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Applied Sciences
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CITIES II: Energetic Efficiency, Sustainability; Infrastructures, Energy and the Environment;...
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CITIES II: Energetic Efficiency, Sustainability; Infrastructures, Energy and the Environment; Mobility and IoT; Governance and Citizenship

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Science and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 10359

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Luis Hernández-Callejo

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Guest Editor
Department of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, University of Valladolid, Campus Duques de Soria, 42004 Soria, Spain
Interests: energy; engineering; computer science; photovoltaic systems; microgrids; distributed generation; smart metering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Víctor Alonso Gómez

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Guest Editor
Applied Physics Department, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
Interests: solar energy; thermodynamics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Sergio Nesmachnow

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Guest Editor
Instituto de Computación, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
Interests: distributed computing; parallel computing; metaheuristics; optimization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Vicente Leite

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Braganza, Braganza, Portugal
Interests: smart grid; microgrid; converters
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Javier Prieto

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
Interests: artificial intelligence; blockchain; deep learning; satellite systems; robot vision; cognitive robotics; sensor fusion; data fusion; mobile robotics; wireless networks; robotics; security; Internet of Things
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ângela Ferreira

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Electrical Engineering Department, Polytechnic Institute of Braganza, Braganza, Portugal
Interests: smart grid; microgrid; converters
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cities are changing—this is a reality. As this change occurs, advances in research must propose solutions to the many problems that arise with it. Administrations, universities, and companies must cooperate to lay the foundations of the Smart City.

Some of the returns are the integration of renewable energy sources, energy efficiency (in construction and processes), sustainable mobility, integration of the IoT and smart systems, advanced and efficient infrastructures, citizenship and governance, water and energy, food sustainability, climate change, sustainable development goals, etc.

In this sense, the main pillars of a city are:

  • Energy efficiency and sustainability;
  • Infrastructure, energy, and the environment;
  • Mobility and IoT;
  • Governance and citizenship.

Therefore, this SI will be focused on these topics.

Submissions are invited for both original research and review articles. Additionally, invited papers based on excellent contributions to the IV Ibero-American Congress of Smart Cities (ICSC-CITIES 2021) will be included. We hope that this collection of papers will serve as an inspiration for all those interested in the prosperity of smart cities.

Prof. Dr. Luis Hernández-Callejo
Dr. Víctor Alonso Gómez
Dr. Sergio Nesmachnow
Dr. Vicente Leite
Dr. Javier Prieto
Dr. Ângela Ferreira
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • renewable energy and smart city
  • energy and smart city
  • smart grid, smart city and microgrid
  • energetic efficiency
  • infrastructures and smart city
  • IoT
  • smart mobility
  • connected vehicle
  • cybersecurity
  • edge computing
  • M2M communications
  • artificial intelligence and smart city
  • governance, citizenship, and smart city

