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Applied Sciences
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Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors
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Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 October 2017) | Viewed by 55871

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Miguel González Herráez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electronics, University of Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
Interests: distributed measurements and sensors; Raman amplification; optical fiber sources
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Distributed optical fiber sensors are a unique class of optical sensors, in which a position-resolved, quantitative physical measurement can be done along the entire length of an optical fiber cable. These systems can continuously measure thousands (or millions) of sensing points in a single optical fiber, making them especially suitable for the monitoring of large infrastructures. This Special Issue will focus on all aspects of research and development related to these sensors. The scope covers all topics associated with distributed and quasi-distributed optical fiber sensing, addressing subjects, such as Brillouin, Rayleigh and Raman scattering, interrogation schemes in distributed sensing (time-domain, frequency-domain, correlation-domain, etc.), polarization issues, signal-to-noise ratio enhancement techniques (e.g., coding, image processing), data post-processing in distributed sensors, sensing cable design and manufacture, specialty fibers for distributed sensing, applications of distributed sensing, etc. Invited contributions will be selected among the most reputable groups working on the subject. Regular contributions will also be welcome in all the topics indicated above.

Prof. Miguel González Herráez
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fiber sensing
  • distributed optical fiber sensors
  • Raman scattering
  • Brillouin scattering
  • Rayleigh scattering
  • phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry
  • optical frequency-domain reflectometry
  • Brillouin optical time domain analysis
  • Quasi-distributed optical fiber sensing
  • Fiber Bragg gratings

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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5589 KiB  
Article
Characterizing Flow-Induced Vibrations of Fuel Assemblies for Future Liquid Metal Cooled Nuclear Reactors Using Quasi-Distributed Fibre-Optic Sensors
by Ben De Pauw, Graham Kennedy, Katrien Van Tichelen, Thomas Geernaert, Hugo Thienpont and Francis Berghmans
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(8), 864; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app7080864 - 22 Aug 2017
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6387
Abstract
Excessive vibration of nuclear reactor components, such as the heat exchanger or the fuel assembly should be avoided as these can compromise the lifetime of these components and potentially lead to safety hazards. This issue is particularly relevant to new reactor designs that [...] Read more.
Excessive vibration of nuclear reactor components, such as the heat exchanger or the fuel assembly should be avoided as these can compromise the lifetime of these components and potentially lead to safety hazards. This issue is particularly relevant to new reactor designs that use liquid metal coolants. However, identifying adequate sensors or techniques that can be successfully applied to record the vibrations of the components in a flow of liquid metal at elevated temperatures is very challenging. In this paper, we demonstrate the precise measurements of the vibrations of a very representative mock-up of a fuel assembly in a lead-bismuth eutectic cooled installation using quasi-distributed fibre Bragg grating (FBG) based sensors. The unique properties of these sensors, in combination with a dedicated integration and mounting approach, allows for accounting of the severe geometrical constraints and allows characterizing the vibration of the fuel assembly elements under nominal operation conditions. To that aim, we instrumented a single fuel pin within the fuel assembly with 84 FBGs, and conducted spectral measurements with an acquisition rate of up to 5000 measurements per second, enabling the monitoring of local strains of a few με. These measurements provide the information required to assess vibration-related safety hazards. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors)
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3656 KiB  
Article
An Energy Demodulation Based Fiber Optic Sensing System for Landslide Early-Warning
by Xing Wang, Bin Shi, Guangqing Wei and Shenen Chen
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(7), 699; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app7070699 - 07 Jul 2017
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4350
Abstract
To help reduce the impact of geo-hazards, an innovative landslide early-warning technology based on an energy demodulation-based fiber optic sensing (FOS-LW for short) technology, is introduced in this paper. FOS-LW measures the energy change in a sensing fiber at the segment of micro-bending, [...] Read more.
