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Applied Sciences
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Recent Advances on Safe Maritime Operations under Extreme Conditions
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Recent Advances on Safe Maritime Operations under Extreme Conditions

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 April 2021) | Viewed by 17842

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Pentti Kujala

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. School of Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
2. School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Interests: full-scale measurements of ice-induced loads and analysis of the ice load statistics; simulation of ship performance in ice; development of advanced structural solutions for ships; development of system-level safety of marine traffic
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Spyros Hirdaris

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering (Maritime technology), Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
Interests: wave loads; ship dynamics; ship safety in design and operations; emerging technologies; risk management; sustainability
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Martin Bergström

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
Interests: goal-/risk-based ship design; arctic shipping; ship safety; maritime sustainability
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The increased activity in the Arctic involves hazards such as a harsh environment, especially the ice cover and cold temperature, remoteness and lack of infrastructure, and lack of information about bathymetry, among others. Ice cover is also highly variable and dynamic, with increasing variation in the future as, due to the changing effects of the world climate, the ice conditions on all ice-covered areas are also under dynamic change. This effect on Arctic operations is a complicated task to solve. The remoteness of the Arctic areas means that in case of an accident, the search and rescue (SAR) capability is low. Further, the fairways are not marked very extensively, and especially the soundings taken for charting are relatively scarce. These Polar area hazards are compounded by the fact that the rate of recovery of nature is slow, meaning that environmental hazards are made more serious.

The focus of this Special Issue will be research related to the recommended practice on scenario-based risk management for Polar shipping and risk-based guidelines considering holistically the impact of risks on ice infested waters. These can include: (a) Definition of ice conditions, (b) ship–ice contact, (c) numerical models/idealizations, (d) definition of limit states for ice-strengthened structures, and (e) holistic risk–reward analysis for Polar navigation. Articles submitted to this Special Issue can also deal with the most significant recent developments in the abovementioned areas. We invite researchers to contribute original research articles as well as review articles that will stimulate the continuing research effort on the future needs to guarantee safe shipping in ice waters.

Prof. Dr. Pentti Kujala
Prof. Dr. Spyros Hirdaris
Dr. Martin Bergström
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Polar navigation
  • Risk-based design
  • Ice conditions
  • Ship–ice and ship–ice–water interactions
  • Ice failure
  • Numerical models and model tests
  • Limit states of structures
  • Risk–reward analysis
  • Operations management
  • Accident statistics

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 156 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue on the Recent Advances in Safe Maritime Operations under Extreme Conditions
by Pentti Kujala, Spyros Hirdaris and Martin Bergström
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(13), 5789; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11135789 - 22 Jun 2021
Viewed by 1111
Abstract
The increased activity in the Arctic involves hazards such as a harsh environment, especially the ice cover and cold temperature, remoteness and lack of infrastructure, and lack of information about bathymetry, among others [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances on Safe Maritime Operations under Extreme Conditions)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

