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Atmosphere
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Livestock Odor and Air Quality
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Livestock Odor and Air Quality

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Air Quality".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 62896

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Jacek Koziel

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Livestock Nutrient Management Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bushland, TX 79012, USA
Interests: greenhouse gases; mitigation of gaseous emissions; nutrient management; livestock production systems; sustainable agriculture
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Today’s academic and industry professionals are increasingly asked to address “wicked” challenges such as those at the nexus of air quality, animal production systems, technology, environment, and sustainability. Livestock odor is an example of a “wicked”, hard-to-solve problem that is often thought to be too complex to handle and unique to every case. Response to odor is often a symptom of another problem and an opening to a larger set of underlying problems. Politics, regulations, and social and economic issues mingle with ‘hard’ engineering and science interconnected with animal production. Many promising, discovery-stage technologies for mitigation are not yet farm-scale proven. Some technologies are simply too expensive or complex. A unique opportunity lies in a paradigm shift from odor solving being a low priority, expense-only activity to being a value-adding activity. This Special Issue aims to publish reviews, articles, and short communications that bring different perspectives on solving livestock odor issues in lab-, pilot-, and farm-proven scales. This Special Issue "Livestock Odor and Air Quality" will encourage multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary views, comprehensive assessments, socioeconomic analyses, and case studies illustrating the current state-of-the art and informing on-going discussions on how to solve the livestock odor problem.

Prof. Dr. Jacek A. Koziel
Guest Editor

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • livestock odor
  • air quality
  • measurements and mitigation
  • dispersion modeling
  • photochemistry of odor
  • treatment technologies
  • waste management
  • environmental regulations
  • socioeconomic analysis
  • community odor management
  • sustainable agriculture
  • emissions
  • ammonia
  • hydrogen sulfide

Published Papers (17 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 4226 KiB  
Article
Short-Term Aerial Pollutant Concentrations in a Southwestern China Pig-Fattening House
by Shihua Pu, Xiao Rong, Jiaming Zhu, Yaqiong Zeng, Jian Yue, TengTeeh Lim and Dingbiao Long
Atmosphere 2021, 12(1), 103; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos12010103 - 12 Jan 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2583
Abstract
Concentrations of critical aerial pollutants within animal farms are important to the health of animals and farm staff and can be reduced via manure management, ventilation control, and barn design. This study characterized measurements of ammonia (NH3), total suspended particle (TSP), [...] Read more.
Concentrations of critical aerial pollutants within animal farms are important to the health of animals and farm staff and can be reduced via manure management, ventilation control, and barn design. This study characterized measurements of ammonia (NH3), total suspended particle (TSP), and airborne microbial communities of a large-scale pig-fattening house, as well as their correlations with environmental variables in Southwestern China. Monitoring was conducted for 15 consecutive days during both August and January, at various locations inside the pig house. The concentrations of NH3 and TSP averaged 3.22 and 0.55 mg m−3, respectively, while the average number of airborne microbial colonies was 3.91 log cfu m−3. The aerial pollutant concentrations displayed significant seasonal differences (p < 0.05). Specifically, concentrations in winter were significantly higher than those in summer (p < 0.05), and the 07:00 measurements were the highest among the three measurement times. The concentrations were significantly correlated with indoor temperature and relative humidity. In summer, TSP concentration was negatively correlated with temperature (correlation coefficient = −0.732), while NH3 concentration was positively correlated with temperature (correlation coefficient = 0.58). In winter, TSP and NH3 concentrations were negatively correlated with relative humidity (correlation coefficients = −0.739 and −0.713, respectively), while the airborne microbial colonies were not correlated with either humidity or temperature in summer or winter. These findings confirm that the aerial pollutant concentrations in a Southwestern China pig-fattening house exhibited significant seasonal and diurnal variations. Air quality can be improved by more precise ventilation control as observed by the correlation of concentrations with ventilation control, indoor temperature, and humidity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)
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11 pages, 1269 KiB  
Article
Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Stored Swine Manure with Biochar: Effect of Dose and Reapplication on a Pilot-Scale
by Baitong Chen, Jacek A. Koziel, Chumki Banik, Hantian Ma, Myeongseong Lee, Samuel C. O’Brien, Peiyang Li, Daniel S. Andersen, Andrzej Białowiec and Robert C. Brown
Atmosphere 2021, 12(1), 96; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos12010096 - 11 Jan 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3158
Abstract
Rural communities are affected by gaseous emissions from intensive livestock production. Practical mitigation technologies are needed to minimize emissions from stored manure and improve air quality inside barns. In our previous research, the one-time surficial application of biochar to swine manure significantly reduced [...] Read more.