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

26 pages, 387 KiB  
Article
Production Optimization in a Grain Facility through Mixed-Integer Linear Programming
by Gabriel Bayá, Eduardo Canale, Sergio Nesmachnow, Franco Robledo and Pablo Sartor
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(16), 8212; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12168212 - 17 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1951
Abstract
This article introduces a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming model for cost optimization in multi-product multi-line production scheduling. This model considers discrete time windows and includes realistic constraints. The NP completeness of the problem is proven. A novel scheme based on embedding bounds is applied [...] Read more.
This article introduces a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming model for cost optimization in multi-product multi-line production scheduling. This model considers discrete time windows and includes realistic constraints. The NP completeness of the problem is proven. A novel scheme based on embedding bounds is applied to speed up convergence. The model is tested on 16 input configurations of a real case study from the top Uruguayan grain production facility. The numerical results show that the model significantly improves the outcome of the current ad hoc heuristic planning, reducing on average 10% the overall production costs; and that the introduction of the embedded bounds-based scheme reduces significantly the elapsed time, on average by 22%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CITIES II: Energetic Efficiency, Sustainability; Infrastructures, Energy and the Environment; Mobility and IoT; Governance and Citizenship)
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14 pages, 4908 KiB  
Article
Charge Management of Electric Vehicles from Undesired Dynamics in Solar Photovoltaic Generation
by Ivania Aguirre, Miguel Dávila-Sacoto, L. G. González, Luis Hernández-Callejo, Óscar Duque-Pérez, Ángel Luis Zorita-Lamadrid and Juan L. Espinoza
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(12), 6246; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12126246 - 20 Jun 2022
Viewed by 1369
Abstract
Power generation from photovoltaic solar systems contributes to mitigate the problem of climate change. However, the intermittency of solar radiation affects power quality and causes instability in power grids connected to these systems. This paper evaluates the dynamic behavior of solar radiation in [...] Read more.
Power generation from photovoltaic solar systems contributes to mitigate the problem of climate change. However, the intermittency of solar radiation affects power quality and causes instability in power grids connected to these systems. This paper evaluates the dynamic behavior of solar radiation in an Andean city, which presents rapid power variations that can reach an average of 7.20 kW/min and a variability coefficient of 32.09%. The study applies the ramp-rate control technique to reduce power fluctuations at the point of common coupling (PCC), with the incorporation of an energy storage system. Electric vehicle batteries were used as the storage system due to their high storage capacity and contribution to power system flexibility. The application of the control strategy shows that, with a minimum of five electric vehicle charging stations at the PCC, the rate of change of the photovoltaic can be reduced by 14%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CITIES II: Energetic Efficiency, Sustainability; Infrastructures, Energy and the Environment; Mobility and IoT; Governance and Citizenship)
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18 pages, 3352 KiB  
Article
Real-Time Security Health and Privacy Monitoring for Saudi Highways Using Cutting-Edge Technologies
by Mamoona Humayun, Noor Zaman Jhanjhi and Abdullah Almotilag
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 2177; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12042177 - 19 Feb 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1908
Abstract
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) highways hold the record for having the straightest, longest highways in the world. Since the country’s major population centers are dispersed across the country and due to the country’s geography, which includes valleys, deserts, and mountains, among other [...] Read more.
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) highways hold the record for having the straightest, longest highways in the world. Since the country’s major population centers are dispersed across the country and due to the country’s geography, which includes valleys, deserts, and mountains, among other landscapes, these highways connect the many cities of the kingdom and neighboring nations. However, it is still challenging to provide emergency assistance in a timely way in the case of accidents, such as first aid, medical aid, police protection, etc. The transport ministry is actively working on improvements and safety features for the drivers. This research proposes a CET (cutting-edge technologies)-based model named the real-time security, health, and privacy monitoring model for passenger safety (RTSHPMP) for securing the traveler’s safety and privacy besides medical and legal help. The vehicle will be equipped with IoT-based front-back cameras to collect real-time data and share it with the cloud using 5G network. The local and national trusted authorities (TAs) will monitor the collected cloud data and inform the government machinery (police, first aid, fire brigade, hospitals) in the case of an accident. In addition, the data collected through other vehicles on the road at the time of the incident will help supply evidence linked to the accident. The RTSHPMP was evaluated with the help of a case study, and the results show that it provides an efficient and secure mechanism for traveler safety on Saudi highways at the time of need. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CITIES II: Energetic Efficiency, Sustainability; Infrastructures, Energy and the Environment; Mobility and IoT; Governance and Citizenship)
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17 pages, 2013 KiB  
Article
Electric Bus Indoor Heat Balance in Cold Weather
by Gabriel Chiriac, Dumitru Dorin Lucache, Costică Nițucă, Alin Dragomir and Seeram Ramakrishna
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(24), 11761; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112411761 - 10 Dec 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3841
Abstract
The use of electric buses is increasing all over the world; this is due to the aim of limiting pollution in heavily urbanized areas. Using electric buses is one element of the desire to drop local pollution to zero emissions. The necessary electricity [...] Read more.
The use of electric buses is increasing all over the world; this is due to the aim of limiting pollution in heavily urbanized areas. Using electric buses is one element of the desire to drop local pollution to zero emissions. The necessary electricity can be generated through centralized production, and in the case of electric buses, the pollution level is directly proportional to the amount of electricity produced. Their limited onboard power needs optimization, both in terms of traction and in auxiliary energy consumption. Heating in electric buses consumes the most energy from the auxiliaries, which can reduce the range of the vehicle up to a half, or more in the coldest days of the winter months. In this context, a precise estimation of heat loss and of the energy necessary for heating electric buses is crucial. Using the heat transfer theory, the heat balance method, and the U-value estimation, this article estimates the heat loss for a typical 12 m electric bus for a harsh winter day. Thermal simulations were made in order to estimate the heat flux through the structure of the bus (windows, walls, roof, and floor). Heat loss components were calculated in order to determine the most affected zones of the bus. The calculated data for the energy necessary to heat the bus were compared with the heating system data from an electric bus. By optimizing the necessary auxiliary energy consumption, the emissions at the source of electricity production will be significantly reduced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CITIES II: Energetic Efficiency, Sustainability; Infrastructures, Energy and the Environment; Mobility and IoT; Governance and Citizenship)
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