24 pages, 11245 KiB  
Article
On Characteristics of Ice Ridges and Icebergs for Design of Ship Hulls in Polar Regions Based on Environmental Design Contours
by Bernt J. Leira, Wei Chai and Gowtham Radhakrishnan
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(12), 5749; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11125749 - 21 Jun 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2154
Abstract
Ice ridges and icebergs generally pose a major threat to both ships and offshore facilities that operate in Polar regions. In many cases these features will govern the structural design loads associated with the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) and the Accidental Limit State [...] Read more.
Ice ridges and icebergs generally pose a major threat to both ships and offshore facilities that operate in Polar regions. In many cases these features will govern the structural design loads associated with the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) and the Accidental Limit State (ALS). In general, a large number of load cases must be considered in order to ascertain an adequate structural resistance. Alternatively, conservatively high values of the relevant design parameters can be applied, which implies cost penalties. Accordingly, it is natural to consider methods that can serve to reduce the number of relevant load cases. Based on relevant information about the statistical properties of the parameters that characterize ice ridges and icebergs, the most likely combinations of these parameters for design purposes are highly relevant. On this background, the so-called environmental contour method is applied. Probabilistic models of the key parameters that govern the ship and ice interaction process are introduced. Subsequently, the procedure referred to as inverse reliability methods (IFORM) is applied for identification of the environmental contour. Different forms (i.e., dimensions) of environmental contours are generated to reflect the characteristics of the interaction process. Furthermore, the effect of an increasing correlation between the basic parameters is studied. In addition, the increase of the design parameter values for increasing encounter frequencies is illustrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances on Safe Maritime Operations under Extreme Conditions)
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27 pages, 3434 KiB  
Article
Simulation-Based Assessment of the Operational Performance of the Finnish–Swedish Winter Navigation System
by Martin Bergström and Pentti Kujala
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(19), 6747; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10196747 - 27 Sep 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2108
Abstract
This article presents a discrete event simulation-based approach for assessing the operating performance of the Finnish–Swedish Winter Navigation System (FSWNS) under different operating scenarios. Different operating scenarios are specified in terms of ice conditions, the volume of maritime traffic, number of icebreakers (IBs), [...] Read more.
This article presents a discrete event simulation-based approach for assessing the operating performance of the Finnish–Swedish Winter Navigation System (FSWNS) under different operating scenarios. Different operating scenarios are specified in terms of ice conditions, the volume of maritime traffic, number of icebreakers (IBs), and regulations such as the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI). Considered performance indicators include transport capacity, number of instances of icebreaker (IB) assistance, and IB waiting times. The approach is validated against real-world data on maritime traffic in the Bothnian Bay. In terms of the number of ship arrivals per port, indicating the transport capacity of the FSWNS, the simulation agrees well with the data. In terms of the number of instances of IB assistance and IB waiting times per port, the standard deviations between the mean of 35 independent simulation runs and the data are 13% and 18%, respectively. A sensitivity analysis indicates that the simulated number of instances of IB assistance and IB waiting times is particularly sensitive to assumptions concerning the presence of brash ice channels. Case studies indicate that, unless the number of IBs is increased, the EEDI regulations may result in a significant increase in both the number of instances of IB assistance and the cumulated IB waiting times. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances on Safe Maritime Operations under Extreme Conditions)
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23 pages, 2440 KiB  
Article
A Framework for Integrating Life-Safety and Environmental Consequences into Conventional Arctic Shipping Risk Models
by Thomas Browne, Rocky Taylor, Brian Veitch, Pentti Kujala, Faisal Khan and Doug Smith
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(8), 2937; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10082937 - 23 Apr 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3097
Abstract
The International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code) was adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and entered into force on 1 January 2017. It provides a comprehensive treatment of topics relevant to ships operating in Polar regions. From a [...] Read more.
The International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code) was adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and entered into force on 1 January 2017. It provides a comprehensive treatment of topics relevant to ships operating in Polar regions. From a design perspective, in scenarios where ice exposure and the consequences of ice-induced damage are the same, it is rational to require the same ice class and structural performance for such vessels. Design requirements for different ice class vessels are provided in the Polar Code. The Polar Operational Limit Assessment Risk Indexing System (POLARIS) methodology provided in the Polar Code offers valuable guidance regarding operational limits for ice class vessels in different ice conditions. POLARIS has been shown to well reflect structural risk, and serves as a valuable decision support tool for operations and route planning. At the same time, the current POLARIS methodology does not directly account for the potential consequences resulting from a vessel incurring ice-induced damage. While two vessels of the same ice class operating in the same ice conditions would have similar structural risk profiles, the overall risk profile of each vessel will depend on the magnitude of consequences, should an incident or accident occur. In this paper, a new framework is presented that augments the current POLARIS methodology to model consequences. It has been developed on the premise that vessels of a given class with higher potential life-safety, environmental, or socio-economic consequences should be operated more conservatively. The framework supports voyage planning and real-time operational decision making through assignment of operational criteria based on the likelihood of ice-induced damage and the potential consequences. The objective of this framework is to enhance the safety of passengers and crews and the protection of the Arctic environment and its stakeholders. The challenges associated with establishing risk perspectives and evaluating consequences for Arctic ship operations are discussed. This methodology proposes a pragmatic pathway to link ongoing scientific research with risk-based methods to help inform recommended practices and decision support tools. Example scenarios are considered to illustrate the flexibility of the methodology in accounting for varied risk profiles for different vessel types, as well as incorporating input from local communities and risk and environmental impact assessments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances on Safe Maritime Operations under Extreme Conditions)