Rural communities are affected by gaseous emissions from intensive livestock production. Practical mitigation technologies are needed to minimize emissions from stored manure and improve air quality inside barns. In our previous research, the one-time surficial application of biochar to swine manure significantly reduced emissions of NH3 and phenol. We observed that the mitigation effect decreased with time during the 30-day trials. In this research, we hypothesized that bi-weekly reapplication of biochar could improve the mitigation effect on a wider range of odorous compounds using a larger scale and longer trials. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of biochar dose and reapplication on mitigation of targeted gases (NH3, odorous, volatile organic compounds VOCs, odor, greenhouse gases (GHG)) from stored swine manure on a pilot-scale setup over 8-weeks. The bi-weekly reapplication of the lower biochar dose (2 kg/m2) showed much higher significant percentage reductions in emissions for NH3 (33% without and 53% with reapplication) and skatole (42% without and 80% with reapplication), respectively. In addition, the reapplication resulted in the emergence of a statistical significance to the mitigation effect for all other targeted VOCs. Specifically, for indole, the percentage reduction improved from 38% (p = 0.47, without reapplication) to 78% (p = 0.018, with reapplication). For phenol, the percentage reduction improved from 28% (p = 0.71, without reapplication) to 89% (p = 0.005, with reapplication). For p-cresol, the percentage reduction improved from 31% (p = 0.86, without reapplication) to 74% (p = 0.028, with reapplication). For 4-ethyl phenol, the percentage emissions reduction improved from 66% (p = 0.44, without reapplication) to 87% (p = 0.007, with reapplication). The one-time 2 kg/m2 and 4 kg/m2 treatments showed similar effectiveness in mitigating all targeted gases, and no statistical difference was found between the dosages. The one-time treatments showed significant percentage reductions of 33% and 42% and 25% and 48% for NH3 and skatole, respectively. The practical significance is that the higher (one-time) biochar dose may not necessarily result in improved performance over the 8-week manure storage, but the bi-weekly reapplication showed significant improvement in mitigating NH3 and odorous VOCs. The lower dosages and the frequency of reapplication on the larger-scale should be explored to optimize biochar treatment and bring it closer to on-farm trials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)
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17 pages, 710 KiB  
Article
Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Swine Manure with the Surficial Application of Biochars
by Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly, Jacek A. Koziel, Baitong Chen, Andrzej Białowiec, Myeongseong Lee, Jisoo Wi, Chumki Banik, Robert C. Brown and Santanu Bakshi
Atmosphere 2020, 11(11), 1179; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos11111179 - 01 Nov 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4052
Abstract
Environmental impact associated with odor and gaseous emissions from animal manure is one of the challenges for communities, farmers, and regulatory agencies. Microbe-based manure additives treatments are marketed and used by farmers for mitigation of emissions. However, their performance is difficult to assess [...] Read more.
Environmental impact associated with odor and gaseous emissions from animal manure is one of the challenges for communities, farmers, and regulatory agencies. Microbe-based manure additives treatments are marketed and used by farmers for mitigation of emissions. However, their performance is difficult to assess objectively. Thus, comprehensive, practical, and low-cost treatments are still in demand. We have been advancing such treatments based on physicochemical principles. The objective of this research was to test the effect of the surficial application of a thin layer (¼ inches; 6.3 mm) of biochar on the mitigation of gaseous emissions (as the percent reduction, % R) from swine manure. Two types of biochar were tested: highly alkaline and porous (HAP) biochar made from corn stover and red oak (RO), both with different pH and morphology. Three 30-day trials were conducted with a layer of HAP and RO (2.0 & 1.65 kg∙m−2, respectively) applied on manure surface, and emissions of ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), greenhouse gases (GHG), and odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured. The manure and biochar type and properties had an impact on the mitigation effect and its duration. RO significantly reduced NH3 (19–39%) and p-cresol (66–78%). H2S was mitigated (16~23%), but not significantly for all trials. The phenolic VOCs had relatively high % R in most trials but not significantly for all trials. HAP reduced NH3 (4~21%) and H2S (2~22%), but not significantly for all trials. Significant % R for p-cresol (91~97%) and skatole (74~95%) were observed for all trials. The % R for phenol and indole ranged from (60~99%) and (29~94%) but was not significant for all trials. The impact on GHGs, isobutyric acid, and the odor was mixed with some mitigation and generation effects. However, larger-scale experiments are needed to understand how biochar properties and the dose and frequency of application can be optimized to mitigate odor and gaseous emissions from swine manure. The lessons learned can also be applicable to surficial biochar treatment of gaseous emissions from other waste and area sources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)
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16 pages, 2563 KiB  
Article
Ammonia Emissions from Differing Manure Storage Facilities at Two Midwestern Free-Stall Dairies
by Richard H. Grant and Matthew T. Boehm
Atmosphere 2020, 11(10), 1108; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos11101108 - 16 Oct 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2166
Abstract
Dairies contribute a major portion of agricultural ammonia emissions in the United States. Emissions were monitored over two years from an anaerobic lagoon receiving manure from cows in the milking parlor and holding area in Indiana (IN), USA and a storage basin receiving [...] Read more.
