Editorial

3 pages, 181 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue on Advanced Technologies in Electromagnetic Compatibility

by Alfredo De Leo

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(18), 8975; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12188975 - 07 Sep 2022

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Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) rules the maximum emission levels and the minimum immunity requirements for devices at the scope to ensure their correct interoperability in a real operational environment [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Electromagnetic Compatibility)

Research

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13 pages, 5038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Smooth Bend Structures Using Hybrid Compensation for Common-Mode Noise Reduction

by Ding-Bing Lin, Mei-Hui Wang and Yong-Lun Huang

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(13), 6479; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12136479 - 26 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1611

Abstract

The proposed smooth bend structure was implemented with a 150-degree bend to reduce the asymmetrical part of the differential bend and thus prevent mode conversion loss and common-mode noise. The smooth bend structure maintained the differential signal integrity. In addition, we proposed several [...] Read more.

The proposed smooth bend structure was implemented with a 150-degree bend to reduce the asymmetrical part of the differential bend and thus prevent mode conversion loss and common-mode noise. The smooth bend structure maintained the differential signal integrity. In addition, we proposed several hybrid compensation methods to enhance common-mode noise suppression and concluded that a smooth bend using the “L-C-L” compensation method offered the best performance. The frequency-domain analysis, from direct current (DC) to 6 GHz, was suppressed below 17.3 dB for the differential to common-mode conversion loss (Scd21) and maintained a differential insertion loss (Sdd21) above 2.18 dB. Furthermore, the 150-degree bend, using the “L-C-L” compensation method, reduced common-mode noise by 48.9% compared with a 150-degree bend structure in the time-domain analysis. The significant advantage of the proposed structure is that it can be easily fabricated using the printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing process, reducing costs. The measurement results of the proposed design showed good consistency with the simulations. The proposed hybrid compensation structure successfully reduced the undesirable effects caused by asymmetry; as a result, mode conversion suppression was improved, and common-mode noise was reduced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Electromagnetic Compatibility)

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10 pages, 1612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigation of Electro Magnetic Interference by Using C-Shaped Composite Cylindrical Device

by Yu-Lin Song, Manoj Kumar Reddy, Hung-Yung Wen and Luh-Maan Chang

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(2), 882; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12020882 - 16 Jan 2022

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Abstract

The extremely low-frequency (ELF) and its corresponding electromagnetic field influences the yield of CMOS processes in the foundry, especially for high-end equipment such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) systems, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) systems, focused ion beam (FIB) systems, and electron beam lithography [...] Read more.

The extremely low-frequency (ELF) and its corresponding electromagnetic field influences the yield of CMOS processes in the foundry, especially for high-end equipment such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) systems, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) systems, focused ion beam (FIB) systems, and electron beam lithography (E-Beam) systems. There are several techniques to mitigate electromagnetic interference (EMI), among which active shielding systems and passive shielding methods are widely used. An active shielding system is used to generate an internal electromagnetic field to reduce the detected external electromagnetic field in electric coils with the help of the current. Although the active shielding system reduces the EMI impact, it induces an internal electromagnetic field that could affect the function of nearby tools and/or high-performance probes. Therefore, in this study, we have used a C-shaped cylindrical device combined with an active shielding system and passive shielding techniques to reduce EMI for online monitoring and to overcome the aforementioned issues. In this study, the active shielding system was wrapped with a permalloy composite material (i.e., a composite of nickel and iron alloy) as a tubular device. A C-shaped opening was made on the tubular structure vertically or horizontally to guide the propagation of the electromagnetic field. This C-shaped cylindrical device further reduced electromagnetic noise up to −5.06 dB and redirected the electromagnetic field toward the opening direction on the cylindrical device. The results demonstrated a practical reduction of the electromagnetic field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Electromagnetic Compatibility)

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11 pages, 1404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Laplace Transform for Finite Element Analysis of Electromagnetic Interferences in Underground Metallic Structures

by Andrea Cristofolini, Arturo Popoli, Leonardo Sandrolini, Giacomo Pierotti and Mattia Simonazzi

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(2), 872; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12020872 - 15 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1631

Abstract

A numerical methodology is proposed for the calculation of transient electromagnetic interference induced by overhead high-voltage power lines in metallic structures buried in soil—pipelines for oil or gas transportation. A series of 2D finite element simulations was employed to sample the harmonic response [...] Read more.

A numerical methodology is proposed for the calculation of transient electromagnetic interference induced by overhead high-voltage power lines in metallic structures buried in soil—pipelines for oil or gas transportation. A series of 2D finite element simulations was employed to sample the harmonic response of a given geometry section. The numerical inverse Laplace transform of the results allowed obtaining the time domain evolution of the induced voltages and currents in the buried conductors, for any given condition of the power line. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Electromagnetic Compatibility)

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20 pages, 4726 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Electromagnetic Compatibility Evaluation Method for Receivers Working under Pulsed Signal Interference Environment

by Shaoxiong Cai, Yaoyao Li, Heng Zhu, Xiaolin Wu and Donglin Su

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(20), 9454; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11209454 - 12 Oct 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1746

Abstract

For wireless communication systems, receivers usually work under complex electromagnetic environments and are often susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI). With the wide application of pulse signals in various fields, the impact of pulse signals on the receivers of communication system has not been [...] Read more.

