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Applied Sciences
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In Vitro and In Vivo Methods to Monitor the Immune...
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In Vitro and In Vivo Methods to Monitor the Immune Response and Its Regulation Methods

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 November 2021) | Viewed by 9958

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Zlotkowska Dagmara

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research (PAN), Olsztyn, Poland
Interests: mucosal immune system; animal models; Treg; DC; allergy; proteins; flow cytometry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Associate Professor, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
Interests: animal models; viral infections; immune system; innate immunity; T cells; flow cytometry; real-time PCR
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Jacek Rolinski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
Interests: cancer immunology; cancer immunotherapy; immunodeficiency disorders; immunosuppressive molecules; T cell exhaustion; tumor microenvironment
Prof. Dr. Ewelina Grywalska

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
Interests: cancer immunology; cancer immunotherapy; immunodeficiency disorders; immunosuppressive molecules; T cell exhaustion; tumor microenvironment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Our current pandemic situation means that all eyes are on the body’s immune response—how it works, as well as how it could be boosted to help preserve the host from diseases.

This is also the moment when we should take a closer look on mucosal immune system, the biggest organ in the body, which is pivotal to the immunological status of the host. The system fights thousands of substances entering the host every day, from potential allergens like food proteins, to toxins, microorganisms and others. Among these, many are recognized as helpful for the improvement of health. Others disrupt the immune system homeostasis by causing inflammation and disease. For decades, science has been developing tools to monitor immune system responses. New techniques are helping researchers discover those mechanisms and find substances responsible for disease development. Several animal models, as specific and sensitive methods, serve as tools for finding new solutions in cell culture models, flow cytometry, mass spectrometry, microarray assays and many others that allow researchers to discover allergens molecular epitopes, mechanisms responsible for T and B cells activation, inducing the mechanisms involved in autoimmune diseases, cancer development and the reason for the current increase in obesity.

The intention of this Special Issue is to provide researchers with the opportunity to publish high-quality research from all over the world in one issue concerning in vitro and in vivo methods of immune system response monitoring and the mechanism to regulate this response.

Dr. Zlotkowska Dagmara
Dr. Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej
Prof. Dr. Jacek Rolinski
Prof. Dr. Ewelina Grywalska
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • animals and cells models
  • T, B cells
  • immune mechanisms
  • immune techniques