Dairies contribute a major portion of agricultural ammonia emissions in the United States. Emissions were monitored over two years from an anaerobic lagoon receiving manure from cows in the milking parlor and holding area in Indiana (IN), USA and a storage basin receiving manure from cows in barns as well as the milking parlor and holding area in Wisconsin (WI), USA. Emissions were monitored using open-path tunable diode lasers, sonic anemometers, and two emission models. The mean annual daily emissions at the WI storage basins (30 µg m−2 s−1) was nearly equal to that at the IN lagoon (27 µg m−2 s−1). The mean annual daily ammonia (NH3) emissions on a per animal basis were greater at the WI basins (33 g NH3 hd−1 d−1; 26 g NH3 AU−1 d−1) (hd = animal; AU = 500 kg animal mass) than at the IN lagoon (9 g NH3 hd−1 d−1; 7 g NH3 AU−1 d−1). Emissions from both storage systems were highest in the summer, lowest in the winter, and similar during the spring and fall. Emissions were strongly correlated with air temperature and weakly correlated with wind conditions. Greater emissions at the WI basins appeared to be related primarily to the characteristics of the stored manure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)
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16 pages, 3516 KiB  
Article
Ammonia Emission Characteristics of a Mechanically Ventilated Swine Finishing Facility in Korea
by Gwanggon Jo, Taehwan Ha, Yu Na Jang, Okhwa Hwang, Siyoung Seo, Saem Ee Woo, Sojin Lee, Dahye Kim and Minwoong Jung
Atmosphere 2020, 11(10), 1088; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos11101088 - 13 Oct 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2988
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to determine the ammonia emission characteristics through analysis of ammonia concentration, ventilation rate, temperature, and relative humidity pattern in a mechanically ventilated swine finishing facility in Korea. Three pig rooms with similar environmental conditions were selected for repeated [...] Read more.
In this study, we aimed to determine the ammonia emission characteristics through analysis of ammonia concentration, ventilation rate, temperature, and relative humidity pattern in a mechanically ventilated swine finishing facility in Korea. Three pig rooms with similar environmental conditions were selected for repeated experimentation (Rooms A–C). Ammonia concentrations were measured using a photoacoustic gas monitor, and ventilation volume was estimated by applying the least error statistical model to supplement the missing data after measurement at several operation rates using a wind tunnel-based method. The mean ammonia concentrations were 4.19 ppm, and the ventilation rates were 24.9 m3 h−1 pig−1. Ammonia emissions were calculated within the range of 0.40–5.01, 0.25–4.16, and 0.37–5.68 g d−1 pig−1 for Room A, Room B, and Room C, respectively. Ammonia concentration and ventilation rate showed a weak negative correlation (r = −0.13). Ammonia emissions were more markedly affected by ammonia concentration (r = 0.88) than ventilation rate (r = 0.31). This indicates that ammonia concentration reduction can be effective in reducing ammonia emissions. The mean daily ammonia emissions, which increased exponentially over the finishing periods, were calculated as 1.78, 1.57, and 1.70 g d−1 pig−1 for Room A, Room B, and Room C, respectively (average 1.68 g d−1 pig−1). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)
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18 pages, 3299 KiB  
Article
Ammonia Emissions from a Western Open-Lot Dairy
by Richard H. Grant, Matthew T. Boehm and G. Robert Hagevoort
Atmosphere 2020, 11(9), 913; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos11090913 - 27 Aug 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2359
Abstract
Manure on dairies is the second largest agricultural source of ammonia emissions. Ammonia (NH3) emissions were measured at a 3400-cow open-lot dairy in Texas using a backward Lagrangian Stochastic model in combination with measurements from long-path tunable diode lasers and on-site [...] Read more.