To help reduce the impact of geo-hazards, an innovative landslide early-warning technology based on an energy demodulation-based fiber optic sensing (FOS-LW for short) technology, is introduced in this paper. FOS-LW measures the energy change in a sensing fiber at the segment of micro-bending, which can be caused by landslide movements, and automatically raises an alarm as soon as the measured signal intensity in the fiber reaches a pre-set threshold. Based on the sensing of micro-bending losses in the fiber optics, a two-event sensing algorithm has been developed for the landslide early-warning. The feasibility of the FOS-LW technology is verified through laboratory simulation and field tests. The result shows that FOS-LW has some unique features—such as the graded alarm, real-time responses, remote monitoring, low cost and passive optical network—and can be applied in the early-warning of landslides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors)
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2980 KiB  
Article
Single Mode Air-Clad Single Crystal Sapphire Optical Fiber
by Cary Hill, Dan Homa, Zhihao Yu, Yujie Cheng, Bo Liu, Anbo Wang and Gary Pickrell
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(5), 473; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app7050473 - 03 May 2017
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6356
Abstract
The observation of single mode propagation in an air-clad single crystal sapphire optical fiber at wavelengths at and above 783 nm is presented for the first time. A high-temperature wet acid etching method was used to reduce the diameter of a 10 cm [...] Read more.
The observation of single mode propagation in an air-clad single crystal sapphire optical fiber at wavelengths at and above 783 nm is presented for the first time. A high-temperature wet acid etching method was used to reduce the diameter of a 10 cm length of commercially-sourced sapphire fiber from 125 micrometers to 6.5 micrometers, and far-field imaging provided modal information at intervals as the fiber diameter decreased. Modal volume was shown to decrease with decreasing diameter, and single mode behavior was observed at the minimum diameter achieved. While weakly-guiding approximations are generally inaccurate for low modal volume optical fiber with high core-cladding refractive index disparity, consistency between these approximations and experimental results was observed when the effective numerical aperture was measured and substituted for the theoretical numerical aperture in weakly-guiding approximation calculations. With the demonstration of very low modal volume in sapphire at fiber diameters much larger than anticipated by legacy calculations, the resolution of sapphire fiber distributed sensors may be increased and other sensing schemes requiring very low modal volume, such as fiber Bragg gratings, may be realized in extreme environment applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors)
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Review

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7175 KiB  
Review
ECOAL Project—Delivering Solutions for Integrated Monitoring of Coal-Related Fires Supported on Optical Fiber Sensing Technology
by Joana Ribeiro, Duarte Viveiros, João Ferreira, Alexia Lopez-Gil, Alejandro Dominguez-Lopez, Hugo F. Martins, Rosa Perez-Herrera, Aitor Lopez-Aldaba, Lia Duarte, Ana Pinto, Sonia Martin-Lopez, Hardy Baierl, Raphael Jamier, Sébastien Rougier, Jean-Louis Auguste, Ana Cláudia Teodoro, José Alberto Gonçalves, Oscar Esteban, José Luís Santos, Philippe Roy, Manuel Lopez-Amo, Miguel Gonzalez-Herraez, José Manuel Baptista and Deolinda Floresadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(9), 956; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app7090956 - 16 Sep 2017
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6534
Abstract
The combustion of coal wastes resulting from mining is of particular environmental concern, and the importance of proper management involving real-time assessment of their status and identification of probable evolution scenarios is recognized. Continuous monitoring of the combustion temperature and emission levels of [...] Read more.
The combustion of coal wastes resulting from mining is of particular environmental concern, and the importance of proper management involving real-time assessment of their status and identification of probable evolution scenarios is recognized. Continuous monitoring of the combustion temperature and emission levels of certain gases allows for the possibility of planning corrective actions to minimize their negative impact on the surroundings. Optical fiber technology is well suited to this purpose and here we describe the main attributes and results obtained from a fiber optic sensing system projected to gather data on distributed temperature and gas emissions in these harsh environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors)
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11574 KiB  
Review
A Review of Distributed Fibre Optic Sensors for Geo-Hydrological Applications
by Luca Schenato
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(9), 896; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app7090896 - 01 Sep 2017
Cited by 169 | Viewed by 15009
Abstract
Distributed optical fibre sensing, employing either Rayleigh, Raman, or Brillouin scattering, is the only physical-contact sensor technology capable of accurately estimating physical fields with spatial continuity along the fibre. This unique feature and the other features of standard optical fibre sensors (e.g., minimal [...] Read more.