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 3554 KiB  
Article
Aspirin Exerts Synergistic Effect with Anti-Fas Stimulation against Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells In Vitro
by Magdalena Szaryńska, Agata Olejniczak-Kęder, Adrian Zubrzycki, Anna Wardowska and Zbigniew Kmieć
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 10009; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112110009 - 26 Oct 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1440
Abstract
Cancer cells, especially cancer stem cells (CSCs), are known for their therapeutic resistance and ability to induce a cancer relapse even many years after successful treatment. The quest for a novel protocol utilizing some commonly used non-oncologic drugs that would improve patients outcomes [...] Read more.
Cancer cells, especially cancer stem cells (CSCs), are known for their therapeutic resistance and ability to induce a cancer relapse even many years after successful treatment. The quest for a novel protocol utilizing some commonly used non-oncologic drugs that would improve patients outcomes seems to be the right solution. Aspirin (ASA) is one of such eminent drugs. Our study demonstrated that ASA may exert synergistic effect with the anti-Fas antibody on CSCs of colorectal cancer cell lines. We found that such compound treatment inhibited the pro-cancerous effect of anti-Fas stimulation and decreased spherogenicity, survival and CD133-positive cells’ count. Additionally, ASA with anti-Fas antibody may have a positive impact on dendritic cells’ functions. Our innovative study explored simultaneous usage of two biologically active compounds which haven’t been considered in such combination to assess their significance in colorectal cancer cell biology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro and In Vivo Methods to Monitor the Immune Response and Its Regulation Methods)
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26 pages, 3068 KiB  
Article
Luminex Multiplex Bead Assay Monitoring HLA IgG Antibodies in Sensitized Pre- and Post-transplant Patients: Clonality of the Detection Antibody Impacts Specificity and Sensitivity
by Mepur H. Ravindranath, Narendranath M. Ravindranath and Carly J. Amato-Menker
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(14), 6430; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11146430 - 12 Jul 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3143
Abstract
The number and the binding affinity, measured as the mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of HLA-specific IgG antibodies, formed in the sera of end-stage organ disease patients and allograft recipients, referred to as sensitization, may restrict the availability of a donor organ and/or lead [...] Read more.
The number and the binding affinity, measured as the mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of HLA-specific IgG antibodies, formed in the sera of end-stage organ disease patients and allograft recipients, referred to as sensitization, may restrict the availability of a donor organ and/or lead to graft failure after transplantation. The MFI of HLA Abs in sera is monitored with the Luminex-based single-antigen bead (SAB) immunoassay. The following two factors may impact the reliable measurement of MFI: one, the HLA structural variants on the SAB, namely, trimeric HLA (closed conformers, CC) and monomeric heavy chains (open conformers, OC); and two, the nature of the detection Abs, namely, IgG heavy-chain binding polyclonal-Fab (IgHPolyFab) or Fc-binding monoclonal-IgG (FcMonoIgG). Anti-CC Abs correlate with positive flow cross-matches, and are considered to be pathogenic and damaging to the graft, whereas anti-OC Abs appear to have little relevance to graft attrition. The presence of both CC and OC on beads may impair the reliability of monitoring the nature and MFI of pathogenic Abs. Our objective is to compare the MFI of the HLA Abs in the sera of 20 sensitized patients in two different SAB assays, with the two detection Abs. Our data reveal that the admixture of OC with CC on beads will affect the reliability of the measurement of the pathogenic Abs, and that FcMonoIgG is the more sensitive and specific detection Ab for the accurate assessment of HLA sensitization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro and In Vivo Methods to Monitor the Immune Response and Its Regulation Methods)
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12 pages, 1076 KiB  
Article
Real-Time PCR Confirms Infection with Lagovirus europaeus
by Dominika Bębnowska, Rafał Hrynkiewicz and Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(2), 656; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11020656 - 11 Jan 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1896
Abstract
Lagovirus europaeus GI.1/GI.2 is an etiological agent causing the highly dangerous rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD). Molecular research is the basic tool today that can help solve epidemic problems related to the expansion of pathogens in the world. By using the real-time polymerase chain [...] Read more.
Lagovirus europaeus GI.1/GI.2 is an etiological agent causing the highly dangerous rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD). Molecular research is the basic tool today that can help solve epidemic problems related to the expansion of pathogens in the world. By using the real-time polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR), we detected three different strains of Lagovirus europaeus/GI.1, which is an RNA virus infecting mainly rabbits. The results showed that the method used was fast, very specific, and effective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro and In Vivo Methods to Monitor the Immune Response and Its Regulation Methods)
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Review

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9 pages, 691 KiB  
Review
Characterization of RNA in Extracellular Vesicles
by Silvia Fischer and Elisabeth Deindl
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7520; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11167520 - 16 Aug 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2847
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important players in the communication between different kinds of cells by delivering their content, consisting of different types of RNA, proteins, bioactive lipids, or signaling nucleotides, into their target cells. Several types of EVs are distinguished: (1) exosomes with [...] Read more.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important players in the communication between different kinds of cells by delivering their content, consisting of different types of RNA, proteins, bioactive lipids, or signaling nucleotides, into their target cells. Several types of EVs are distinguished: (1) exosomes with sizes from 30 to 150 nm originate from the endosomal pathway and form intracellular multivesicular bodies (MVBs), which fuse to the plasma membrane before their secretion. (2) EVs with sizes ranging from 100 to 1000 nm in diameter are formed during cell surface budding. (3) Apoptotic bodies with diameters from 500 to 2000 nm are released from blebbing of the cell membrane of apoptotic cells. It is well established that various RNA molecules such as coding RNAs and noncoding RNAs (long noncoding RNAs, microRNAs, circular RNAs, and rRNAs) are present in different amounts in EVs depending on the type and origin of EV. Here we will give an overview of methods to isolate different types of EVs and to quantify and characterize different RNA species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro and In Vivo Methods to Monitor the Immune Response and Its Regulation Methods)
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