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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 38667

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Dr. Mitsuru Motoyoshi

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Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 1018310, Japan
Interests: orthodontics; biomechanics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The journal Applied Sciences is pleased to announce that we have launched a Special Issue entitled “Current Techniques and Materials in Dentistry”. I am serving as Guest Editor for this issue. Many innovative techniques and materials have been developed in the fields of dentistry, such as operative dentistry, endodontics, periodontics, prosthetics, orthodontics, oral surgery and so on. This Special Issue will provide a review of the recent progress in the development of treatment techniques and materials in the dentistry. Given the depth of your expertise in this field, I would like to cordially invite you to contribute an article to the Special Issue. Research articles including pure scientific research, applied research and clinical research, as well as review articles, are preferred.

We would highly appreciate it if you can also forward this message to your colleagues. We look forward to hearing from you.

Prof. Mitsuru Motoyoshi
Guest Editor

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Keywords

bonding materials
chemicals
thermosetting
photopolymerization

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 190 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue on Current Techniques and Materials in Dentistry

by Mitsuru Motoyoshi

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(9), 4439; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12094439 - 27 Apr 2022

Viewed by 837

Abstract

In the field of dentistry, the use of regenerative therapy, as well as biocompatible and biomimetic materials, is well-established [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Techniques and Materials in Dentistry)

Research

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16 pages, 4643 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retrospective Study Regarding Orthodontic Retention Complications in Clinical Practice

by Sorana Maria Bucur, Laszlo Barna Iantovics, Anamaria Bud, Eugen Silviu Bud, Dorin Ioan Cocoș and Alexandru Vlasa

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 273; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12010273 - 28 Dec 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3251

Abstract

At the end of any orthodontic treatment, retention is a necessary phase. Unfortunately, the current retention devices and the lack of proper oral hygiene on the part of patients lead to the accumulation of dental plaque, periodontal inflammation, and gingival retraction. Our retrospective study included 116 adult patients wearing various types of orthodontic retainers. To quantitatively determine the accumulation of dental plaque, we used the Quigley–Hein plaque index modified by Turesky and the Navy plaque index modified by Rustogi. Another studied parameter was related to the gingival recession associated with retention devices. We had investigated the correctness of patients’ dental hygiene, their preferences for auxiliary means of oral hygiene, the consistency with which they wear the mobile retainers, and respect the orthodontist’s instructions; we also investigated the inconveniences and the accidents that may occur during the retention period. Statistical analysis showed that plaque accumulation is significantly lower in the case of mobile retainer than fixed retainer wearers; the exception was the Hawley plate, where the interdental plaque was more than in all the other studied retainers. Periodontal recessions were more frequent in the case of fixed retainer wearing. Flossing was the most commonly used auxiliary mean for oral hygiene. The compliance of women in wearing vacuum-formed retainers was better than that of men. Patients with a class III history had more plaque accumulation, and class II/1 had the most problems related to detachment/damage of fixed retainers. Mobile retainers proved better results for oral hygiene, but fixed retainers cannot be waved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Techniques and Materials in Dentistry)

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9 pages, 1958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Treatment Option Criteria for Open Bite with Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis—A Retrospective Study

by Chie Tachiki, Yasushi Nishii, Masae Yamamoto and Takashi Takaki

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(18), 8736; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11188736 - 19 Sep 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2272

Abstract

Temporary anchorage devices (TADs) allow molar intrusion as an additional treatment option to conventional treatment for open bite cases. We investigated the treatment option criteria for open bite treatment. A total of 33 patients with skeletal Class I to Class II open bite who had stable occlusion one year after treatment were enrolled in the study, including 15 patients who had undergone surgical orthodontic treatment, 8 patients who had undergone treatment with molar intrusion, and 10 patients who had undergone treatment with anterior teeth extrusion. Pre-treatment cephalometric analysis of these patients was used for comparison. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was employed to examine the measurement parameters that would be valid as treatment criteria. In the results, FMA showed that patients treated with molar intrusion had a moderately high angle, while those treated with surgical orthodontic treatment had a severe high angle. The area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC curve indicated that FMA is the most appropriate parameter for treatment option criteria. In addition, the cutoff value indicated that the borderline between molar intrusion and surgical orthodontic treatment was 37.5° for FMA. In this study, we suggested criteria for the treatment of open bite with molar intrusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Techniques and Materials in Dentistry)