For wireless communication systems, receivers usually work under complex electromagnetic environments and are often susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI). With the wide application of pulse signals in various fields, the impact of pulse signals on the receivers of communication system has not been extensively studied. On the one hand, the existing receiver electromagnetic sensitivity (EMS) interference coupling effect is mainly analyzed from the perspective of energy only, without considering of different electromagnetic parameter characteristics of pulse signal, such as pulse width, repetition period, duty cycle and so on. On the other hand, there is a lack of quantitative characterization of typical performance indexes of receiver subject to pulsed interference environment, resulting in insufficient reliability and accuracy of receiver interference degree prediction and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) evaluation. This paper focuses on the EMS interference coupling effect analysis and EMC evaluation method of receiver under pulsed interference environment. First, based on the analysis of the interference mechanism of the pulse signal on receivers, the formula for the bit error ratio (BER) is derived. Then a system model is proposed to verify the theoretical analysis results through numerical simulation. With the established relationship between the parameters of the pulsed interference and the BER performance of the receiver, a novel EMC evaluation method has been proposed. As a practical application example, the evaluation method is verified via a well-designed experiment on BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS). The experiment shows that the observed phenomena are in good agreement with the conclusions of the proposed evaluation method, proving that the method is applicable to the EMC evaluation of receiver under pulsed signal interference environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Electromagnetic Compatibility)

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17 pages, 5158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Model-Based Analysis and Improvement of Vehicle Radiation Emissions at Low Frequency

by Feng Gao, Qing Wang and Yu Xiong

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(17), 8250; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11178250 - 06 Sep 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1849

Abstract

With the development of electrification and intelligence, the electromagnetic environment of intelligent and electric vehicles becomes complicated and critical because of the high voltage/current of power components, the computation units with high frequency and the dense radio systems. These pose great challenges for [...] Read more.

With the development of electrification and intelligence, the electromagnetic environment of intelligent and electric vehicles becomes complicated and critical because of the high voltage/current of power components, the computation units with high frequency and the dense radio systems. These pose great challenges for the design of vehicle radiation emissions. To improve the development efficiency, a model-based analysis and improvement strategy is proposed. Firstly, a topological approach is presented to decouple and model the vehicle-level radiation problem. By this topological model, each technical factor is analyzed from both of its contribution and sensitivity to the radiation emission, which are further integrated together using the entropy weight method to generate the technical evaluation score. Then, other untechnical factors, i.e., the cost and application difficulty, are further combined with the technical evaluation results by the analytic hierarchy process to determine the final solution. This strategy has been applied to solve a radiation problem of an electric vehicle at low frequency to validate its effectiveness and show some application details. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Electromagnetic Compatibility)

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13 pages, 2143 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of the Measurement Technique for Emissions in Reverberation Chamber Using the Equivalence Principle

by Alfredo De Leo, Graziano Cerri, Paola Russo and Valter Mariani Primiani

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7696; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11167696 - 21 Aug 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1090

Abstract

This paper presents an optimization of a method to reconstruct the radiated emissions of an equipment under test by the measurement of the electric field samples collected on the walls of a reverberation chamber. This means that only the orthogonal component of the [...] Read more.

This paper presents an optimization of a method to reconstruct the radiated emissions of an equipment under test by the measurement of the electric field samples collected on the walls of a reverberation chamber. This means that only the orthogonal component of the electric field is necessary to obtain the radiative behavior of the device in free space conditions. The use of the equivalence principle allows one to reduce the number of equivalent sources used to reconstruct the radiation of the device. In fact, in the previous version of the method, the sources are placed into the entirety of working volume of the reverberation chamber. In the current version of the method, only the surface surrounding the equipment under test is discretized. The analytical implementation of the method is proposed for a particular stirring action: the multiple monopole source stirring technique. This technique is based on an array of monopoles placed onto the walls of the cavity, and therefore no further hardware is needed for the reconstruction of the radiated emissions. The method is experimentally validated in a real scenario. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Electromagnetic Compatibility)

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26 pages, 1707 KiB

Open AccessArticle

About the Use of Generalized Forms of Derivatives in the Study of Electromagnetic Problems

by Giulio Antonini, Giuseppe Dattoli, Fabrizio Frezza, Silvia Licciardi and Fabrizio Loreto

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7505; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11167505 - 16 Aug 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1282

Abstract

The use of non-local operators, defining Riemann–Liouville or Caputo derivatives, is a very useful tool to study problems involving non-conventional diffusion problems. The case of electric circuits, ruled by non-integer derivatives or capacitors with fractional dielectric permittivity, is a fairly natural frame of [...] Read more.

The use of non-local operators, defining Riemann–Liouville or Caputo derivatives, is a very useful tool to study problems involving non-conventional diffusion problems. The case of electric circuits, ruled by non-integer derivatives or capacitors with fractional dielectric permittivity, is a fairly natural frame of relevant applications. We use techniques, involving generalized exponential operators, to obtain suitable solutions for this type of problems and eventually discuss specific problems in applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Electromagnetic Compatibility)

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