Manure on dairies is the second largest agricultural source of ammonia emissions. Ammonia (NH3) emissions were measured at a 3400-cow open-lot dairy in Texas using a backward Lagrangian Stochastic model in combination with measurements from long-path tunable diode lasers and on-site sonic anemometers. Measurements were made for multiple weeks at a time for most seasons over two years. Both 30-min and daily average emissions were influenced by air temperature consistent with a van ’t Hoff equation. Emissions were also linearly related to saturation vapor density deficit. The influence of temperature on NH3 solubility, expressed by the van ’t Hoff temperature correction function, decreased as the water vapor deficit increased. The mean annual daily NH3 emissions at the farm was estimated at 82 g NH3 d−1 per animal (105 g NH3 AU−1 d−1, 1 AU = 500 kg) with mean emission during the summer of 124 g NH3 d−1 per animal (159 g NH3 AU−1 d−1). A distinct diurnal pattern in NH3 emissions was consistent with diurnal patterns in wind speed, saturation vapor density deficit and air temperature. The mean daytime emissions were twice the mean nighttime emissions. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the frequency of high emission days during the summer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)
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14 pages, 674 KiB  
Article
The Influence of the Mineral–Microbial Deodorizing Preparation on Ammonia Emission and Growth Performance in Turkey Production
by Remigiusz Gałęcki, Michał Dąbrowski, Tadeusz Bakuła, Kazimierz Obremski, Mirosław Baranowski, Adriana Nowak and Beata Gutarowska
Atmosphere 2020, 11(7), 743; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos11070743 - 13 Jul 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2545
Abstract
In our previous in vitro research and also in laying hen production, attempts were made to minimise ammonia emissions in poultry houses with the use of Deodoric® biopreparation. The objective of the present research was to evaluate the influence of the Deodoric [...] Read more.
In our previous in vitro research and also in laying hen production, attempts were made to minimise ammonia emissions in poultry houses with the use of Deodoric® biopreparation. The objective of the present research was to evaluate the influence of the Deodoric® on ammonia (NH3) emission and turkey growth performance in a semi-industrial production system. Significant differences in NH3 emission (p-value < 0.001), body weight (p-value < 0.001) and relative humidity (p-value < 0.001) were observed between the control group (C) and the experimental group (E) where Deodoric® was applied. In group C, an increase in ammonia concentration in air could have contributed to a decrease in the body weight of turkeys, but the above correlation was not observed in group E. In the control group, a relatively strong correlation between NH3 emission and temperature (p-value = 0.0009; r = 0.74) and moderate correlations between NH3 emission vs. relative humidity (p-value = 0.01; r = 0.59), air speed (p-value = 0.015; r = 0.60) and cooling (p-value = 0.005; r = 0.66) were noted. Studied correlations were not observed in group E. The preparation did not affect microbial levels in manure or body samples. Throughout the experiment, significant differences in the number of mesophilic bacteria (for the model: F = 46.14, p-value = 0.09; for mesophilic microorganisms: F = 3.29, p-value = 0.045) and Campylobacter spp. (for the model: F = 24.96, p-value = 0.008; for Campylobacter spp.: F = 0.25, p-value = 0.64) were not observed between group C and group E. The administration of Deodoric® to manure decreased NH3 concentration in the air and increased weight gains in the experimental group of turkeys relative to group C. Preparation may be applied in poultry farms to improve poultry farming conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)
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19 pages, 5160 KiB  
Article
Effects of Treated Manure Conditions on Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide Emissions from a Swine Finishing Barn Equipped with Semicontinuous Pit Recharge System in Summer
by Jisoo Wi, Seunghun Lee, Eunjong Kim, Myeongseong Lee, Jacek A. Koziel and Heekwon Ahn
Atmosphere 2020, 11(7), 713; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos11070713 - 03 Jul 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3811
Abstract
Gaseous emissions from animal production systems affect the local and regional air quality. Proven farm-scale mitigation technologies are needed to lower these emissions and to provide management practices that are feasible and sustainable. In this research, we evaluate the performance of a unique [...] Read more.