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13 pages, 3897 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Effects of Chewing Exercises on Masticatory Function after Surgical Orthodontic Treatment

by Shinichi Negishi, Kota Sato and Kazutaka Kasai

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(18), 8488; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11188488 - 13 Sep 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3338

Abstract

Recovery of oral function is one of the most important objectives of orthognathic surgery. This study investigated the effects of a chewing exercise on chewing patterns and other oral functions after sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO). Ten subjects performed a chewing exercise. The control group comprised 19 patients. For masticatory function, the masticatory pattern, width, and height were assessed. For oral function, the occlusal, lip closure, and tongue pressure forces were measured. The chewing exercise was started 3 months after SSRO, and was performed for 5 min twice a day for 3 months. The masticatory pattern normalized in 60% of the patients and remained unchanged for the reversed and crossover types in 40% of the patients. In contrast, 21.0% of patients in the control group showed a change to the normal type. This may be a natural adaptation due to the changes in morphology. A more detailed study is needed to determine what does and does not improve with chewing exercise. The masticatory width significantly increased after performing the exercise. For oral function, a significant increase in the occlusal force was observed, with no significant difference in the control group. Chewing exercises immediately after SSRO improve masticatory patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Techniques and Materials in Dentistry)

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11 pages, 1394 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Influence of Pre-Etched Area and Functional Monomers on the Enamel Bond Strength of Orthodontic Adhesive Pastes

by Yuriko Tezuka, Yasuhiro Namura, Akihisa Utsu, Kiyotaka Wake, Yasuki Uchida, Mizuki Inaba, Toshiki Takamizawa and Mitsuru Motoyoshi

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(17), 8251; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11178251 - 06 Sep 2021

Viewed by 1719

Abstract

This study was performed to investigate the influence of pre-etching area and functional monomers in orthodontic adhesive pastes on enamel bond strength. Bovine enamel was partially pre-etched with phosphoric acid for 30 s over areas with a diameter of 1.0, 2.0 or 3.0 mm, and metal brackets were then bonded with or without functional monomers in the orthodontic adhesive paste. For the baseline groups, the whole adherent area was pre-etched. The shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) were determined. The adhesive paste/enamel interfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Although the adhesive paste with functional monomers showed higher SBS than the functional monomer-free adhesive paste in all groups, there were no significant differences in SBS between them regardless of the pre-etched area. The SBS increased with increasing pre-etched area in both orthodontic adhesive pastes. In SEM images of adhesive paste/enamel interfaces, although adhesive with functional monomers showed excellent adaptation, the functional monomer-free adhesive paste showed gap formation at the interface. These findings suggested that the pre-etching area greatly influenced bond strength, regardless of the presence or absence of the functional monomer in the orthodontic adhesive paste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Techniques and Materials in Dentistry)

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12 pages, 1877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Generation and Temperature Control during Bone Drilling for Orthodontic Mini-Implants: An In Vitro Study

by Ibrahim Barrak, Gábor Braunitzer, József Piffkó and Emil Segatto

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7689; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11167689 - 21 Aug 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1632

