Wind Turbine Aerodynamics II

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Science and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 27976
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Special Issue Editor

Department of Wind Energy, Aero and Fluid Dynamics Section, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 403, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
Interests: wind turbine aerodynamics; wind turbine aeroacoustics; wake modelling; wind turbine design; computational fluid dynamics; computational aero acoustics; wind farm layout optimization
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As the pioneer of renewable energy, wind energy is developing very quickly all over the world. To reduce the levelized cost of energy (LCOE), the size of a single wind turbine has been increased to 12 MW, and this will increase further in the near future. This tendency requires the further development and validation of wind turbine aerodynamic models. After the successful collection of papers for this Special Issue on Wind Turbine Aerodynamics, another Special Issue Wind Turbine Aerodynamics II is now open. This Special Issue aims to collect important works addressing the aerodynamic challenges appearing in such development.

Prof. Dr. Wen Zhong Shen
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • wind turbine
  • wind farm
  • aerodynamics
  • aero-elasticity
  • aero-acoustics
  • atmospheric flow
  • wakes

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 170 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue on Wind Turbine Aerodynamics II
by Wen Zhong Shen
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(18), 8728; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11188728 - 18 Sep 2021
Viewed by 1558
Abstract
To alleviate global warming and reduce air pollution, the world needs to rapidly shift towards renewable energy [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Turbine Aerodynamics II)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