Gaseous emissions from animal production systems affect the local and regional air quality. Proven farm-scale mitigation technologies are needed to lower these emissions and to provide management practices that are feasible and sustainable. In this research, we evaluate the performance of a unique approach that simultaneously mitigates emissions and improves air quality inside a barn equipped with a manure pit recharge system. Specifically, we tested the effects of summertime feeding rations (used by farmers to cope with animal heat stress) and manure management. To date, the pit recharge system has been proven to be effective in mitigating both ammonia (NH3; approximately 53%) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S; approximately 84%) emissions during mild climate conditions. However, its performance during the hot season with a high crude protein diet and high nitrogen loading into the pit manure recharge system is unknown. Therefore, we compared the emissions and indoor air quality of the rooms (240 pigs, ~80 kg each) equipped with a conventional slurry and pit recharge system. The main findings highlight the importance and impact of seasonal variation and diet and manure management practices. We observed 31% greater NH3 emissions from the pit recharge system (33.7 ± 1.4 g·head−1·day−1) compared with a conventional slurry system (25.9 ± 2.4 g·head−1·day−1). Additionally, the NH3 concentration inside the barn was higher (by 24%) in the pit recharge system compared with the control. On the other hand, H2S emissions were 55% lower in the pit recharge system (628 ± 47 mg·head−1·day−1) compared with a conventional slurry pit (1400 ± 132 mg·head−1·day−1). Additionally, the H2S concentration inside the barn was lower (by 54%) in the pit recharge system compared with the control. The characteristics of the pit recharge liquid (i.e., aerobically treated manure), such as the total nitrogen (TN) and ammonium N (NH4-N) contents, contributed to the higher NH3 emissions from the pit recharge system in summer. However, their influence on H2S emissions had a relatively low impact, i.e., emissions were still reduced, similarly as they were in mild climate conditions. Overall, it is necessary to consider a seasonal diet and manure management practices when evaluating emissions and indoor air quality. Further research on minimizing the seasonal nitrogen loading and optimizing pit recharge manure characteristics is warranted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)
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15 pages, 222 KiB  
Article
Reflections on Odor Management for Animal Feeding Operations
by Kevin Janni
Atmosphere 2020, 11(5), 453; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos11050453 - 30 Apr 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4237
Abstract
Most animal feeding operation owners recognize that they need to manage odors from their operations as part of their social relationship with their neighbors and local community. That was not always the case. Odors, whether pleasant or unpleasant, can evoke strong emotions and [...] Read more.
Most animal feeding operation owners recognize that they need to manage odors from their operations as part of their social relationship with their neighbors and local community. That was not always the case. Odors, whether pleasant or unpleasant, can evoke strong emotions and physiological responses. Odors from animal feeding operations are normally considered unpleasant and offensive if strong smelling and smelled often or for long periods of time. Animal feeding operation owners need to be aware of their odor emissions and the impacts the odors have on their neighbors and community. Good neighbor relations and effective communications can help identify odor problems and communicate what is being done to manage them. Odor management research and education includes odor basics, key processes including generation, emissions and dispersion, impacts, community and neighbor relations, and numerous mitigation practices. Animal feeding operation owners considering practices to reduce odor emissions or their impacts need to weigh the costs, expected effectiveness, and how the practice fits into the overall operation. Policymakers need science-based information to make informed decisions that balance the concerns and needs of neighbors and the community and the businesswomen and men that own and operate the animal feeding operations. This paper provides a broad overview of animal feeding operation odors and odor management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)
30 pages, 8900 KiB  
Article
Effects of UV-A Light Treatment on Ammonia, Hydrogen Sulfide, Greenhouse Gases, and Ozone in Simulated Poultry Barn Conditions
by Myeongseong Lee, Jisoo Wi, Jacek A. Koziel, Heekwon Ahn, Peiyang Li, Baitong Chen, Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly, Chumki Banik and William Jenks
Atmosphere 2020, 11(3), 283; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos11030283 - 14 Mar 2020
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5180
Abstract
Gaseous emissions, a side effect of livestock and poultry production, need to be mitigated to improve sustainability. Emissions of ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), greenhouse gases (GHGs), and odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have a detrimental effect on the [...] Read more.
