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Advanced in Smart Water Grid at Water Supply Systems: Principle...
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Advanced in Smart Water Grid at Water Supply Systems: Principle and Application

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 February 2022) | Viewed by 9882

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Gyewoon Choi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
International Center for Urban Water Hydroinformatics Research & Innovation, Incheon 22012, Korea
Interests: smart water grid technology; drinking water monitoring; smart city; smart sensing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Dongwoo Jang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
Interests: smart water grid; water distribution systems; water balance and drought assessment; numerical analysis in river hydraulics and water quality assessment

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The purpose of tap water was to provide an abundance of water for the first generation and safe and clear water for the second generation, but, in recent years, its purpose has been changing to the supply of healthy water with the development of ICT. To supply such healthy water, it is important to secure sufficient water resources, provide stable water quality, and supply water with sufficient minerals necessary for the human body. To achieve this goal, all water information on quantity and quality from water resources to water purification plants, water distribution systems, and households must be monitored. All water quality parameters including minerals must be accurately identified, and facilities must be operated optimally. To this end, a smart water grid (SWG), including information & communication technology (ICT), must be practically applied. SWG is an advanced water management technology and has recently attracted great attention worldwide. In this Special Issue, the process and principles of SWG were described. In addition, the intensive direction of SWG was suggested to enable optimal operation and maintenance when applied to the practical water supply systems.

The topics of interest for this Special Issue include but are not limited to the following:

  1. Direction of SWG concept (recent and future)
  2. Correlation between SWG and water welfare, and improvement direction of human life
  3. Major factors of SWG, future standardization, and improvement directions (software, monitoring system, hardware, communication device, optimization and AI application, and consumer service)
  4. Regulations and manuals for filed application of SWG
  5. Analysis of pilot and actual application cases of SWG and suggestion of future directions
  6. Current status of water supply systems (WSS) infrastructure and improvement direction for linkage of SWG application
  7. Operation methodology of WSS in normal and emergency conditions after SWG application
  8. Efficient maintenance of water infrastructure after SWG application
  9. Strengthening of consumer service after SWG application
  10. Analysis of economic effect and future trends of SWG application
  11. Others: Various proposals and technology development for the spread of SWG application

Prof. Dr. Gyewoon Choi
Dr. Dongwoo Jang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • smart water grid
  • ICT
  • water supply systems
  • optimal water management