17 pages, 5682 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulations of Novel Conning Designs for Future Super-Large Wind Turbines
by Zhenye Sun, Weijun Zhu, Wenzhong Shen, Qiuhan Tao, Jiufa Cao and Xiaochuan Li
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(1), 147; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11010147 - 25 Dec 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1660
Abstract
In order to develop super-large wind turbines, new concepts, such as downwind load-alignment, are required. Additionally, segmented blade concepts are under investigation. As a simple example, the coned rotor needs be investigated. In this paper, different conning configurations, including special cones with three [...] Read more.
In order to develop super-large wind turbines, new concepts, such as downwind load-alignment, are required. Additionally, segmented blade concepts are under investigation. As a simple example, the coned rotor needs be investigated. In this paper, different conning configurations, including special cones with three segments, are simulated and analyzed based on the DTU-10 MW reference rotor. It was found that the different force distributions of upwind and downwind coned configurations agreed well with the distributions of angle of attack, which were affected by the blade tip position and the cone angle. With the upstream coning of the blade tip, the blade sections suffered from stronger axial induction and a lower angle of attack. The downstream coning of the blade tip led to reverse variations. The cone angle determined the velocity and force projecting process from the axial to the normal direction, which also influenced the angle of attack and force, provided that correct inflow velocity decomposition occurred. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Turbine Aerodynamics II)
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19 pages, 18197 KiB  
Article
Development of an Advanced Fluid-Structure-Acoustics Framework for Predicting and Controlling the Noise Emission from a Wind Turbine under Wind Shear and Yaw
by Mingyue Zhou, Matias Sessarego, Hua Yang and Wen Zhong Shen
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7610; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10217610 - 28 Oct 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2657
Abstract
Noise generated from wind turbines is a big challenge for the wind energy industry to develop further onshore wind energy. The traditional way of reducing noise is to design low noise wind turbine airfoils and blades. A wind turbine operating under wind shear [...] Read more.
Noise generated from wind turbines is a big challenge for the wind energy industry to develop further onshore wind energy. The traditional way of reducing noise is to design low noise wind turbine airfoils and blades. A wind turbine operating under wind shear and in yaw produces periodic changes of blade loading, which intensifies the amplitude modulation (AM) of the generated noise, and thus can give more annoyance to the people living nearby. In this paper, the noise emission from a wind turbine under wind shear and yaw is modelled with an advanced fluid-structure-acoustics framework, and then controlled with a pitch control strategy. The numerical tool used in this study is the coupled Navier–Stokes/Actuator Line model EllipSys3D/AL, structure model FLEX5, and noise prediction model (Brooks, Pope and Marcolini: BPM) framework. All simulations and tests were made on the NM80 wind turbine equipped with three blades made by LM Wind Power. The coupled code was first validated against field load measurements under wind shear and yaw, and a fairly good agreement was obtained. The coupled code was then used to study the noise source control of the turbine under wind shear and yaw. Results show that in the case of a moderate wind shear with a shear exponent of 0.3, the pitch control strategy can reduce the mean noise emission about 0.4 dB and reduce slightly the modulation depth that mainly occurs in the low-frequency region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Turbine Aerodynamics II)
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21 pages, 9476 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Gurney Flap on a Wind Turbine Airfoil under High Turbulent Flow Condition
by Junwei Yang, Hua Yang, Weijun Zhu, Nailu Li and Yiping Yuan
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7258; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10207258 - 16 Oct 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3078
Abstract
The objective of the current work is to experimentally investigate the effect of turbulent flow on an airfoil with a Gurney flap. The wind tunnel experiments were performed for the DTU-LN221 airfoil under different turbulence level (T.I. of 0.2%, 10.5% and 19.0%) and [...] Read more.
The objective of the current work is to experimentally investigate the effect of turbulent flow on an airfoil with a Gurney flap. The wind tunnel experiments were performed for the DTU-LN221 airfoil under different turbulence level (T.I. of 0.2%, 10.5% and 19.0%) and various flap configurations. The height of the Gurney flaps varies from 1% to 2% of the chord length; the thickness of the Gurney flaps varies from 0.25% to 0.75% of the chord length. The Gurney flap was vertical fixed on the pressure side of the airfoil at nearly 100% measured from the leading edge. By replacing the turbulence grille in the wind tunnel, measured data indicated a stall delay phenomenon while increasing the inflow turbulence level. By further changing the height and the thickness of the Gurney flap, it was found that the height of the Gurney flap is a very important parameter whereas the thickness parameter has little influence. Besides, velocity in the near wake zone was measured by hot-wire anemometry, showing the mechanisms of lift enhancement. The results demonstrate that under low turbulent inflow condition, the maximum lift coefficient of the airfoil with flaps increased by 8.47% to 13.50% (i.e., thickness of 0.75%), and the Gurney flap became less effective after stall angle. The Gurney flap with different heights increased the lift-to-drag ratio from 2.74% to 14.35% under 10.5% of turbulence intensity (i.e., thickness of 0.75%). However, under much a larger turbulence environment (19.0%), the benefit to the aerodynamic performance was negligible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Turbine Aerodynamics II)
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21 pages, 25727 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Tilt Angle on the Aerodynamic Performance of a Wind Turbine
by Qiang Wang, Kangping Liao and Qingwei Ma