Gaseous emissions, a side effect of livestock and poultry production, need to be mitigated to improve sustainability. Emissions of ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), greenhouse gases (GHGs), and odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have a detrimental effect on the environment, climate, and quality of life in rural communities. We are building on previous research to bring advanced oxidation technologies from the lab to the farm. To date, we have shown that ultraviolet A (UV-A) has the potential to mitigate selected odorous gases and GHGs in the context of swine production. Much less research on emissions mitigation has been conducted in the context of poultry production. Thus, the study objective was to investigate whether the UV-A can mitigate NH3, H2S, GHGs, and O3 in the simulated poultry barn environment. The effects of several variables were tested: the presence of photocatalyst, relative humidity, treatment time, and dust accumulation under two different light intensities (facilitated with fluorescent and light-emitting diode, LED, lamps). The results provide evidence that photocatalysis with TiO2 coating and UV-A light can reduce gas concentrations of NH3, CO2, N2O, and O3, without a significant effect on H2S and CH4. The particular % reduction depends on the presence of photocatalysts, relative humidity (RH), light type (intensity), treatment time, and dust accumulation on the photocatalyst surface. In the case of NH3, the reduction varied from 2.6–18.7% and was affected by RH and light intensity. The % reduction of NH3 was the highest at 12% RH and increased with treatment time and light intensity. The % reduction of NH3 decreased with the accumulation of poultry dust. The % reduction for H2S had no statistical difference under any experimental conditions. The proposed treatment of NH3 and H2S was evaluated for a potential impact on important ambient air quality parameters, the possibility of simultaneously mitigating or generating GHGs. There was no statistically significant change in CH4 concentrations under any experimental conditions. CO2 was reduced at 3.8%–4.4%. N2O and O3 concentrations were reduced by both direct photolysis and photocatalysis, with the latter having greater % reductions. As much as 6.9–12.2% of the statistically-significant mitigation of N2O was observed. The % reduction for O3 ranged from 12.4–48.4%. The results warrant scaling up to a pilot-scale where the technology could be evaluated with economic analyses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)
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14 pages, 1266 KiB  
Article
Effect of a New Manure Amendment on Ammonia Emissions from Poultry Litter
by Kelsey Anderson, Philip A. Moore, Jr., Jerry Martin and Amanda J. Ashworth
Atmosphere 2020, 11(3), 257; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos11030257 - 05 Mar 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3912
Abstract
Treating manure with aluminum sulfate (alum) is a best management practice (BMP) which reduces ammonia (NH3) emissions and phosphorus (P) runoff from poultry litter. However, the price of alum has increased markedly in recent years, creating a need for less expensive [...] Read more.
Treating manure with aluminum sulfate (alum) is a best management practice (BMP) which reduces ammonia (NH3) emissions and phosphorus (P) runoff from poultry litter. However, the price of alum has increased markedly in recent years, creating a need for less expensive products to control NH3 volatilization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a new litter amendment made from alum mud, bauxite, and sulfuric acid (alum mud litter amendment or AMLA) on NH3 emissions, litter chemistry, and poultry production in a pen trial. Three separate flocks of 1000 broilers were used for this study. The first flock of birds was used to produce the poultry litter needed for the experiment. The second and third flocks of birds were allocated to 20 pens in a randomized block design with four replicates of five treatments: (1) control, (2) 49 kg AMLA/100 m2 incorporated, (3) 98 kg AMLA/100 m2 incorporated, (4) 98 kg AMLA/100 m2 surface applied, and (5) 98 kg alum/100 m2 incorporated. Ammonia flux measurements and litter samples were collected from each pen at day 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42. The average litter pH for both flocks was higher in untreated litter (7.92) compared to incorporating alum (7.32) or AMLA (7.18). The two flocks’ average NH4-N concentrations at day 42 were 38% and 30% higher for the high rates of incorporated alum and AMLA compared to the untreated litter. Compared with untreated litter, AMLA reduced overall NH3 emissions by 27% to 52% which was not significantly different from reductions in emissions by alum (35%). Alum mud litter amendment reduced cumulative NH3 losses from litter as much as, and in some cases more than, alum applied at the same rate. These data indicate that AMLA, which can be manufactured for lower price than alum, is an effective alternative litter amendment for reducing NH3 emissions from poultry litter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)
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15 pages, 3231 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations and Odor Annoyance Frequency Predictions Downwind from Livestock Facilities
by Suraiya Akter and Erin L. Cortus
Atmosphere 2020, 11(3), 249; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos11030249 - 02 Mar 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2507
Abstract
Estimating and measuring the occurrence of a sensation, odor, around livestock facilities is challenging. This research compares the estimated frequency of odor nuisance with measured hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentrations at various distances around a swine and a dairy operation, and discusses [...] Read more.