Abstract

Background: The purpose of our in vitro study was to evaluate the impact of different irrigation fluid temperatures in combination with different drilling speeds on intraosseous temperature changes during mini-implant site preparation. Methods: Porcine ribs were used as bone specimens. Grouping determinants were as follows: irrigation fluid temperature (10 and 20 °C) and drilling speed (200, 600, 900, and 1200 RPM). The axial load was controlled at 2.0 kg. Temperature measurements were conducted using K-type thermocouples. Results: Extreme increments were observed only in the unirrigated groups. Irrigation invariably made a significant difference within groups defined by the same drilling speed. The comparison of the different temperature irrigation fluids (10 and 20 °C) in combination with the same drilling speed (200, 600, 900, or 1200 rpm) resulted in a statistically significant difference between the two different temperatures, whereas the use of irrigation fluid at a controlled room temperature of 20 °C showed significantly higher temperature changes. Conclusions: Based on the results of the study, we conclude that irrigation while preparing a pilot hole for a self-tapping orthodontic miniscrew is of utmost importance, even at low drilling speeds. The temperature of the cooling fluid does influence local temperature elevation to a significant extent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Techniques and Materials in Dentistry)

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18 pages, 6601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Adhesive Application Method on the Enamel Bond Durability of a Two-Step Adhesive System Utilizing a Universal Adhesive-Derived Primer

by Toshiki Takamizawa, Munenori Yokoyama, Keiichi Sai, Sho Shibasaki, Wayne W. Barkmeier, Mark A. Latta, Akimasa Tsujimoto and Masashi Miyazaki

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7675; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11167675 - 20 Aug 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2181

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the adhesive application method on the durability of the enamel bond and the thickness of the adhesive layer. A new-generation two-step universal adhesive system, G2-Bond Universal, and two conventional two-step adhesive systems were utilized. The shear bond strength to bovine enamel was measured after thermal cycling in both etch-and-rinse and self-etch modes. Fifteen specimens were divided into three groups as follows: Group I, wherein a strong air stream was applied over the bonding agent for 5 s; Group II, wherein a gentle air stream was applied over the bonding agent for 5 s; and Group III, which was prepared as in Group II, followed by the application of a second layer of the bonding agent and a gentle air stream for 5 s. The durability of the enamel bond and thickness of the tested adhesives were influenced by the application method in both etching modes. The application method used in Group II appeared to be most suitable in terms of the bonding of the adhesives to the enamel. The new-generation two-step self-etch adhesive, comprising a universal adhesive-derived primer and a hydrophobic bonding agent, showed superior bond performance to the conventional two-step adhesive systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Techniques and Materials in Dentistry)

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13 pages, 2232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Heat-Polymerized Monomer Formulations for Dental Infiltrated Ceramic Networks

by Janine Tiu, Renan Belli and Ulrich Lohbauer

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7370; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11167370 - 11 Aug 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3074

Abstract

(1) Objectives: This work examined properties of dental monomer formulations of an aromatic dimethacylate (BisGMA), aliphatic urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA). The monomers were combined in different ratio formulations and heat-polymerized containing the initiator benzoyl peroxide (BPO) specifically for the purpose of infiltration into polymer-infiltrated composite structures. (2) Methods: The monomers were combined in different weight ratios and underwent rheological analysis (viscosity and temperature dependence), degree of conversion, and mechanical properties (elastic modulus, hardness, fracture toughness). (3) Results: Rheological properties showed Newtonian behavior for monomers with a large dependence on temperature. The addition of BPO allowed for gelation in the range of 72.0–75.9 °C. Degree of conversion was found between 74% and 87% DC, unaffected by an increase of TEGDMA (up to 70 wt%). Elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness were inversely proportional to an increase in TEGDMA. Elastic modulus and hardness were found slightly increased for UDMA versus BisGMA formulations, while fracture toughness ranged between 0.26 and 0.93 MPa·m^0.5 for UDMA- and 0.18 and 0.68 MPa·m^0.5 for BisGMA-based formulations. (4) Significance: Heat-polymerization allows for greater range of monomer formulations based on viscosity and degree of conversion when selecting for infiltrated composite structures. Therefore, selection should be based on mechanical properties. The measured data for fracture toughness combined with the reduced viscosity at higher UDMA:TEGDMA ratios favor such formulations over BisGMA:TEGDMA mixtures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Techniques and Materials in Dentistry)

