as outcome variable, with means and standard deviations before and after the intervention, (b) the study was a randomized controlled trial using the CA in the program intervention, (c) the article was written in English. The quality of evidence was evaluated according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) guidelines. A mini meta-analysis was performed to determine the overall effect. Results: Three studies were selected and included in this systematic review and mini meta-analysis. All articles reported significant enhancement in EHAD in football (soccer) players. The overall effect for the EHAD test was significant in favor to CA group (mean difference = 0.61; 95% CI from 0.20 to 1.01; p = 0.003) with large heterogeneity. Conclusions: CA exercise performed 2–3 times for 8 weeks is useful for improving EHAD in football players. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

11 pages, 2129 KiB  
Technical Note
An Enhanced Planar Linked Segment Model for Predicting Lumbar Spine Loads during Symmetric Lifting Tasks
by Pietro Picerno
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(19), 6700; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10196700 - 25 Sep 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1934
Abstract
The present technical note aimed at enriching the planar linked segment model originally proposed by Chaffin with the prediction of the moment arm and of the orientation of the line of action of the back extensor muscles during symmetric lifting tasks. The prediction [...] Read more.
The present technical note aimed at enriching the planar linked segment model originally proposed by Chaffin with the prediction of the moment arm and of the orientation of the line of action of the back extensor muscles during symmetric lifting tasks. The prediction equations proposed by van Dieen and de Looze for their single equivalent muscle model were used for such a purpose. Their prediction was based on the thorax-to-pelvis flexion angle as computed from 3D video-based motion capture. In order to make these prediction equations compliant with a two-dimensional analysis, the planar angle formed by the segment joining L5/S1 to the shoulder with the longitudinal axis of the pelvis was introduced. This newly computed planar trunk flexion angle was used to feed van Dieen and de Looze’s equations, comparing the results with the original model. A full-body Plug-in-Gait model relative to 10 subjects performing manual lifting activities using a stoop and a squat technique was used for model validation. A strong association was found between the proposed planar trunk flexion angle and that used by van Dieen and de Looze (r = 0.970). A strong association and a high level of agreement were found between the back extensor muscle moment arm (r = 0.965; bias < 0.001 m; upper limit of agreement (LOA) = 0.002 m; lower LOA < 0.001 m) and the orientation of the line of action (r = 0.970; bias = 2.8°; upper LOA = 5.3°; lower LOA = 0.2°) as computed using the two methods. For both the considered variables, the prediction error fell within the model sensitivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics in Sport, Rehabilitation and Ergonomy)
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