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 3861 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Three-Dimensional Environmental Hydraulic Modeling in Scour Hole
by Thi Hoang Thao Nguyen, Sungwon Park, Dongmin Jang and Jungkyu Ahn
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(8), 4032; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12084032 - 15 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1314
Abstract
The main goal of this study was comparing the performance of an open-source code OpenFOAM and a commercial software Ansys Fluent in simulating the turbulent flow through a scour hole developed in a sand bed channel, which helps to give a hint in [...] Read more.
The main goal of this study was comparing the performance of an open-source code OpenFOAM and a commercial software Ansys Fluent in simulating the turbulent flow through a scour hole developed in a sand bed channel, which helps to give a hint in choosing the appropriate calculating tool. Both models were set with the same mesh and as similar as possible numerical settings, with RANS turbulence modeling, applying the k-ωSST model, in transient simulations. The results of flow pattern, velocity, and turbulence properties were collected and compared with laboratory experimental data. The analyzed results showed that, although both of the two models cannot perfectly reproduce the values from a laboratory experiment, they can quite well capture the flow in scour hole near the wall, with a bit higher performance coming from the OpenFOAM model application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced in Smart Water Grid at Water Supply Systems: Principle and Application)
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12 pages, 4640 KiB  
Article
Application of the Harmony Search Algorithm for Optimization of WDN and Assessment of Pipe Deterioration
by Alejandro Botella Langa, Youn-Gyu Choi, Kwon-Seok Kim and Dong-Woo Jang
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(7), 3550; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12073550 - 31 Mar 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1372
Abstract
The relevance of the optimal design of water distribution networks lies in its applicability. Thus, the design must be as efficient and affordable as possible, meaning that it achieves a minimum level of serviceability using an appropriate amount of resources. In this context, [...] Read more.
The relevance of the optimal design of water distribution networks lies in its applicability. Thus, the design must be as efficient and affordable as possible, meaning that it achieves a minimum level of serviceability using an appropriate amount of resources. In this context, an ideal water network requires the use of minimum-size elements to reach the minimum head pressure required for each node of the system with the lowest energy consumption. For this purpose, a relatively new meta-heuristic algorithm, called Harmony Search, was used in this study to optimize the water distribution network of Cheongna International City, Korea, in terms of the pipe diameter. Furthermore, using the same algorithm under a different approach, an assessment of the deterioration of conduits over time was conducted by analyzing the optimal roughness coefficient for the original pipe material, which provides a useful tool for decision making. Other heuristic and meta-heuristic algorithms have been applied to this type of problem; however, Harmony Search provides a convenient implementation at a reasonable computational cost. In this study, Harmony Search is demonstrated to be a valuable tool for water distribution network optimization as well as for pipe aging assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced in Smart Water Grid at Water Supply Systems: Principle and Application)
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12 pages, 2224 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Water Quality Characteristics of Urban Streams Using the Flow–Pollutant Loading Relationship and a Load Duration Curve (LDC)
by Ji-Yun Jang, Dae-Woong Kim, Ye-Ji Choi and Dong-Woo Jang
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(20), 9694; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11209694 - 18 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1688
Abstract
For urban streams, wastewater inflow makes water quality management difficult. This study attempted to analyze the water quality characteristics and pollution sources for the efficient management of water quality in the upper, middle, and lower Gul-po stream reaches. The water quality and flow [...] Read more.
For urban streams, wastewater inflow makes water quality management difficult. This study attempted to analyze the water quality characteristics and pollution sources for the efficient management of water quality in the upper, middle, and lower Gul-po stream reaches. The water quality and flow characteristics for each point were analyzed using five-year water quality and flow discharge data at Gul-po stream from 2016 to 2020. The results showed that the flow increased and the water quality improved in the upper part of the stream, under the influence of a treated water discharge. The flow–pollutant loading equation revealed that the flow coefficient (slope of the regression equation) values of the water quality characteristics, except T-N, were lower than 1 in the upper part, indicating that the water quality decreased as the flow increased. In the middle and lower parts, the flow index values of the water quality characteristics, except T-N, were greater than 1, indicating that the water quality increased with the flow. For the middle and lower parts, the overage rate of target water quality by the Ministry of Environment was high for high-flow discharge sections, indicating the significant influence of nonpoint pollution sources. These results show that it is necessary to consider different pollution sources at each point for urban stream quality management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced in Smart Water Grid at Water Supply Systems: Principle and Application)
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13 pages, 2894 KiB  
Article
Application of the KINEROS 2 Model to Natural Basin for Estimation of Erosion
by Javier Fortuño Ibáñez, Manuel Gómez Valentín and Dongwoo Jang
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 9320; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11199320 - 08 Oct 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1720