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11 pages, 47739 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Composite Resin on the Enamel after Debonding: An In Vitro Study—Metal Brackets vs. Ceramic Brackets

by Alexandru Vlasa, Eugen Silviu Bud, Mariana Păcurar, Luminița Lazăr, Laura Streiche, Sorana Maria Bucur, Dorin Ioan Cocoș and Anamaria Bud

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7353; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11167353 - 10 Aug 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1585

Abstract

Fixed orthodontic therapies include several procedures that can affect the enamel surface. The aim of this study was to assess the action of composite resin on the surface of the tooth through variation of enamel changes after debonding metal and ceramic brackets, by means of scanning electron microscopy. An in vitro study was conducted on 48 human premolar specimens, which were extracted within a period of two months for orthodontic purposes. On half of them, metal brackets were bonded, and on the other half, ceramic brackets (Al₂O₃) were bonded, using light cure adhesive paste and a two-step, etch-and-bonding technique. The brackets were debonded after 24 h using a straight debonding plier. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was determined by visual observation of the specimen. Post-debonding scans were aligned with the baseline, and the surfaces’ changes were quantified. A quantitative analysis was made on the debonded brackets to determine the presence or absence of enamel on the base pad. Evaluation of pre-bonded and post-clean-up enamel surface revealed no crack and increased roughness in both ceramic and metal brackets, which was higher for the ceramic ones. The enameled band (perikymata), artificial caries, or the superficial fissures revealed in the pretreatment stage were replaced with the loss of the prismatic structure and the presence of remnant adhesive. No enamel substance was found on the base pad. The ARI_tooth was higher for metallic brackets than for ceramic ones. Metallic brackets and ceramic brackets have undergone mechanical changes by showing fractures in their structure. According to our present investigation, we can conclude that the adhesive composite resin is safe for use on both metal and ceramic brackets in orthodontic treatments, with no iatrogenic enamel damages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Techniques and Materials in Dentistry)

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12 pages, 1550 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Occlusal Splint Therapy Followed by Orthodontic Molar Intrusion as an Effective Treatment Method to Treat Patients with Temporomandibular Disorder: A Retrospective Study

by Bálint Nemes, Dorottya Frank, Andreu Puigdollers and Domingo Martín

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7249; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11167249 - 06 Aug 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6859

Abstract

Our goal is to show that temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients with orthopaedic instability can be effectively treated by the combination of occlusal splint therapy and molar intrusion. Diagnostic records of 18 patients reporting previous TMD and treated with splint therapy were evaluated. Postsplint anterior open bite was treated by skeletally anchored molar intrusion. Changes in overjet (OJ), overbite (OB) were measured on articulator mounted models: initially in maximal intercuspidation (MI), centric “de jour”, postsplint centric relation (CR) and postintrusion CR. Changes in ANB (A point-Nasion-B point) angle, mandibular plane–palatal plane angle and facial axis angle were assessed on lateral cephalograms. Morphological changes of the condyle were detected on pre-and posttreatment CBCT images. When compared screening mountings to MI models, significant differences were found in OJ and OB. Following splint wear, there was a significant increase in lower facial height and significant decrease in facial axis angle, which in turn increased ANB angle. OB and OJ showed a significant change on the postsplint mountings when compared to MI. After intrusion, mandible exhibited counterclockwise rotation, which decreased lower facial height, increased OB and facial axis angle and decreased ANB and OJ. Posttreatment CBCTs confirmed improved condylar morphology.Occlusal splint therapy followed by orthodontic molar intrusion provides MI-CR harmony, therefore, it seems to be an effective method for treating TMD patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Techniques and Materials in Dentistry)