Distributed optical fibre sensing, employing either Rayleigh, Raman, or Brillouin scattering, is the only physical-contact sensor technology capable of accurately estimating physical fields with spatial continuity along the fibre. This unique feature and the other features of standard optical fibre sensors (e.g., minimal invasiveness and lightweight, remote powering/interrogating capabilities) have for many years promoted the technology to be a promising candidate for geo-hydrological monitoring. Relentless research efforts are being undertaken to bring the technology to complete maturity through laboratory, physical models, and in-situ tests. The application of distributed optical fibre sensors to geo-hydrological monitoring is here reviewed and discussed, along with basic principles and main acquisition techniques. Among the many existing geo-hydrological processes, the emphasis is placed on those related to soil levees, slopes/landslide, and ground subsidence that constitute a significant percentage of current geohazards. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors)
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414 KiB  
Review
Machine Learning Methods for Pipeline Surveillance Systems Based on Distributed Acoustic Sensing: A Review
by Javier Tejedor, Javier Macias-Guarasa, Hugo F. Martins, Juan Pastor-Graells, Pedro Corredera and Sonia Martin-Lopez
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(8), 841; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app7080841 - 16 Aug 2017
Cited by 91 | Viewed by 11572
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in researchers and companies on the combination of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) and a Pattern Recognition System (PRS) to detect and classify potentially dangerous events that occur in areas above fiber optic cables deployed along active pipelines, aiming [...] Read more.
There is an increasing interest in researchers and companies on the combination of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) and a Pattern Recognition System (PRS) to detect and classify potentially dangerous events that occur in areas above fiber optic cables deployed along active pipelines, aiming to construct pipeline surveillance systems. This paper presents a review of the literature in what respect to machine learning techniques applied to pipeline surveillance systems based on DAS+PRS (although its scope can also be extended to any other environment in which DAS+PRS strategies are to be used). To do so, we describe the fundamentals of the machine learning approaches when applied to DAS systems, and also do a detailed literature review of the main contributions on this topic. Additionally, this paper addresses the most common issues related to real field deployment and evaluation of DAS+PRS for pipeline threat monitoring, and intends to provide useful insights and recommendations in what respect to the design of such systems. The literature review concludes that a real field deployment of a PRS based on DAS technology is still a challenging area of research, far from being fully solved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors)
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2021 KiB  
Review
Non-Local Effects in Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Analysis Sensors
by Haritz Iribas, Javier Urricelqui, Juan José Mompó, Jon Mariñelarena and Alayn Loayssa
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(8), 761; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app7080761 - 27 Jul 2017
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4866
Abstract
Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) sensors have great potential to provide distributed measurements of temperature and strain over large structures with high spatial resolution and measurement precision. However, their performance ultimately depends on the amount of probe and pump pulse power that can [...] Read more.
Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) sensors have great potential to provide distributed measurements of temperature and strain over large structures with high spatial resolution and measurement precision. However, their performance ultimately depends on the amount of probe and pump pulse power that can be injected into the sensing fiber, which determines the signal-to-noise ratio of the detected measurement signal. The probe wave power is constrained by the generation of noise induced by spontaneous Brillouin scattering and at lower power by the so-called non-local effects. In this work, we focus on the latter. We review the physical origins of non-local effects and analyze the performance impairments that they bring. In addition, we discuss the different methods that have been proposed to counteract these effects comparing their relative merits and ultimate performance. Particularly, we focus on a technique that we have devised to compensate non-local effects which is based on introducing an optical frequency modulation or dithering to the probe wave. This method is shown to provide a comprehensive solution to most of the impairments associated with non-local effects and also to enable some side benefits, such as amplification of the pump pulses to compensate the attenuation of the fiber. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors)
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