Estimating and measuring the occurrence of a sensation, odor, around livestock facilities is challenging. This research compares the estimated frequency of odor nuisance with measured hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentrations at various distances around a swine and a dairy operation, and discusses the results based on time of day, weather conditions, distance, and topography. The estimated odor annoyance-free and odor annoyance frequencies were based on a publically available calculator of odor impact derived from average odor emission rates, historical, and regional weather patterns, and dispersion modeling. Continuous monitoring of H2S was by single point monitors (SPM) at locations around the operations. Time-weighted average H2S concentrations were less than 10 ppb for odor annoyance-free frequencies, and less than 10 to at least 73 ppb for odor-annoyance frequencies. Verifying a proxy odor indicator can help update odor annoyance models and respond to site-specific concerns for existing facilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)
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5 pages, 544 KiB  
Communication
Suitability of Different Filling Materials for a Biofilter at a Broiler Fattening Facility in Terms of Ammonia and Odour Reduction
by Carolina Strohmaier, Manuel S. Krommweh and Wolfgang Büscher
Atmosphere 2020, 11(1), 13; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos11010013 - 21 Dec 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2092
Abstract
A two-stage exhaust air treatment system installed at a broiler fattening facility with 40,000 animals was investigated. The facility’s exhaust air was treated first by use of a chemo-scrubber (stage 1) and afterwards by a vertical biofilter (stage 2). The biofilter was equipped [...] Read more.
A two-stage exhaust air treatment system installed at a broiler fattening facility with 40,000 animals was investigated. The facility’s exhaust air was treated first by use of a chemo-scrubber (stage 1) and afterwards by a vertical biofilter (stage 2). The biofilter was equipped with root wood and honeycombed paper pad layers (half/half) to enable a direct comparison of both filter materials’ suitability. Odour samples were taken on site and afterwards analysed at an olfactometry laboratory. Ammonia concentration values were collected continuously using a photoacoustic multi-gas monitor. High mitigation performance was achieved with both filter materials, with the honeycombed paper pad layer being less susceptible to fungal growth than the root wood filter. Cellulose seems to be a proper alternative for use in biofilters, but further research is needed to estimate the long-term stability of this material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)
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10 pages, 734 KiB  
Article
The Influence of the Mineral-Microbial Preparation on Ammonia Concentration and Productivity in Laying Hens Houses
by Remigiusz Gałęcki, Michał Dąbrowski, Tadeusz Bakuła, Kazimierz Obremski, Adriana Nowak and Beata Gutarowska
Atmosphere 2019, 10(12), 751; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos10120751 - 28 Nov 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2076
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the biopreparation Deodoric® on ammonia (NH3) concentration, performance, and hygiene standards in laying hen (ROSS-308) production. Statistically significant differences in NH3 concentration and the body weight of laying [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the biopreparation Deodoric® on ammonia (NH3) concentration, performance, and hygiene standards in laying hen (ROSS-308) production. Statistically significant differences in NH3 concentration and the body weight of laying hens were observed between the control group (C) and the experimental group (E) where Deodoric® was applied at the set dose. In the control group, an increase in NH3 concentration could have contributed to the decrease in the body weight of laying hens, egg production, and % hen day egg production, whereas no such correlations were observed in the experimental group. A moderate linear correlation between NH3 concentration vs. humidity (r = 0.68), air flow (r = 0.48) and weakly linear correlation between NH3 concentration and age of birds (r = 0.27) was noted in group C. In group E, NH3 concentration vs. temperature (r = 0.27) and humidity (r = 0.14) were weakly correlated. Statistical analysis of changes in the microbial counts isolated from manure revealed a significant decrease of mesophilic microorganisms on day 28 decrease of Campylobacter spp. days 14 and 84 in group E. However, for the entire experimental model no statistically significant changes in the number of Campylobacter spp. and mesophilic bacteria were found. The tested preparation did not cause changes in the microbial composition of tissue swabs. Deodoric® contributes to animal welfare by reducing the ammonia concentrations in poultry houses. It is also recommended for use in poultry farms to improve animal health and performance and to generate benefits for producers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)
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11 pages, 1089 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emissions from Swine Manure Biogas Digestate Storage
by Yu Zhang, Zhiping Zhu, Yunhao Zheng, Yongxing Chen, Fubin Yin, Wanqin Zhang, Hongmin Dong and Hongwei Xin
Atmosphere 2019, 10(7), 411; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos10070411 - 18 Jul 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5451
Abstract
Livestock manure is one of the major sources of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions; however, characteristics of VOCs emitted from biogas digestate (BD) storage, which is a common manure practice, remain unclear. The objective of this study was to characterize VOC emissions during [...] Read more.