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13 pages, 5219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Dental Caries Model Replacing, Refining, and Reducing Animal Sacrifice

by Amit Wolfoviz-Zilberman, Yael Houri-Haddad and Nurit Beyth

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(15), 7141; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11157141 - 02 Aug 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3190

Abstract

In vitro and in vivo models simulating the dental caries process enable the evaluation of anti-caries modalities for prevention and treatment. Animal experimentation remains important for improving human and animal health. Nonetheless, reducing animal sacrifice for research is desirable. The aim of the study was to establish a new reproducible in vitro caries model system and compare it to an in vivo model using similar conditions. Hemi-mandibles were extracted from previously euthanized healthy 10-week-old BALB/C female mice. Jaws were subjected to saliva, high-sucrose diet, and dental caries bacteria Streptococcus mutans UA159 for 5 days. Similar caries induction protocol was used in vivo in fifteen BALB/c female mice (6–7 weeks old) and compared to the in vitro model. Caries lesions were assessed clinically by photographic analysis and µCT analysis, and bacterial growth was evaluated. Under in vitro experimental conditions, carious lesions evolved within 5 days, prominently in the depth of the occlusal fissures in the control group as depicted by photographic analysis, µCT analysis, and bacterial growth. The developed in vitro caries model presented in this study may be a novel animal sparing model for caries disease studies and can be used widely to evaluate the efficacy of different antibacterial dental materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Techniques and Materials in Dentistry)

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9 pages, 22152 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influencing Factors on Aesthetics: Highly Controlled Study Based on Eye Movement and the Forensic Aspects in Computer-Based Assessment of Visual Appeal in Upper Front Teeth

by Monika Bjelopavlovic, Michael Weyhrauch, Christina Erbe, Franziska Burkard, Katja Petrowski and Karl Martin Lehmann

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(15), 6797; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11156797 - 23 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2362

Abstract

First impressions are formed by the external appearance and, in this respect, essentially by an examination of the face. In the literature, the teeth, especially the maxillary front, are among an eye-catching and sensitive area that plays a significant role in the overall evaluation of appearance. In this study, the first eye fixation of 60 subjects with different levels of dental training (layperson, trained layperson, dental student, and dentist) is recorded using an eye-tracking system, and their subsequent evaluation of the images is recorded. Ten unedited original photographs of different maxillary anterior teeth and ten subsequently edited photographs will be used to evaluate forensic aspects such as the effect of symmetry and color on the overall evaluation. The results will be used to determine which areas of the maxillary anterior are demonstrably viewed and whether knowledge of dental esthetics influences evaluation and viewing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Techniques and Materials in Dentistry)

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Review

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15 pages, 727 KiB

Open AccessReview

Comparison of CAD/CAM and Conventional Denture Base Resins: A Systematic Review

by Cindy Batisse and Emmanuel Nicolas

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(13), 5990; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11135990 - 28 Jun 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3928

Abstract

At present, complete dentures (CDs) remain the only treatment available for the majority of edentulous patients. CDs are primarily fabricated using a conventional method using polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) resin. The steps involved in PMMA polymerisation directly affect the quality of the resin prosthetic base and any error reduces retention and occlusal accuracy of CDs. Furthermore, when using the conventional technique, the residual monomer alters the resin mechanical properties and may cause mucosal reactions. Recently, computer aided design and computer aided manufacture (CAD/CAM) techniques were increasingly used to fabricate CDs by machining resin discs that have been manufactured under high pressure and temperature. This systematic review compares CAD/CAM and conventional CDs according to their mechanical, physical and chemical characteristics, as well as the clinical impact of any differences between them. A review was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses checklist on 392 publications from both PubMed and backward research. Fifteen studies have been included. Results showed that CAD/CAM resins had globally better physical and mechanical properties than conventional resins. The use of machined resin could improve the clinical performance, maintenance and longevity of CDs. Further studies in clinical use would be required to complement these results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Techniques and Materials in Dentistry)

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