Abstract
This study compares different methods to calculate erosion and sedimentation processes in the Aviar Basin, a natural peri-urban basin located in Comúd’Encamp (Andorra). The basin area is small, covering less than one square kilometer. Currently, increased densities of houses and buildings under natural [...] Read more.
This study compares different methods to calculate erosion and sedimentation processes in the Aviar Basin, a natural peri-urban basin located in Comúd’Encamp (Andorra). The basin area is small, covering less than one square kilometer. Currently, increased densities of houses and buildings under natural basins can cause drainage problems. This is due to the heavy accumulation of eroded solid material in the sewer systems. Therefore, for a given basin condition, accurate estimation of erosion and sedimentation amounts is important. The development of erosion models aims to facilitate the estimation of eroded solid material and the design of possible protective measures to prevent soil losses. Both empirical and physically based erosion models were used to study the Aviar Basin for these purposes. Empirical models include USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation), RUSLE (Revised USLE) and MUSLE (Modified USLE), while one physically based model, KINEROS 2, was used. The volumes of solid materials produced in the Aviar Basin during the year 2012 were determined using these four different erosion models and then compared between them. The results of this study show that the estimation of soil loss using KINEROS 2 is useful in practice because the results obtained are close to those obtained from the empirical models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced in Smart Water Grid at Water Supply Systems: Principle and Application)
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21 pages, 6132 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Infiltration Rainwater Drainage (IRD) System with Fully 3-D Numerical Simulation Approach
by Jungkyu Ahn, Seongil Yeom, Sungwon Park and Thi Hoang Thao Nguyen
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 9144; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11199144 - 01 Oct 2021
Viewed by 1374
Abstract
Water scarcity can mean scarcity in availability due to physical shortage, or scarcity in access due to the failure of institutions to ensure a continuously regular supply or due to a lack of adequate infrastructure. Water scarcity will be exacerbated as rapidly growing [...] Read more.
Water scarcity can mean scarcity in availability due to physical shortage, or scarcity in access due to the failure of institutions to ensure a continuously regular supply or due to a lack of adequate infrastructure. Water scarcity will be exacerbated as rapidly growing urban areas place heavy pressure on water resources. To solve these problems, various solutions have been applied, but a fundamental solution has not been applied. Recently, a researched and developed infiltration rainwater drainage (IRD) system is being applied with consideration of its applicability. In this study, features of surface runoff and infiltration according to various flow patterns were analyzed using a three-dimensional CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) model for calculating water flow in the IRD system. To estimate the optimal setup, a permeability test and scaled model simulation were performed. The runoff characteristics of the IRD system with respect to rainfall intensity and duration were analyzed with dimensionless variables. With the prototype model, the drainage characteristics of the IRD system were analyzed over time using the hydrological curves. From the simulated results, it was found that the IRD system analyzed in this study was appropriate in the field by comparative analysis with the existing system based on peak runoff, internal storage, and lag time. Therefore, by applying the IRD system in the future, it is expected that the IRD has benefits, such as delayed lag time, surface runoff decrease, and an attenuation of the peak runoff. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced in Smart Water Grid at Water Supply Systems: Principle and Application)
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19 pages, 8431 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Water Quality Improvement in Urban Stream Using MIKE 21 FM
by Dongwoo Jang
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 8890; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11198890 - 24 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1474
Abstract
Domestic urban streams face insufficient base flow and consequently become dry streams in drought season, and vulnerable to water quality deterioration and ecological impairment, due to contaminants introduced from the urban pollutants. Many efforts are being made to improve the natural flow by [...] Read more.
Domestic urban streams face insufficient base flow and consequently become dry streams in drought season, and vulnerable to water quality deterioration and ecological impairment, due to contaminants introduced from the urban pollutants. Many efforts are being made to improve the natural flow by actively enforcing restoration projects of urban streams. Gulpocheon is a national stream flowing through Incheon-si and Gimpo-si. As of March 2019, the reclaimed wastewater or the ozone-processed Gulpo treated sewage has formed the upper part of Gulpocheon. This study aimed to analyze the improvement in water quality of Gulpocheon before and after supplying the reclaimed water by collecting the water quality data of the target area. Before and after providing the base flow, the water quality was analyzed using the two-dimensional numerical analysis model, i.e., MIKE 21 FM. The water quality one year before and after supplying the reclaimed water was compared, with a focus on DO, BOD, TN, and TP; they are used as water quality standards for stream water. The concentration of DO at all spots of Gulpocheon increased on average. The concentration of BOD, TN, and TP water quality parameters decreased, indicating water quality improvement. In addition, accurate water quality assessment is possible using MIKE 21 FM model simulation for urban stream analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced in Smart Water Grid at Water Supply Systems: Principle and Application)
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