Livestock manure is one of the major sources of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions; however, characteristics of VOCs emitted from biogas digestate (BD) storage, which is a common manure practice, remain unclear. The objective of this study was to characterize VOC emissions during BD storage through the dynamic emission vessel method, to identify the VOC emissions that have potential odor and/or toxic effects. The results revealed the detection of 49 VOCs with seven classes, whose total concentration varied from 171.35 to 523.71 μg m−3. The key classes of the 49 VOCs included Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), olefins and halogenated hydrocarbons. The top four compositions, accounting for 74.38% of total VOCs (TVOCs), included ethanol, propylene, acetone and 2-butanone. The top four odorous VOCs, accounting for only 5.15% of the TVOCs, were toluene, carbon disulfide, ethyl acetate and methyl sulfide, with the concentration ranging from 13.25 to 18.06 μg m−3. Finally, 11 main hazardous air pollutant VOCs, accounting for 32.77% of the TVOCs, were propylene, 2-butanone, toluene, methyl methacrylate, etc., with the concentration ranging from 81.05 to 116.96 μg m−3. Results could contribute to filling the knowledge gaps in the characteristics of VOC emissions from biogas digestate (BD), and provide a basis for exploring mitigation strategies on odor and hazardous air pollutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)
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13 pages, 3684 KiB  
Article
Ammonia Emissions Measured Using Two Different GasFinder Open-Path Lasers
by Hambaliou Baldé, Andrew VanderZaag, Ward Smith and Raymond L. Desjardins
Atmosphere 2019, 10(5), 261; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos10050261 - 10 May 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3046
Abstract
The challenges of accurately measuring in situ ammonia (NH3) losses from agricultural systems are well known. Using an open path laser coupled with a backward Lagrangian stochastic dispersion model is a promising approach for quantifying both point- and area-sources; however, this [...] Read more.
The challenges of accurately measuring in situ ammonia (NH3) losses from agricultural systems are well known. Using an open path laser coupled with a backward Lagrangian stochastic dispersion model is a promising approach for quantifying both point- and area-sources; however, this approach requires the open path laser to detect low NH3 concentrations and small concentration differences. In this study, we compared the new GasFinder3 open path laser (Boreal laser Inc., Edmonton, Canada) with the GasFinder2 sensor, the previous version. The study took place at two locations: an outdoor open-air manure compost site, and a field of wheat stubble which was fertilized with urea ammonium nitrate. Results showed the two lasers reported similar concentrations during three days of measurements at the compost site, but differed at the field site, where concentrations were close to the minimum detection limit. The GasFinder3 had a lower standard deviation under all conditions, especially with low wind speed and high relative humidity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)
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18 pages, 5724 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Semi-Continuous Pit Manure Recharge System Performance on Mitigation of Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide Emissions from a Swine Finishing Barn
by Jisoo Wi, Seunghun Lee, Eunjong Kim, Myeongseong Lee, Jacek A. Koziel and Heekwon Ahn
Atmosphere 2019, 10(4), 170; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/atmos10040170 - 30 Mar 2019
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 9359
Abstract
In this research, for the first time, we present the evaluation of a semi-continuous pit manure recharge system on the mitigation of ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions from a swine finisher barn. The pit recharge system is [...] Read more.
In this research, for the first time, we present the evaluation of a semi-continuous pit manure recharge system on the mitigation of ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions from a swine finisher barn. The pit recharge system is practiced on many swine farms in the Republic of Korea, primarily for improving air quality in the barn. It consists of an integrated waste management system where the fraction of stored manure is pumped out (10× of the daily production of manure, 3× a day); solids are separated and composted, while the aerobically treated liquid fraction is then returned to the pit. We compared emissions from two 240-pig rooms, one equipped with a pit recharge system, and the other operating a conventional slurry pit under the slatted floor. Mean reduction of NH3 and H2S emissions were 49 ± 6% and 82 ± 7%, respectively, over 14 days of measurements. The removal efficiency of H2S was higher than NH3, likely because the pH of aerobically treated liquid manure remained slightly above 8. More work is warranted to assess the N balance in this system and the emissions of odor and greenhouse gasses (GHGs). It is also expected that it will be possible to control the NH3 and H2S removal rates by controlling the nitrification level of the liquid manure in the aerobic treatment system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)
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