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(15), 5380; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10155380 - 04 Aug 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 11599
Abstract
Aerodynamic performance of a wind turbine at different tilt angles was studied based on the commercial CFD software STAR-CCM+. Tilt angles of 0, 4, 8 and 12° were investigated based on uniform wind speed and wind shear. In CFD simulation, the rotating motion [...] Read more.
Aerodynamic performance of a wind turbine at different tilt angles was studied based on the commercial CFD software STAR-CCM+. Tilt angles of 0, 4, 8 and 12° were investigated based on uniform wind speed and wind shear. In CFD simulation, the rotating motion of blade was based on a sliding mesh. The thrust, power, lift and drag of the blade section airfoil at different tilt angles have been widely investigated herein. Meanwhile, the tip vortices and velocity profiles at different tilt angles were physically observed. In addition, the influence of the wind shear exponents and the expected value of turbulence intensity on the aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine is also further discussed. The results indicate that the change in tilt angle changes the angle of attack of the airfoil section of the wind turbine blade, which affects the thrust and power of the wind turbine. The aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine is better when the tilt angle is about 4°. Wind shear will cause the thrust and power of the wind turbine to decrease, and the effect of the wind shear exponents on the aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine is significantly greater than the expected effect of the turbulence intensity. The main purpose of the paper was to study the effect of tilt angle on the aerodynamic performance of a fixed wind turbine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Turbine Aerodynamics II)
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24 pages, 9512 KiB  
Article
Performance Characteristics of an Orthopter-Type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine in Shear Flows
by Rudi Purwo Wijayanto, Takaaki Kono and Takahiro Kiwata
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(5), 1778; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10051778 - 04 Mar 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3063
Abstract
To properly conduct a micro-siting of an orthopter-type vertical axis wind turbine (O-VAWT) in the built environment, this study investigated the effects of horizontal shear flow on the power performance characteristics of an O-VAWT by performing wind tunnel experiments and computational fluid dynamics [...] Read more.
To properly conduct a micro-siting of an orthopter-type vertical axis wind turbine (O-VAWT) in the built environment, this study investigated the effects of horizontal shear flow on the power performance characteristics of an O-VAWT by performing wind tunnel experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. A uniform flow and two types of shear flow (advancing side faster shear flow (ASF-SF) and retreating side faster shear flow (RSF-SF)) were employed as the approaching flow to the O-VAWT. The ASF-SF had a higher velocity on the advancing side of the rotor. The RSF-SF had a higher velocity on the retreating side of the rotor. For each type of shear flow, three shear strengths (Γ = 0.28, 0.40 and 0.51) were set. In the ASF-SF cases, the power coefficients (Cp) were significantly higher than the uniform flow case at all tip speed ratios (λ) and increased with Γ. In the RSF-SF cases, CP increased with Γ. However, when Γ = 0.28, the CP was lower than the uniform flow case at all λ. When Γ = 0.51, the CP was higher than the uniform flow case except at low λ; however, it was lower than the ASF-SF case with Γ = 0.28. The causes of the features of CP were discussed through the analysis of the variation of blade torque coefficient, its rotor-revolution component and its blade-rotation component with azimuthal angle by using the CFD results for flow fields (i.e., horizontal velocity vectors, pressure and vorticity). These results indicate that a location where ASF-SFs with high Γ values dominantly occur is ideal for installing the O-VAWT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Turbine Aerodynamics II)
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21 pages, 5092 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Tip Loss Corrections to AD/NS Simulations of Wind Turbine Aerodynamic Performance
by Wei Zhong, Tong Guang Wang, Wei Jun Zhu and Wen Zhong Shen
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(22), 4919; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app9224919 - 15 Nov 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3488
Abstract
The Actuator Disc/Navier-Stokes (AD/NS) method has played a significant role in wind farm simulations. It is based on the assumption that the flow is azimuthally uniform in the rotor plane, and thus, requires a tip loss correction to take into account the effect [...] Read more.
The Actuator Disc/Navier-Stokes (AD/NS) method has played a significant role in wind farm simulations. It is based on the assumption that the flow is azimuthally uniform in the rotor plane, and thus, requires a tip loss correction to take into account the effect of a finite number of blades. All existing tip loss corrections were originally proposed for the Blade-Element Momentum Theory (BEMT), and their implementations have to be changed when transplanted into the AD/NS method. The special focus of the present study is to investigate the performance of tip loss corrections combined in the AD/NS method. The study is conducted by using an axisymmetric AD/NS solver to simulate the flow past the experimental NREL Phase Ⅵ wind turbine and the virtual NREL 5MW wind turbine. Three different implementations of the widely used Glauert tip loss function F are discussed and evaluated. In addition, a newly developed tip loss correction is applied and compared with the above implementations. For both the small and large rotors under investigation, the three different implementations show a certain degree of difference to each other, although the relative difference in blade loads is generally no more than 4%. Their performance is roughly consistent with the standard Glauert correction employed in the BEMT, but they all tend to make the blade tip loads over-predicted. As an alternative method, the new tip loss correction shows superior performance in various flow conditions. A further investigation into the flow around and behind the rotors indicates that tip loss correction has a significant influence on the velocity development in the wake. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Turbine Aerodynamics II)
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