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20 pages, 5271 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of Ship Oil Spill in Arctic Icy Waters
by Wei Li, Xiao Liang, Jianguo Lin, Ping Guo, Qiang Ma, Zhenpeng Dong, Jiamin Liu, Zhenhe Song and Hengqi Wang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(4), 1394; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10041394 - 19 Feb 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2268
Abstract
This paper presents a three-dimensional numerical simulation model of an oil spill for application in emergency treatment methods under icy water conditions. The combined effects of wind, wave, current and ice implemented in our model correspond to Arctic Ocean conditions. A discrete element [...] Read more.
This paper presents a three-dimensional numerical simulation model of an oil spill for application in emergency treatment methods under icy water conditions. The combined effects of wind, wave, current and ice implemented in our model correspond to Arctic Ocean conditions. A discrete element method combined with an overset grid was adopted to track the trajectory movements of oil film with medium-density ice floes and simulate the flow field of moving ice of large displacement in six degrees of freedom (6DOF). The probability of oil spill area extensions were estimated by a response surface method (RSM). Results showed reduced risk of pollution in icy water conditions and greater drift action of oil film. Accordingly, the spraying location and quantity of oil-dispersant could be rapidly specified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances on Safe Maritime Operations under Extreme Conditions)
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22 pages, 8053 KiB  
Article
A Numerical Ice Load Prediction Model Based on Ice-Hull Collision Mechanism
by Meng Zhang, Karl Garme, Magnus Burman and Li Zhou
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 692; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10020692 - 19 Jan 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2635
Abstract
A simplified numerical model is introduced to predict ice impact force acting on the ship hull in level ice condition. The model is based on ice-hull collision mechanisms and the essential ice breaking characteristics. The two critical ice failure modes, localized crushing and [...] Read more.
A simplified numerical model is introduced to predict ice impact force acting on the ship hull in level ice condition. The model is based on ice-hull collision mechanisms and the essential ice breaking characteristics. The two critical ice failure modes, localized crushing and bending breaking, are addressed. An energy method is used to estimate the crushing force and the indentation displacement for different geometry schemes of ice-ship interaction. Ice bending breaking scenario is taken as a semi-infinite plate under a distributed load resting on an elastic foundation. An integrated complete ice-hull impact event is introduced with ice failure modes and breaking patterns. Impact location randomness and number of broken ice wedges are considered in order to establish a stochastic model. The analysis is validated by comparison with the model ice test of a shuttle passenger ferry performed in May 2017 for SSPA Sweden AB at Aker Arctic Technology Inc. Good agreement is achieved with appropriate parameter selection assumed from the model test and when ice bending failure is dominant. This model can be used to predict the ice impact load and creates a bridge between design parameters (ice properties and ship geometry) and structure loads. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances on Safe Maritime Operations under Extreme Conditions)
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21 pages, 6905 KiB  
Article
Analysis of a Collision-Energy-Based Method for the Prediction of Ice Loading on Ships
by Sabina Idrissova, Martin Bergström, Spyros E. Hirdaris and Pentti Kujala
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(21), 4546; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app9214546 - 26 Oct 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3321
Abstract
Ships designed for operation in Polar waters must be approved in accordance with the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code), adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). To account for ice loading on ships, the Polar Code includes references [...] Read more.
Ships designed for operation in Polar waters must be approved in accordance with the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code), adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). To account for ice loading on ships, the Polar Code includes references to the International Association of Classification Societies’ (IACS) Polar Class (PC) standards. For the determination of design ice loads, the PC standards rely upon a method applying the principle of the conservation of momentum and energy in collisions. The method, which is known as the Popov Method, is fundamentally analytical, but because the ship–ice interaction process is complex and not fully understood, its practical applications, including the PC standards, rely upon multiple assumptions. In this study, to help naval architects make better-informed decisions in the design of Arctic ships, and to support progress towards goal-based design, we analyse the effect of the assumptions behind the Popov Method by comparing ice load predictions, calculated by the Method with corresponding full-scale ice load measurements. Our findings indicate that assumptions concerning the modelling of the ship–ice collision scenario, the ship–ice contact geometry and the ice conditions, among others, significantly affect how well the ice load prediction agrees with the measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances on Safe Maritime Operations under Extreme Conditions)
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